Anatomy & Physiology Tissues PDF

UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 TISSUES NUMBER OF LAYERS SHAPE OF CELLS collection of specialized cells and the extra cellular squamous - flattened subst...

UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 TISSUES NUMBER OF LAYERS SHAPE OF CELLS collection of specialized cells and the extra cellular squamous - flattened substances surrounding them. SIMPLE (single layer) cuboidal – cube-shaped has four primary types columnar – column - like o epithelial tissue (epithelium) squamous, cuboidal, o connective tissue STRATIFIED (more columnar and cuboidal (very than one layer) rare), keratinized, o muscle tissue nonkeratinized (moist) o nervous tissue PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUES (modification of simple columnar epithelia) covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the roughly cuboidal to body. TRANSITIONAL columnar when not (modifitcation of LOCATIONS: stratified epithelium) stretched and squamouslike o body coverings when stretched o body linings FUNCTIONS: o protection and barrier o filtration o passage of substances o absorption o secretion CHARACTERISTICS: o mostly composed of cell o covers body surfaces o distinct surfaces – apical, basal, lateral, and basement membrane o cell and matrix connection o capable of regeneration o non-vascular DESCRIPTIO LOCATION TYPE N lines body cavities (pleura, pericardial and peritoneal) single layer of flat cells endothelium of SIMPLE blood vessels that usually SQUAMOUS forms lines lungs and membranes capillaries kidney (bowman’s campule) single layer of cube-like SIMPLE cells that are walls of kidneys CUBOIDAL common in surfaces of ovaries glands and ducts single layer lining of the CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA SIMPLE of tall, narrow stomach and COLUMNAR cells. often intestine in GIT  UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 inlcudes GLAND mucus- lining of bronchioles in producing respiratory one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular goblet cells product. fallopian tubes has two major types: ENDOCRINE & EXOCRINE single layer, but some ENDOCRINE GLAND cells are shorter than ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels others. often looks like a all secretions are hormones double layer nasal cavity PSEUDO- of cells. EXOCRINE GLAND trachea STRATIFIED sometimes COLUMNAR called bronchii secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial tissue ciliated such pharynx THREE TYPES: as in the o Merocrine Gland -sweat glands & exocrine respiratory pancreas tract. may o Apocrine Gland – eyelids, armpits and nipples function in o Holocrine Gland – sebaceous glands (oil absoroption glands) or secretion cells at the skin apical anus surface are flattened. vagina STRATIFIED found as mouth SQUAMOUS protective covering throat where friction is esophagus common cornea sweat gland ducts STRATIFIED two layers of ovarian follicular CUBOIDAL cuboidal cells cells salivary glands surface cells mammary gland are ducts columnar, STRATIFIED cells larynx COLUMNAR underneath vary in size portion of the male and shape urethra shape of cells CONNECTIVE TISSUES depends upong the amount of found everywhere in the body TRANSITIONAL stretching. urinary bladder FUNCTIONS: lines organs o binds body tissues together of the o encloses and separates tissues urinary o supports the body system o storage o transportation o protection, cushioning and insulation VARIATIONS IN BLOOD SUPPLY  UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 some tissue types are well vascularized abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers some have a poor blood supply or are avascular the elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil LOCATIONS: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX o Vocal cords – in the larynx o walls of large arteries has two main elements: GROUND SUBSTANCE & FIBERS Ground Substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules. Fibers – produced by the cells and has three types: o Collagen (white) fibers o Elastic (yellow) fibers o Reticular fibers BONE OR OSSEOUS TISSUE is used to protect and support the body composed of: o Bone Cells – in the lacunae (cavities – osteocytes) o Hard matrix – calcium salts and large numbers of collagen fibers o Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space. these protein fibers are produced by fibroblasts has two types: o DENSE REGULAR – fibers in same direction o DENSE IRREGULAR – fibers in different directions DENSE COLLAGENOUS or FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE main matrix element is collagen fiber LOCATIONS: o Tendons – attach skeletal muscle to the bone TYPES OF CARTILAGE o Ligaments – attach bone to bone at joints o Dermis – lower layers of the skin HYALINE CARTILAGE o Liver & Kidneys – formation of many capsules that surround organs most common type of cartilage is composed of o abundant collagen fibers o rubbery matrix LOCATIONS: o larynx o nasal and costal cartilage of ribs o cartilage rings of respiratory system o entire fetal skeleton DENSE ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE  UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” packing tissue contains all fiber types can soak up excess fluid (causes edema) ELASTIC CARTILAGE provides elasticity/rigidity LOCATIONS: o external ear o epiglottis o auditory tubules ADIPOSE TISSUE its matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate many cells contain large lipid deposits FUNCTIONS: o insulate the body o protects some organs o serves as a site of fuel storage FIBROCARTILAGE highly compressible forms cushion-like discs LOCATIONS: o intervertebral disks o symphysis pubis o articular disks (e.g., knee and temporomandibular (jaw) joints) RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE delicate network of interwoven fibers forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs COMPOSED OF: o Lymph nodes o spleen LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES o bone marrow AREOLAR TISSUE most widely distributed connective tissue  UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 SKELETAL MUSCLE under voluntary control contracts to pull on bones or skin BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE produces gross body movements or facial expressions. blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood CHARACTERISTICS: plasma. o striated fibers are visible during clotting FUNCTIONS: o multinucleate (more than one nucleus) o transport vehicle for materials o long and cylindrical COMPOSED OF CARDIAC MUSCLE o RBC o WBC o Platelets under involuntary control found only in the heart pumps blood CHARACTERISTICS o its cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks o striated o one nucleus per cell SMOOTH MUSCLE under involuntary control found in the walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels. CHARACTERISTICS: o no visible striations o one nucleus per cell o spindle-shaped cells NERVOUS TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE composed of neurons and nerve support cells highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce its function is to send impulses to other areas of the body movement. o irritability has three types: o conductivity o Skeletal muscle CELL BODY - axons and dendrites o Cardiac muscle GLIAL CELLS o Smooth muscle  UNIT 1 – LESSON 2.2 INFLAMMATION 3. REGENERATION AND FIBROSIS = surface epithelium occurs when tissues are injured and damaged, regenerates and granulation tissue is replaced with new deceased, trauma etc. connective tissue. produces five major symptoms: o redness o heat o swelling o pain o disturbance of function o loss of function although unpleasant, the processes of inflammation are usually beneficial. ACUTE VS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CARDIAC MUSCLE there are 5 common signs of inflammation o PAIN o HEAT o REDNESS o SWELLING o LOSS OF FUNCTION AGING cells divide mor slowly – lesser cells, longer healing connective tissues with abundant collagen, such as tendons and ligaments, become less flexible and more fragile – skin wrinkling the walls of the arteries become less elastic because of changes in collagen and elastic fibers - hardening TISSUE REPAIR (WOUND HEALING) 1. REGENERATION – replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells. 2. FIBROSIS - repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue) DETERMINATION OF METHOD: o type of tissue damaged o severity of the injury 1. INFLAMMATION – injure tissue cells release inflammatory chemicals o capillary permeability o clotting and scab formation 2. GRANULAR TISSUE FORMATION – delicate pink tissue forms from undamaged blood vessels phagocytes dispose of blood clot and connective tissue cells.