Anatomy and Physiology Quiz Reviewer PDF

Anatomy and Physiology Pathophysiology Two Basic Approach to study Anatomy -Deals Deals with the disordered, deranged functions of human body due to 1....

Anatomy and Physiology Pathophysiology Two Basic Approach to study Anatomy -Deals Deals with the disordered, deranged functions of human body due to 1. Systematic Anatomy diseases (Abnormal, Functional Study of the body systems Changes) Example: ⚬ Cardiovascular ⚬ nervous ⚬ skeletal ⚬ muscular 2. Regional Anatomy Study of the organization of the body by areas/region. Example: ⚬ Head ⚬ abdomen Structural and Functional ⚬ arm Organization of the human Body ⚬ chest 1. Chemical Level Two ways to examine internal The structural and functional structures characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. 1. Surface Anatomy The chemical level of organization the study of External Features involves how atoms interact and ex: Body projections combine into molecules. - Assessment Atoms – Basic chemical unit (Externally) ofchemical element Molecules –electrically electrically neutral group of 2. Anatomical Imaging two or more atoms. Held together by By the use ofmachines chemical bond Examples: o X-ray 2. Cell Level o Ultrasound Basic unit of organism. o MRI Most cells contain smaller structures o CT Scan inside them, called Organelles Physiology -Deals Deals with the process/ function of living things. Ex: Function of the Heart Brain Lungs Two Major Goals of Studying Physiology 1. Examining the body’s responses to stimuli. 3. Tissue Level 2. Examining the body’s maintenance of Group of similar cells and material stable internal conditions. surrounding area  Characteristics of cells and materials surrounding them determines function of the Tissue 4. Organ Level Compose of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function Ex: Urinary bladder Skin Stomach Heart 5. Organ System Level Group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions Ex: URINARY SYSTEM - Kidney - Ureter - Urinary Bladder - Urethra 6. Organism Level It begins with fertilization and An organism is any living thing ends in death considered as a whole, composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions Differentiation of cells, such as a -change change in cell structure and function Human from generalize to specialized. 6. Reproduction Formation of new cells on new organisms Without reproduction of new cells there would be no growth and tissue repair’ repair - Mitosis - Meiosis Homeostasis “homeo” – the same “statis”- to stop maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Despite fluctuations in either internal/external Environment Characteristics of life In order for the cell to function normally. It depends on the fluid 1. Organization environment within narrow range of Organize condition: Specific interrelationship among parts - Temperature of organism and how those part interact - Volume to perform specific function - Chemical Content - Fluid Balance 2. Metabolism - Blood Ph Ability to use energy to perform - Blood Sugar vital functions such as: - Ion Balance > Growth - Blood Pressure > Movement > Reproduction These conditions are called VARIABLES 3. Responsiveness Variables – It is called variables Ability to sense changes in the because their values can change external or internal environment and Ex: Body Temperature is a variable that adjust to those changes. can in a hot environment and can in cold environment 4. Growth refers to an increase in thesize Homeostatic Mechanism or number of cells cells. -maintain maintain normal body temperature How? include sweating or shivering to > in Cell number maintain ain body temperature near an > in Cell size ideal normal value, or set point. 5. Development Changes an organism undergoes through time. All Homeostasis are governed by: Negative Feedback > Nervous System > Endocrine System Disease - DISRUPTS Homeostasis and sometimes results in death Negative Feedback - Maintains homeostasis. - Any deviation from set point (normal values) is made smaller Positive Feedback - It does not prevent variation but - occur when a response to the original maintains variation within normal stimulus results in the deviation from range the set point becoming even greater. Negative Feedback -In other words deviation from set point Three Components becomes greater. 1. The receptor/ sensor monitors the value of the variable, such as nerve in the skin 2. Control Center- establish set point which the variable is maintained, such as part of the brain 3. Effector- can change the value of variable, such as sweat glands Body Positions Proximal – Nearest -Anatomical Position Distal – Distant A person standing erect with face Used to refer linear structures such as forward,upper limbs hanging to sides limbs (Arms and Legs) and palms of the hand facing forward Medial – toward midline Lateral – away from midline Body Positions Supine – Lying face upward Prone – Lying face downward Superior – Up Inferior – Down Anterior – Front (Ventral Surface) Posterior – Back (Dorsal Surface) Superficial – Structure close to surface of the body Deep – Toward the interior of the body  Lower Limb Thigh – hip to knee Leg – knee to ankle Ankle Foot Abdomen Can be divided into 4 sections/quadrants and 9 regions Body parts and regions Central Region Head, Neck and Trunk Trunk can be divided into: Thorax – Chest Abdomen – Region between thorax and pelvis Pelvis – Inferior end of trunk Organs and their place in the associated with abdominal quadrants Hips Spleen - Left Upper Gall Bladder - Right Upper Kidneys - Left and Right Upper Most Stomach - Left Upper Most Liver - Right Upper Body parts and regions Upper Limb Planes Arm- shoulder to elbow - Imaginary flat surface. Forearm- elbow to wrist - A plane divides, or sections, the body, Wrist making it possible to “look inside” and Hand observe the body’s structures. - useful to discuss body in reference sectioning the body is a way to look inside  Frontal (coronal) Plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. Sagittal Plane Vertically separates right to left Planes Organs are often sectioned to reveal their internal structure. Longitudinal section Median Plane a cut along the length of the organ is a sagittal plane that passes through midline of the body dividing it into right and left Transverse section or cross section, cuts completely Transverse Plane through an organ Horizontal plane runs through surface Oblique section of the ground. If a cut is made diagonally across the - Separates body to superior and long axis. inferior Body Cavities - Contains: Cavity – empty space - Stomach Two types of internal cavities: - Intestines 1. Dorsal body cavity - Liver 2. Ventral body cavity - Spleen - Pancreas - Kidney Pelvic Cavity - Small space enclose by bones of pelvis 1. Dorsal body cavity -Contains: Encloses the organs of the nervous Urinary Bladder system, the brain and spinal cord. Urethra Two subdivisions of the dorsal body Part of large intestine a. Cranial cavity Internal reproductive organs b. Vertebral canal 2. Ventral body cavity Houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively ollectively referred to as the viscera. Two subdivisions of the ventral body a. Thoracic cavity b. Abdominopelvic cavity a. Thoracic Cavity Superior to the abdominopelvic cavity Serous Membrane and houses primarily the heart and - Double layered membranes that in lungs. contact Two sections with the walls of the body cavities and Two lateral pleural cavities, each of the surface of internal organs. which encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs. Medial mediastinum, houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in add addition to the thymus, trachea, and esophagus. b. Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity - Bounded by abdominal muscles Pericardial Cavity - Around the heart Pleural Cavity - Surround each lungs Peritoneal cavity -houses many internal organs, such as; Liver’ Digestive organs Reproductive organs Mesenteries - Consist of two layers of peritoneum - Attach the intestinal organs to the abdominal cavity - Anchor organs to the body wall and provides pathways for nerves and blood vessels Retroperitoneal - Parietal peritoneum covers other organs - Kidneys - Adrenal Glands - Pancreas - Parts of intestine - Urinary bladder Some of conditions caused by inflammation of the serous membranes: Pericarditis Pleurisy Peritonitis