Anatomy Prelims PDF

**ANATOMY** - Study of structure and for of the human body - the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other. - "Anatome" to cut up **GROSS ANATOMY** - Macroscopic anatomy - Bigger parts of the body - Organ systems **MICROSCOPIC A...

**ANATOMY** - Study of structure and for of the human body - the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other. - "Anatome" to cut up **GROSS ANATOMY** - Macroscopic anatomy - Bigger parts of the body - Organ systems **MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY** - requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body. - Histology, cytology **2 APPROACHES** 1. **REGIONAL-** cranial, thoracic, abdominal - the study of the body's structure by region (head, abdomen, arm, etc...) 2. **SYSTEMIC** - the study of the body's structure by systems **PHYSIOLOGY** - the study of chemistry and physics of the structure of the body and the way in which they work together to support the function of life **HOMEOSTASIS** - When structure and function are coordinated the body achieves a relative stability of its internal environment - The state of internal conditions maintained by living organisms **Set point-** physiological value which the normal fluctuates **Normal range-** restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable **Form** is related to **function**/ **Structure** is related by **function** **4 BASIC CONCEPTS** 1. **ORGANIZATION** - The body is organized into systems - Celltissueorganorgan systems 2. **CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THROUGHOUT IN LIFE** 3. **SURVIVAL IS THE BODY'S PRIME FUNCTION** 4. **CELLS ARE SELF-SERVING** - Each cell performs self-serving function to maintain their life **REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE** 1. **OXYGEN** - **ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)-** the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. It requires oxygen to produce**.** 2. **WATER (H2O)** - Processes requires water (release (dehydration) or introduction (hydrolysis) of water) - Makes up most of the body mass (70%) - Blood is made up of water (90%) - Used for regulation of body temperature - Serves as a cushion (shock absorber) - lubricates 3. **ENERGY YIELDING NUTRIENTS** - Carbohydrates, protein (4kal/g), Lipids (9kal/g) -- macronutrients - Vitamins and minerals -- micronutrients, does not give energy and calories, regulatory substances - Water soluble (released through urine, no overdose) (Vitamin B, C) - Fat soluble (ADEK) **TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS** **TEMPERATURE** - Narrow range 37 degrees C [Short-term exposure to heat] - Sweating - panting [ ] (animals) - vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) [Short-term exposure to cold] - vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) - shivering Hypothermia- decrease in RBC production, hindrance in creation of ATP **PRESSURE** - low altitude= high pressure - high altitude= low pressure **3 COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS** 1. **SENSOR/RECEPTORS-** monitors the values of the variable and sends data on it to the control center 2. **CONTROL CENTER-** matches the data with normal values. If the value is not at the set point or is outside the normal range, the control center sends a signal to the effector. 3. **EFFECTORS-** is an organ, gland, muscle, or other structure that acts on the signal from the control center to move the variable back toward the set point. **NEGATIVE FEEDBACK-** deviation is reversed to change back to normal **POSITIVE FEEDBACK-** feedback serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached. Examples of processes controlled by positive feedback in the human body include blood clotting and childbirth.  **ANATOMICAL POSITION** - Standard way anatomists view the body - standing erect, the face is forward, and the arms are at the sides, with the palms forward. **ANTERIOR/VENTRAL** - [toward the front.] (The eyes are anterior to the brain.) **POSTERIOR/DORSAL** - towards the back. (The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity.) **SUPERIOR** - [a part is above another part], or closer to the head. (The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominal cavity.) **INFERIOR** - Inferior situated [below another part], or toward the feet. (The neck is inferior to the head.) **LATERAL** - toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline. (The ears are lateral to the eyes.) - farthest from the midline **MEDIAL** - relates to an imaginary **midline** dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A part is considered midline if it is closer to this line than another part. (The nose is medial to the eye.) - nearest to the midline **PROXIMAL** - used to describe [a part that is closer to a point of attachment] or closer to the trunk of the body than another part. (The elbow is proximal to the wrist.) - can also be used as a measurement of distance **DISTAL** - a particular body part is farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk than another part. (The fingers are distal to the wrist.) - can also be used as a measurement of distance **SUPERFICIAL** - (external) near the surface. (The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin.) **DEEP** - used to describe parts that are more internal. (The dermis is the deep layer of the skin.) skin fat muscle bone **PLANES OF THE BODY** **SAGGITAL** - right and left parts are divided equally - vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section. **PARASAGGITAL-** right and left parts are divided unequally **CORONAL/FRONTAL** - a vertical plane which also passes through the body longitudinally -- but perpendicular (at a right angle) to the sagittal plane. - It divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section. **TRANSVERSE** - Manananggal cut - It divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section. **BODY CAVITIES** - a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs.  1. **VENTRAL CAVITY** - is at the anterior, or front, of the trunk. Organs contained within this body cavity include the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, and reproductive organs. **THORACIC CAVITY** - chest cavity a. **plueral cavity-** lungs b. **pericardial cavity-** heart **ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY** - fills the lower half of the trunk and is subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. **ABDOMINAL CAVITY** - houses the digestive organs (stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines). **PELVIC CAVITY** - It contains the male or female reproductive organs, urinary system organs (urinary bladder, ureters, urethra), rectum, and anus. 2. **DORSAL CAVITY** - is at the posterior, or back, of the body, including both the head and the back of the trunk. The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial and spinal cavities. **CRANIAL CAVITY** - houses the brain and pineal and pituitary glands. - It is protected by the bones of the skull and cerebrospinal fluid. **SPINAL CAVITY** - It is protected by the spinal column and the cerebrospinal fluid. body cavities are shown on the image