RMIT HLTAAP003 Client Health Info Lecture Notes PDF

HLTAAP003- Analyse and Respond to client health information Session 3- Pathophysiology and disorders of the body systems HLT54121 Diploma of Nursing CRICOS provider number: 00122A | RTO Code: 3046  RMIT Classification: T...

HLTAAP003- Analyse and Respond to client health information Session 3- Pathophysiology and disorders of the body systems HLT54121 Diploma of Nursing CRICOS provider number: 00122A | RTO Code: 3046  RMIT Classification: Trusted Session 3 Objectives By the end of this session, learners will be able to: Define the key terminologies related to disease process. Explain the impact of ageing on different body systems. Identify various disorders that can occur in each body system. *Important to know Explain the pathophysiology behind these disorders.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Definitions of key terminologies Aetiology the cause, set of causes, or underlying cause of a disease or disorder (condition) Pathogenesis the manner of development of a disease *Pathogen - microorganism causing disease Complications in medicine, is an unfavourable evolution or consequence of a disease, a health condition or a therapy Prognosis Outcome an opinion, based on medical experience, of the likely course of a medical condition.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Definitions continued… Pathophysiology The study of changes in body function that result form a disease or disorder This altered condition may arise from an abnormal process within the body, or the bodies response to a foreign substance that has entered the body Disorder (or condition) Disturbances or abnormality of function and indicates incomplete health Lay terms would include “sickness and illness” Example HTN, cardiovascular system is altered, this can affect other body systems, and the body is unable to correct the disorder  RMIT Classification: Trusted Definitions continued… Disease More specific Specific term used for the characteristics or features of a pathophysiological condition Usually well defined series of events (cause, signs and symptoms) & Dx and Tx strategies Example CHD (Huether, 2020)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Key attributes of Pathophysiology Pathophysiological changes can be short term, hence corrected quickly Or may form the basis of an underlying long-term condition, remains with person for decades Body temperature, wounds Functional changes maybe in minor and not noticeable Or more extensive, producing distinct clinical symptoms Focuses on alteration of function, however a fundamental understanding of structure is important, because structural changes occur (Huether, 2020)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Time to recap the body systems… How many body systems? What are their main functions?  RMIT Classification: Trusted The Body: Organ Systems review  RMIT Classification: Trusted How does ageing affect these systems? Physiological impacts on the integumentary system Flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction The skin loses resilience and moisture The epithelial layers thins and elastic collagen fibres shrink and become rigid leading to: ❖ Loose, wrinkled, rigid and fragile skin ❖ Skin prone to tears and pressure ulcers ❖ Sweat and oil glands atrophy ❖ Uneven pigmentation (Koutoukidis, 2021)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the integumentary system How does ageing affects these systems? continued… Age spots or senile lentigo Eczema/dermatitis Purpura Fungal infections Scabies Herpes zoster (shingles)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system is the most likely system to deteriorate as people age  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Cardiovascular system continued… Structural changes may include: Heart muscles decrease in efficiency and contractile strength Left ventricular hypertrophy is slight Works harder due to atherosclerosis in the aorta Loss of pacemaker cells Fibrosis of the endocardium Arteries stiffen with age  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Cardiovascular system continued… Changes in the lining of blood vessels occur: Thinning and calcification of the elastin fibres cause the middle layer of the vessel to become rigid Atherosclerosis in the inner layer (Tunica Intima) Hypertension Hypotension Congestive cardiac failure Deep vein thrombosis  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Respiratory system Reduction in respiratory activity and efficiency Hardening of the airways and supportive tissue Cartilage calcification Inspiratory/expiratory muscles are weaker, causing a decrease in lung expansion Less elastic alveoli Responsible for gas exchange Degeneration of the bronchi  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Respiratory system continued… Pulmonary function tests are likely to reveal a decrease in vital capacity and reduction in forced expiratory volume Unable to take deep breaths CO2 is trapped Have decreased cough reflex Have a dry mucous membranes  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Respiratory system continued… Older person may experience: Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pneumonia This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Influenza  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Nervous system Diminished brain weight Number of synapses as well as concentration of neurotransmitters Reduction in size and density of Neurons Alterations in sleep patterns  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Nervous system continued… Older person may experience: Delirium - Acute stage Depression Insomnia Epilepsy Parkinson’s Disease Dementia- Alzheimer’s dementia (most common)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Musculoskeletal system Bones become brittle Skeletal muscle fibres decrease with age Decreased bone and muscle mass Decrease in height – loss of bone mass in vertebrae and thinning of vertebral discs  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Musculoskeletal system continued… Reflexes become slower Difficulty maintaining balance Joints become enlarged Tendons and ligaments can shrink Tendons: bone to muscle, ligaments: bone to bone Movement is more cautious  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Musculoskeletal system continued… Older person may experience: Osteoporosis Fractures Osteoarthritis  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Gastrointestinal system Changes in function include: Changes to cheek musculature Decreased peristaltic action of the oesophagus Gag reflex and oesophageal motility are diminished Increased pH Breaks down carbs Reduced production of Amylase, Hydrochloric acid and pepsin Tendency for faulty absorption of vitamins  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Gastrointestinal system continued… Older person experience poor appetite due to: Problem with dentition Impaired swallowing Diminished gag reflex Reduction in taste bud acuity Decline the ability to detect sweet and salty food  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Gastrointestinal system continued… Older person may experience: Constipation Faecal incontinence Diverticulitis Itis - peritonitis - sepsis - death Gastritis  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Endocrine system Structural changes include: Decrease in the production of oestrogen, testosterone and androgens Delayed and insufficient release ofs insulin by the beta cells Fibrosis and atrophy of glands  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Endocrine system continued… Changes may lead to a decrease in: Thyrotropin secretion and regulation of thyroid hormones Hyperthyroidism Feel hot Hypothyroidism Feel cold Iodine clearance rates Basal metabolic rate Glucose tolerance Diabetes Mellitus  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Urinary system Weakening of skeletal pelvic floor muscles Weakening of urethral sphincters Total capacity of the bladder declines and tissues may atrophy Filtration rate decreases Decrease in the force of flow of urine Difficulty in bladder emptying and delay in micturition reflex Older person may experience: Urinary incontinence Urinary tract infection Renal calculi Stones Physiological impacts RMIT onClassification: Trusted the Reproductive system Men Prostate enlargement- Benign prostatic hyperplasia Testosterone production reduced Decreased libido Erection slower Women Atrophy of vulva, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia and vagina Endometriosis Decreased libido Menopause RMIT Classification: Trusted  RMIT Classification: Trusted Physiological impacts on the Special senses Any alteration in the individual’s sensory function can affect their ability to function within the environment  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Tongue Taste buds are the sensory receptors: Widely scattered in the oral cavity, some on the soft palate and inner surface of the cheeks Chemo-receptors that respond to substances in food and generate nerve impulses  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Taste abnormalities may result from: Infection Vitamin or mineral deficiencies Trauma Oral disorders Effect of drugs Mouth dryness  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Nose Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors that respond to airborne chemicals and generate impulses that are situated in the mucous membrane lining the upper part of the nose Alterations may result into: Decreased mucus production Loss of nerve endings Decreased smell  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Eyes Provide a pathway for visual stimuli to reach the brain Vision is a result of light rays being received by the brain The eyes are located within the orbits of the skull  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Common eye impairments as we age Cataracts Lens becomes cloudy due to protein breakdown  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Diabetic Retinopathy Vessels can damage causing black spots in vision  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Glaucoma Build up of aqueous humour fluid causing pressure in the eyes and compromising vision potentially leading to blindness  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Macular degeneration Central vision is compromised due to location of macular in the centre of the eye  RMIT Classification: Trusted Impacts on the Special senses continued… Sensory Abilities Ears Organ for hearing Sense of position Balance Equilibrium The ear receives sound waves and converts them into nerve impulses which are transmitted by the acoustic nerve to the brain With ageing, hearing impairment is common.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Sensory deficits in ageing Sudden loss of hearing and eyesight can result in disorientation Gradual loss of sensory function in clients often develop behaviours to compensate Other senses become more acute to compensate for the loss of one sense (Koutoukidis, 2021)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Pathological changes in body systems In-class canvas activity Refer to canvas module – Week 2: Session 3: Disorders of the body systems- Worksheet  RMIT Classification: Trusted Post session activity from home Refer to canvas module – Week 2: Session 3 and 4 to participate in the ‘Discussion forum post session 3 and 4’  RMIT Classification: Trusted Any questions?  RMIT Classification: Trusted References Brown, D. (2020). Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing: ANZ, (5th ed.). Elsevier. Australia. Huether, S. (2020) Understanding Pathophysiology (7th ed.). Elsevier. Australia Koutoukidis, G. (2021). Tabbner’s nursing care; theory and practice, (8th ed.) Elsevier. Australia. Watson, R. (2018 ). Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses, (14th ed.). Elsevier. Australia