Anaphy and Physiology PDF

Moneth A. Prani BSP 3-1 Anaphy and Physiology Molecular Biology- study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level. ANAPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZA...

Moneth A. Prani BSP 3-1 Anaphy and Physiology Molecular Biology- study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level. ANAPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION: The Human Body: An Orientation Atoms ( tiny building blocks of matter) ↓ Anatomy- study of internal and external structures of the Molecule body and their physical relationship (Blanchard, 2005). (such as water, sugar, and proteins, like those that make up Ana- “up” or “through” our muscles) Physiology- refers to the study of functions of those ↓ structures. Compound ↓ Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Macromolecules - Structure determines what functions can take (lipids, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acid) place. ↓ Organelle SUBDIVISIONS: (part of cells) ANATOMY ↓ Gross Anatomy: (doesn't need microscope) Cell Regional- all structures in one part of the body (the smallest units of all living things) (particular area of the body). Body regions. ↓ Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by Tissue system. (looks at just one system) (consist of groups of similar cells that have a common Surface- study of the internal structure as they function) relate to the overlying skin. ↓ Organ Microscopic Anatomy: maliit ( structure composed of two or more tissue types that Cytology- study of the cell. performs a specific function for the body) Histology- study of the tissues. ↓ Organ System Developmental Anatomy ( group of organs that work together to accomplish a Embryology- study of the developmental changes common purpose) of the body before birth. ↓ Organism PHYSIOLOGY ( represents the highest level of structural organization) Based on Organ Systems Neurophysiology- explains the workings of the nervous system. Cardiac Physiology- studies the function of the heart. Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body- looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells. Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological Anatomy- study of structural changes caused by disease. Radiographic Anatomy- study of internal structures visualized by X-Ray. Bones ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW: ANATOMICAL POSITION: Integumentary System - Standing straight - Forms the external body covering; protects deeper - Head and eyes facing forward tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location - Arms on the side slightly away from the trunk, of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and palms facing forward. sweat and oil glands. - Feet in the ground facing forward. Skeletal System - Protects and supports body organs; provides a MAINTAINING LIFE: framework the muscles use to cause movement; NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS blood cells are formed within bones; stores Maintaining Boundaries minerals. - Every living organism’s “inside” must remain Muscular System distinct from its “outside”. - Allows manipulation of the environment, Movement locomotion, and facial expression; maintains - Includes all the activities where bones and muscles posture; produces heat. work together. (ex. walking) Nervous System Responsiveness/ Irritability - Fast-acting control system of the body; responds - Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the to internal and external changes by activating environment and then react to them. (ex. you touch appropriate muscles and glands. a hot pan) Endocrine System Digestion - Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes - Process of breaking down ingested food into such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by simple molecules. body cells. Metabolism Cardiovascular System - All chemical reactions occur within the body and - Blood vessels transport blood, which carries all of its cells. oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, Excretion wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. - Process of removing waste from the body. Lymphatic System Reproduction - Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and - Process of producing an offspring. returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the Growth lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells - Can be an increase in cell size or body size. involved in immunity. Respiratory System HOMEOSTASIS: - Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs Digestive System - Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Urinary System - Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the HOMEOSTASIS body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base - state of balance balance of the blood. - maintaining stability while adjusting to changing Reproductive System external conditions - production of offspring. Testes produce sperm - dynamic process in order to survive external and male sex hormone. Ovaries produce eggs and challenges female sex hormones. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Frontal- forehead Orbital- eyes Positive Feedback- intensifies stimuli Nasal- nose Ex. childbirth Buccal- cheeks Negative Feedback- negates stimuli Oral- mouth Ex. temperature regulation Mental- chin or jaw (mentalis) Occipital- back of the head. LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY: DIRECTIONAL TERMS Cervical- neck ↑↑ Superior/Cephalic- towards the head Thoracic- chest ↓↓ Interior/Caudal- towards the foot Sternal- breastbone area → Anterior/Ventral- towards the front Axillary- armpit ← Posterior/Dorsal- towards the back Pectoral- relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest → ← Medial- towards the middle Abdominal- abdomen/ anterior body trunk inferior to ribs ← → Lateral- away from the middle Umbilical- navel ⋮ Intermediate- in between Pelvic- hips/ area overlying the pelvis anteriorly ↗ Proximal- close to the point of attachment Inguinal- groin ↖ Pubic- genitals ↘ Distal- far from the point of attachment Dorsal- back ↙ Scapular- shoulder blades (shoulder & groin- point of attachment) Vertebral- spine ↑ Lumbar- lower back ← → Superficial- closer to the surface Sacral- sacrum ↓ Gluteal- glutes/ buttoks ↓ → ← Deep- farther away from the body surface UPPER LIMB: ↑ Acromial- highest point of shoulder ✷ Deltoid- curve of the shoulder ✷ Ipsilateral- structures that can be found on the same Brachial- arm side of the body Antecubital- front portion of elbow ✷ Olecranal- elbow ✷ Contralateral- different side of the body Antebranchial- forearm Carpal- wrist BODY LANDMARKS/REGIONAL TERMS: Palmar- palm Digital- fingers LOWER LIMB: Coxal- hip Femoral- femur/thigh Patellar- patella/ anterior knee Popliteal- back of patella/knee cap Crural- leg Sural- calves Fibular- : lateral part of leg Tarsal- ankle Calcaneal- sole of the feet (heel) Digital- digits of the toes Plantar- sole of the foot (buo) BODY PLANES: S O F T Cephalic- pertains to the head. Sagittal Plane- separates the body left and right. Midsagittal Plane- equal Parasagittal Plane- unequal Oblique Plane- something not parallel Frontal Plane- separates the body front and back. Transverse (or horizontal) Plane- separates the body up and down. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES: Dorsal Body Cavity- well protected by bone Cranial Cavity- space inside the bony skull that protects the brain. Spinal Cavity- extends from the cranial cavity to - Divisions used primarily by medical personnel and the end of the spinal cord. are named according to their relative locations with Ventral Body Cavity- less protected than dorsal cavity. respect to anatomical position. Superior Thoracic Cavity- separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm, has mediastinum (separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity) Superior Abdominal Cavity- conatins the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs. Inferior Pelvic Cavity- contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS/ REGION: OTHER BODY CAVITIES: Oral Cavity- contains the teeth and tongue. Digestive Caviy- this cavity is part of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus. Nasal Cavity- located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system. Orbital Cavities- orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position. Middle Ear Cavities- middle ear cavities carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.  Basic Chemistry COMPOSITION OF MATTER: Elements and Atoms: Chemistry- basis for how the body transforms and uses Elements - unique substance that cannot be broken down energy and for how our cells use crucial molecules such as into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. Ex. Oxygen, Silver, Copper, Gold, Iron. - So far, 118 elements have been identified with CONCEPTS OF MATTER AND ENERGY: certainty. 92 of these occur in nature, rest are Matter- the “stuff” of the universe. With some exemptions, made artificially on accelerator device. it can be seen, smelled, and felt. Anything that occupies - Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up space and has mass. about 96% of the weight of human body. Weight- measure of gravity pulling on mass. Atoms- particles or building blocks of element. - Atoms of each element differs from other elements. Matter exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, which can Atomic symbol- one or two-letter chemical shorthand. be found in our body. Solid- such as bones and teeth, have definite shape and Atomic Structure: volume. The Basic Atomic Subparticles Liquid- have definite volume, but conform to the shape Atom- come from greek word meaning “incapable of being of the container. Ex: Blood plasma and interstitial fluid divided”. that bathes all body cells. - We can theoritically divide pure element, such as Gases- have neither definite shape nor a definite block of gold into smaller particles down to volume. Ex. Air we breathe ia a mixture of gases. individual atoms. - Atoms are cluster into even smaller components Energy- has no mass and does not take up space. Can be called subatomic particles, which includes measured only by its effects on matter. Ability to do work protons, neutrons, and electrons. or to put matter into motion. Protons- have positive charge. Kinetic Energy- energy is actually doing work. (active) Neutrons- uncharged or neutral. Potential Energy- energy is inactive or stored. (stored) These two are heavy particles and have the same mass (1 atomic mass unit or amu) FORMS OF ENERGY: Electrons- negative charge. (mass is usually 0 amu) Chemical Energy- stored in the bonds on chemical substances. When the bonds are broken, the PK stored energy is unleashed and becomes KE. Ex. Gasoline powers our car. Foods we eat fuels all body activities. Electrical Energy- results from the movement of charged particles. Mechanical Energy- energy directly involved in moving matter. Ex. Pedalling a bicycle, the legs provide the ME that turns the wheels. Radiant Energy- travels in waves; the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes X-rays, infrared radiation (heat energy), visible light radio, UV waves. ENERGY FORM CONVERSIONS: With a few exceptions, energy is easily converted from one form to another. In the body, chemical energy from food is trapped in the bonds of a high-energy chemical called ATP All atoms are electrically neutral, the number of protons (adenosine triphosphate). ATP’s energy may be an atom has must be balanced by its number of electron. transformed into the electrical energy of a nerve impulse or Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called ions. the mechanical energy of contracting muscles.  Atomic Mass Number PLANETARY AND ORBITAL MODELS OF AN - The sum of the masses of all protons and ATOM neutrons contained in its nucleus. Planetary Model- portrays the atom as a miniature solar Atomic Weight and Isotopes system in which protons and neutrons are clustered at the - Isotopes have the same number of protons and center of the atom in the atomic nucleus. electrons but vary in the number of neutrons they contain. Electrons move around the nucleus in - Isotopes of an element have the same atomic fixed orbits. number but different atomic masses. Orbital Model- depicts the general location of electrons outside the nucleus as a haze of negative charge reffered to as electron cloud. Electrons are shown as a cloud of negative charge. IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS Hydrogen has 1 proton, 1 electron, no neutron. Helium has 2 protons, 2 neutrons, two orbiting electrons. Lithium has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, 3 electrons. Atomic Number - that is equal to the number of protons its atoms contains. The number of protons is always equal to number of electrons, the atomic number also tells us the number of electron that atom contains.