Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division PDF

Exercise Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division...

Exercise Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division 5 Access more study tools online in the Study Area of Mastering A&P: Pre-lab and post-lab quizzes Art-labeling activities Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL) virtual anatomy ™ practice tool ™ PhysioEx lab simulations A&P Flix Bone and dissection videos ™ For this lab exercise, follow this navigation path: PAL >Histology >Cytology (cell division) Learning Outcomes Lab Activities On completion of this exercise, you should be able to: 1 Anatomy of the Cell 48 1. Identify cell organelles on charts, models, and other laboratory material. 2 Observing Cells 51 2. Use the microscope to identify the nucleus and plasma membrane of cells. 3 Cell Division 52 3. State a function of each organelle. 4. Discuss a cell’s life cycle, including the stages of interphase and mitosis. 5. Identify the stages of mitosis using a whitefish blastula slide. Clini cal Application Cell Division and Cancer 54 Cells were first described in 1665 by a British scientist named Robert Hooke. Hooke examined a thin slice of tree cork with a microscope and observed that it contained many small open spaces, which he called cells. During the next two centuries, sci- entists examined cells from plants and animals and formulated the cell theory, which states that (1) all plants and animals are composed of cells, (2) all cells come from preexisting cells, (3) cells are the smallest living units that perform physiological functions, (4) each cell works to maintain itself at the cellular level, and (5) homeo- stasis is the result of the coordinated activities of all the cells in an organism. Your cells are descendants of your parents’ sperm and egg cells that combined to create your first cell, the zygote. You are now composed of approximately 75 tril- lion cells, more cells than you could count in your lifetime. These cells must coor- dinate their activities to maintain homeostasis for your entire body. If a population of cells becomes dysfunctional, disease may result. Some organisms, like amoe- bas, are composed of a single cell that performs all functions necessary to keep the organism alive. In humans and other multicellular organisms, cells are diversified, which means that different cells have different specific functions. This specializa- tion leads to dependency among cells. For example, muscle cells are responsible for movement of the body. Because movement requires a large amount of energy, muscle cells rely on the cells of the cardiovascular system to distribute blood rich with oxygen and nutrients to them. 47 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 47 24/11/15 6:41 PM  48  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division In this exercise you will examine the structure of the cell physical boundary separates the extracellular fluid surround- and how cells reproduce to create new cells that can be used ing the cell from the cell interior. It regulates the movement of for growth and repair of the body. ions, molecules, and other substances into and out of the cell. Inside the volume defined by the plasma membrane are a 1 Anatomy of the Cell central structure called the nucleus of the cell and other inter- nal structures. Collectively, these internal structures are called organelles (or-gan-ELZ). All the volume inside the plasma Although the body is made of a variety of cell types, a gen- membrane but outside the nucleus is referred to as the cyto- eralized composite cell, as illustrated in Figure 5.1, is used plasm. This region is made up of solid components (all the to describe cell structure. All cells have an outer boundary, cell’s organelles except the nucleus) suspended in a liquid the plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane. This called the cytosol. Figure 5.1 The Anatomy of a Composite Cell Microvilli Secretory vesicles Cytosol Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion Centrosome Centriole Peroxisome Chromatin Proteasomes Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Nuclear pores Smooth Nuclear envelope endoplasmic surrounding nucleus reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Fixed ribosomes Cytoskeleton Free ribosomes Plasma membrane M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 48 24/11/15 6:41 PM  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division    49 Each organelle has a distinct anatomical organization and Many cells of the respiratory and reproductive systems is specialized for a specific function. Organelles are grouped have nonmembranous organelles called cilia, which are into two broad classes: nonmembranous and membranous. short, hairlike projections that extend from the plasma Nonmembranous organelles lack an outer membrane and membrane. One type of human cell, the spermatozoon, has are directly exposed to the cytosol. Ribosomes, microvilli, cen- a single, long flagellum (fla-JEL-um) for locomotion. trioles, the cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella are nonmembranous Ribosomes direct protein synthesis. Instructions for organelles. Membranous organelles are enclosed in a phos- making a protein are stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) pholipid membrane that isolates them from the cytosol. The molecules in the cell nucleus. The “recipe” for a protein is nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, called a gene and is copied from a segment of DNA onto a peroxisomes, and mitochondria are membranous organelles. molecule of messenger RNA. The messenger RNA then carries Keep in mind while studying cell models that most organ- the instructions out of the nucleus and to the ribosome. elles are not visible with a light microscope. The nucleus typi- Each ribosome consists of one large subunit and one small cally is visible as a dark-stained oval. It encases and protects subunit. Both subunits clamp around the messenger RNA the chromosomes, which store genetic instructions for pro- molecule to coordinate protein synthesis. Ribosomes occur tein production by the cell. either as free ribosomes in the cytoplasm or as fixed ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Nonmembranous Organelles Microvilli are small folds in the plasma membrane that Membranous Organelles increase the surface area of the cell. With more membrane The nucleus controls the activities of the cell, such as pro- surface, the cell can absorb extracellular materials, such as tein synthesis, gene action, cell division, and metabolic nutrients, at a greater rate. rate. The material responsible for the dark appearance of Centrioles are paired organelles composed of microtubules, the nucleus in a stained specimen is chromatin, uncoiled which are small hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin. chromosomes consisting of DNA and protein molecules. A The centrosome is the area surrounding the pair of centrioles nuclear envelope surrounds the nuclear material and con- in a cell. When a cell is not dividing, it contains one pair of tains pores through which instruction molecules from the centrioles. When it comes time for the cell to divide, one of nucleus pass into the cytosol. A darker-stained region in- the first steps is replication of the centriole pair, so that the side the nucleus, the nucleolus, produces ribosomal RNA cell contains two pairs. The two centrioles in one pair migrate molecules for the creation of ribosomes. to one pole of the nucleus, and the two centrioles in the other Surrounding the nucleus is the endoplasmic reticulum pair migrate to the opposite pole of the nucleus. As the two (en-dō-PLAZ-mik re-TIK-yoo-lum). Two types of ER occur: pairs migrate, a series of spindle fibers radiate from them. rough ER, which has ribosomes attached to its surface; The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes of the nucleus apart and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes. Generally, the ER to give each of the forming daughter cells a full complement functions in the synthesis of organic molecules, transport of of genetic instructions. materials within the cell, and storage of molecules. Materials Cells have a cytoskeleton for structural support and anchorage in the ER may pass into the Golgi apparatus for eventual of organelles. Like the centrioles, the cytoskeleton is made of transport out of the cell. Proteins produced by ribosomes microtubules. on the rough ER surface enter the ER and assume the complex folded shape characteristic of the ER. Smooth ER is Study Tip Information Linking involved in the synthesis of many organic molecules, such as Practice connecting information together rather than memorizing cholesterol and phospholipids. In reproductive cells, smooth facts and terms. An effective and fun approach for learning about ER produces sex hormones. In liver cells, it synthesizes and cells is to compare a cell to a mass-production factory. Each stores glycogen, while in muscle and nerve cells it stores organelle in a cell, like each station in a factory, has a specific task calcium ions. Intracellular calcium ions are stored in the that integrates into the overall function of the cell. As you identify smooth ER in muscle, nerve, and other types of cells. organelles on cell models, consider their function. Once you are The Golgi (GŌL-jē) apparatus is a series of flattened familiar with all the organelles, begin to associate them with one saccules adjoining the ER. The ER can pass protein another as functional teams. For example, molecules made in the organelles called the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to a molecules in transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for neighboring organelle known as the Golgi apparatus, and so you modification and secretion. Cell products such as mucin are should associate these two organelles with each other. Assimilating synthesized, packaged, and secreted by the Golgi apparatus. information in this way improves your ability to apply knowledge in In a process called exocytosis, small secretory vesicles a working context. pinch off the saccules, fuse with the plasma membrane, and M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 49 24/11/15 6:41 PM  50  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division then rupture to release their contents into the extracellular Iodine stain or methylene blue stain fluid. The phospholipid membranes of the empty vesicles Compound microscope contribute to the renewal of the plasma membrane. Lysosomes (LĪ-sō-sōms; lyso-, dissolution + soma, body) Procedures are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus. They are 1. Review the nonmembranous and membranous organelles filled with powerful enzymes that digest worn-out cell in Figure 5.1. components and destroy microbes. As certain organelles 2. Identify each organelle on a cell model. become worn out, lysosomes dissolve them, and some of 3. Prepare a wet-mount slide from cells of the inner lining the materials are used to rebuild the organelles. White blood of your cheek. cells trap bacteria with plasma membrane extensions and pinch the membrane inward to release a vesicle inside the a. Place a drop of saline on a microscope slide. cell. Lysosomes fuse with the vesicle and release enzymes to b. Gently scrape the inside of your cheek with the blunt digest the bacteria. Injury to a cell may result in the rupture end of a toothpick. of lysosomes, followed by destruction or autolysis of the c. Stir the scraping into the drop of saline on the slide. cell. Autolysis is implicated in the aging of cells owing to the d. Add 1 drop of stain, carefully stir again with the same accumulation of lysosomal enzymes in the cytosol. toothpick, and add a coverslip. Peroxisomes are vesicles filled with enzymes that break e. Dispose of your used toothpick in a biohazard bag as down fatty acids and other organic molecules. Metabolism indicated by your instructor. of organic molecules can produce free-radical molecules, 4. Examine your cheek cell slide with the scanning lens and such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), that damage the note the many flattened epithelial cells. These cells are cell. Peroxisomes protect cell structure by metabolizing thin and often become folded by the coverslip. hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. 5. Observe individual cells at low and high magnifications Mitochondria (mī-tō-KON-drē-uh) produce useful energy (Figure 5.2). Identify the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma for the cell. Each mitochondrion is wrapped in a double- membrane of a cell. layered phospholipid membrane. The inner membrane   is folded into fingerlike projections called cristae (the singular is crista). The region of the inner membrane between cristae is the matrix. To provide the cell with energy, molecules from nutrients are passed along a Figure 5.2 Cheek Epithelial Cells series of metabolic enzymes in the cristae to produce a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. The abundance of mitochondria varies Plasma greatly among cell types. Muscle and nerve cells have membrane large numbers of mitochondria that supply energy for Nucleus contraction and generation of nerve impulses, respectively. Mature red blood cells lack mitochondria and subsequently have a low metabolic rate. QuickCheck Questions 1.1 What are the two major categories of organelles? Membrane-enclosed and macromolecular complexes 1.2 Which organelles are involved in the production of protein molecules? Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic, reticulum(ER) and the golgi apparatus (GA) 1 In the Lab Materials Cell models and charts Toothpicks Microscope slide and coverslip Physiological saline in dropper bottle Cheek cells LM × 430 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 50 24/11/15 6:41 PM  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division    51 2 Observing Cells 2 In the Lab Materials The cells within the body are very diverse, so it is useful to classify each type according to the kind of tissue it inhabits. Microscope slides: stratified squamous epithelium, areolar tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, neural tissue The four major tissue groups are epithelia, connective tissue, Compound microscope muscle tissue, and nerve tissue (Figure 5.3). Each tissue group has specific types of cells with certain characteristics. Recogniz- Procedures ing these basic tissue groups during observations of slides will assist in the identification of histological structures. 1. Observe the stratified squamous epithelium slide with the scanning lens and locate the dark stained cells on QuickCheck Question the top edge of the specimen. Notice how these cells are 2.1 What are the four major tissue types in the body? organized into a thick layer. Also note how the cell shape Connective Tissue, Epithelial Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nervous Tissue Figure 5.3 Organization of Cells Cells are organized into four major tissue groups. Connective Stratified tissue cell squamous epithelium Extracellular protein fibers LM × 220 LM × 300 a Cells in epithelial tissues cover exposed surfaces. b Cells in connective tissues are embedded in an extracellular matrix that includes protein fibers. Multi- nucleated muscle fiber Nucleus Dendrite Axon LM × 200 LM × 110 c Cells in skeletal muscle tissue are multinucleated. d Neurons in neural tissue have long extensions to communicate with other cells. M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 51 24/11/15 6:41 PM  52  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division changes from the bottom to the top of the tissue. View Figure 5.4 The Cell Life Cycle the cells at low and high magnification and observe the nucleus and cytoplasm. Examine the plasma membrane and note its proximity to other cells. 6 to 8 hou rs 2. View the slide of areolar tissue, a connective tissue with S widely scattered cells that are embedded in protein fibers. DNA INTERPHASE replication, Focus on the specimen with the scanning lens and then synthesis 2t observe the cells at low and high magnification. Note of o5 G1 histones G2 the dark-stained cells and the hairlike fibers in the tissue. hou Normal Protein 8 or more hours Observe individual cells at low and high magnifications rs cell functions synthesis plus cell growth, THE (see Figure 5.3). Identify the nucleus, cytoplasm, and CELL duplication of plasma membrane of a cell. organelles, CYCLE Proph as e 3. Examine the cells on the skeletal muscle tissue slide protein M Me synthesis ta p at scanning power. These muscle cells are large and ha se An multinucleated. Increase the magnification to low and Telophase ap urs then high power. At high magnification, use the fine focus ha ho se 3 knob to observe light and dark bands in the cells. The to MITOSIS AND 1 CYTOKINESIS cells appear striped (striated) because of the arrangement (See Figure 5.5) SIS of protein molecules that interact during contraction. Indefinite period CYTO K INE 4. Locate the nerve cells on the neural tissue slide using the G0 Specialized scanning lens. Increase the magnification and note the cell functions branches of a neuron. The largest is most likely the axon, the branch that communicates to other cells. The smaller branches are dendrites and they connect with other cells to receive information.   nucleolus. During the G0 phase of interphase, the cell performs 3 Cell Division its specialized functions and is not preparing to divide. The G1 phase is a time for protein synthesis, growth, and replication of organelles, including the centriole pair. Replication of DNA Cells must reproduce if an organism is to grow and repair dam- occurs during the S phase. After DNA replication, each chro- aged tissue. During cell reproduction, a cell divides its genes mosome is double stranded and consists of two chromatids; equally and then splits into two identical cells. The division one chromatid is the original strand and the other is an identi- involves two major events: mitosis and cytokinesis. During cal copy. The chromatids are held together by a centromere. mitosis (mī-TŌ-sis), the chromatin in the nucleus condenses The G2 phase is another time for protein synthesis; at this time, into chromosomes and is equally divided between the two replication of the centriole pair is completed. forming cells. Toward the end of mitosis, cytokinesis (si-to- ki-NE-sis; cyto-, cell + kinesis, motion) separates the cytoplasm Make a Prediction to produce the two daughter cells. The daughter cells have the Which cells would you expect to spend most of their time in same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Human cells the G0 phase: cells lining the inside of your mouth or nerve have 23 pairs of chromosomes that carry the genetic code of cells in the brain? Nerve cell and Heart cells. approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes. Mitosis Interphase The M phase of the cell cycle is the time of mitosis, during Examine the cell life cycle in Figure 5.4. Most of the time, a which the nuclear material divides (Figure 5.5). After chromo- cell is not dividing and is in interphase. This is not a resting somes are duplicated in the S phase of interphase, the double- period for the cell, however, because during this phase the cell stranded chromosomes migrate to the middle of the cell, carries out various functions and prepares for the next cell divi- and spindle fibers attach to each chromatid. Chromosomes sion. Distinct phases occur during interphase, each related to are divided when the spindle fibers drag sister chromatids to cell activity. At this time, the nucleus is visible, as is the darker opposite ends of the cell. The division is complete when the M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 52 24/11/15 6:41 PM  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division    53 Figure 5.5 Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis Diagrammatic and microscopic views of representative cells undergoing cell division. INTERPHASE EARLY PROPHASE LATE PROPHASE Nucleus Astral rays Spindle Centriole Chromosome fibers with two sister chromatids MITOSIS BEGINS Centrioles (two pairs) LM × 805 LM × 670 LM × 780 METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE INTERPHASE Chromosomal Daughter Daughter microtubule chromosomes cells Metaphase Cleavage CYTOKINESIS plate furrow LM × 780 LM × 550 LM × 595 LM × 660 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 53 24/11/15 6:41 PM  54  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division C l in ical Application genes. Telophase ends as the cleavage furrow deepens along Cell Division and Cancer the metaphase plate and separates the cell into two identical daughter cells. These daughter cells are in interphase and, A tumor is a mass of cells produced by uncontrolled cell division. depending on their cell type, may divide again. The mass replaces normal cells, and cellular and tissue functions are compromised. If metastasis (me-TAS-ta-sis), which means QuickCheck Questions spreading of the abnormal cells, occurs, secondary tumors may develop. Cells that metastasize are often cancerous. 3.1 What must the cell do with the genetic material in the nucleus before mitosis? The chromosomes are copied 3.2 Name the four stages of mitosis and list what happens cell undergoes cytokinesis and pinches inward to distribute during each stage. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase the cytosol and chromosomes into two new daughter cells. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, ana- phase, and telophase. Telophase and the latter part of ana- 3 In the Lab phase are together referred to as cytokinesis. Draw It! Materials Prophase: Mitosis starts with prophase (PRO-f āz; pro-, Compound microscope before), when chromosomes become visible in the nucleus Whitefish blastula slide (see Figure 5.5). In early prophase, the chromosomes are long and disorganized, but as prophase continues the nuclear Procedures envelope breaks down, and the chromosomes shorten and Video Tutor 1. Obtain a slide of a whitefish blastula. move toward the middle of the cell. In the cytosol, the two A blastula is formed during the early stage of development centriole pairs begin moving to opposite sides of the cell. when an embryo is a rapidly dividing mass of cells that Between the centrioles, microtubules fan out as spindle is growing in size and, eventually, in complexity. For fibers and extend across the cell. microscopic observation of the cells, the whitefish embryo Metaphase: Metaphase (MET-a-f āz; meta-, change) is sectioned and stained. A typical slide preparation usually occurs when the chromosomes line up in the middle of has several sections of a blastula, each showing cells in the cell at the metaphase plate. Spindle fibers extend various stages of mitosis. across the cell from one pole to the other and attach to 2. Preview the slide with the scanning lens and observe the the centromeres of the chromosomes. The cell is now numerous cells of the blastula. prepared to partition the genetic material and give rise to two new cells. 3. Slowly scan a group of cells with the low-magnification Anaphase: Separation of the chromosomes is the event lens and locate a nucleus, centrioles, and spindle fibers. that defines anaphase (AN-a-fāz; ana-, apart). Spindle fibers The chromosomes appear as dark, thick structures. pull apart the chromatids of a chromosome and drag them 4. Using Figure 5.5 as a reference, locate cells in the toward opposite poles of the cell. Once apart, individual following phases: chromatids are considered chromosomes. Cytokinesis Interphase with a distinct nucleus marks the end of anaphase as a cleavage furrow develops Prophase with disorganized chromosomes along the metaphase plate and the plasma membrane Metaphase with equatorial chromosomes attached to pinches. Cytokinesis continues into the next stage of spindle fibers mitosis, telophase. Anaphase with chromosomes separating toward Telophase: In telophase (TEL-ō-f āz; telo-, end), cytokinesis opposite poles partitions the cytoplasm of the cell and mitosis nears Telophase with a nuclear envelope forming around completion as each batch of chromosomes unwinds inside each set of genetic material a newly formed nuclear envelope. Each daughter cell has a Cytokinesis in late anaphase and telophase. set of organelles and a nucleus containing a complete set of M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 54 24/11/15 6:41 PM  E x e r c i s e 5 Anatomy of the Cell and Cell Division    55 5. Draw It! Draw and label cells in each stage of mitosis in the space provided. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Daughter Cells M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 55 24/11/15 6:41 PM M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 56 24/11/15 6:41 PM  Now available in MasteringA&P® Review & Practice Sheet Exercise Anatomy of the Cell 5 Name _______________________________________ Date _____________________ Section ___________ and Cell Division A. Labeling 1. Label the organelles. 1 2 3 1. 9 2. 4 3. 4. 5 5. 10 6 6. 7. 8. 7 11 9. 12 10. 8 11. 12. 57 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 57 24/11/15 6:41 PM  Review & Practice Sheet Exercise 5 2. Label the cell division photos. 1. Identify the stage of mitosis. 3. Identify the stage of mitosis. 4. Identify the dark- 2. Identify small lines. stained structures. LM × 995 LM × 890 a b 1. 2. 5. Identify the stage of mitosis. 3. 4. 6. Identify the process that is occurring here. 5. 6. LM × 680 c 3. Label the stages of mitosis. 1 2 5 3 1. 4 2. 3. 4. 5. LM × 305 58 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 58 24/11/15 6:41 PM  Exercise Review & Practice Sheet B. Matching Exercise 5 Match each cellular structure listed on the left with the correct description on the right. F. 1. plasma membrane _________   A. copy of a chromosome 2. centrioles _________   D. B. short, hairlike cellular extensions 3. _________   H. ribosome C. intracellular fluid 4. smooth ER _________   G. D. involved in mitosis 5. chromatid _________   A. E. folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane I. 6. _________   lysosomes F. composed of a phospholipid bilayer 7. _________   C. cytoplasm G. stores calcium ions in muscle cells 8. cristae _________   E. H. site for protein synthesis 9. cytosol _________   J. I. vesicles with powerful digestive enzymes _________ B. 10. cilia J. intracellular fluid and the organelles C. Fill in the Blanks Complete the following statements. chromatids 1. Replication of genetic material results in chromosomes consisting of two. 2. A cell in metaphase has chromosomes located in the equatorial region of the cell. 3. Division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells is called cytokinesis. 4. Double-stranded chromosomes separate during the anaphase stage stage of mitosis. 5. During interphase, DNA replication occurs in the S- phase phase. 6. Microtubules called mitotic spindle attach to chromatids and pull them apart. 7. Chromosomes become visible during the propahase stage of mitosis. 8. The last stage of mitosis is telophase. 9. Division of the nuclear material is called mitosis. 10. Matching chromatids are held together by a. proteins called cohesins D. Short-Answer Questions 1. What is the function of cell division? For growth and the maintenance and repair of cells and tissues The four function of cell division is repair, replace, grow and reproduce cell. Cell divide to allow multicellular organism to grow. 2. Describe a phospholipid molecule and its interaction with water. The "head" of the molecule contains the phosphate group and is hydrophilic, meaning that it will dissolve in the water. The "tail" of the molecules made up of two fatty acids, which are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water. 3. What is the function of the spindle fibers during mitosis? to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells. 4. What structures in the plasma membrane regulate ion passage? Proteins channels or gates. 59 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 59 24/11/15 6:41 PM  Review & Practice Sheet Exercise 5 E. Drawing 1. Draw It! Draw and label a cell with the following organelles: nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and centrioles. 2. Draw It! Draw and label a cell with four chromosomes in interphase and each stage of mitosis. F. Application and Analysis 1. Describe how the nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane interact to produce and release a protein molecule from the cell. 2. What happens in a cell during the S portion of interphase? 3. Describe how chromosomes are evenly divided during mitosis. 4. Identify where in a cell the production of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid molecules occurs. G. Clinical Challenge 1. Lysosomes are sometimes referred to as “suicide bags.” Describe what would happen to a cell if its lysosomes ruptured. 60 M05_WOOD0187_06_SE_Ex05.indd 60 24/11/15 6:41 PM