An Introduction to Cells - General Biology 1 - Week 1 PDF

General Biology 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO Cell Theory CELLS Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Sources: Cell Biology PowerPoint (https:/...

General Biology 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO Cell Theory CELLS Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Sources: Cell Biology PowerPoint (https://www.brightonk12.com) Leo Jr Icutan (Subject Teacher) Week 1 Lesson 1: Cell Theory WARM-UP GAME NAME THAT CELL! In the slides that follow, identify the name of the cell, cell organelle, or particle presented. You can add additional details if you want based on your existing knowledge. C_R_N_ (V I R U S) LACTO-_A_I_L I (BACTERIA) ESCHERICHA- _ O _ I (BACTERIA) SPERM MEETS AN _ _ _ STAR-SHAPED B_ A _ N CELLS WHITE B_ O _ D CELLS THE AMAZING HUMAN _ _ _  C_L_R_P_A_T S The natural solar cells THE KILLER C _ N _E R Y_A S T S & M _ L D S Cells are Us A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells. There are about 200 different cell types in mammals (one of us). Red and white Cells are tiny, measuring on blood average about 0.002 cm (20 um) cells across. That’s about 1250 cells, above vessel- “shoulder-to-shoulder” per inch. forming cells. nerve cell  The Cell Theory Hans and Zacharias Janssen  The Cell Theory Anton van Leeuwenhoek The Cell Theory Robert Hooke  The Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann  The Cell Theory Rudolf Virchow- The father of modern pathology  The Cell Theory The cell theory (proposed in 1838 and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology.  All organisms are composed of one Schleiden or more cells.  Cells are the basic units of structure and organization/function in organisms  Cells come from pre-existing cells All organisms living today are descendants of an ancestral cell. Schwann Photo credits to Lumen learning Activity 1: Answer Me! 15 points Try to answer the questions below for better understanding of our lesson. 1. What theory was developed from the discoveries of the six scientists? Answer: _______________ Activity 1: Answer Me! 15 points 2. What instrument was necessary for the development of the cell theory? Answer: _______________ Activity 1: Answer Me! 15 points 3. Among the six scientists, who are the three scientists who directly contributed for the development of the postulates of the cell theory? Answer: __________________, __________________, and __________________. Activity 1: Answer Me! 15 points 4. Enumerate the three postulates of the cell theory. Postulate #1. _______________ Postulate #2. _______________ Postulate #3. _______________ Activity 1: Answer Me! 15 points 5. How did the earlier scientists and their contributions directly affect the discoveries of later scientists? Hint: For example, how did the works of Janssen, Hooke, and Leeuwenhoek helped in the development of the three postulates of the cell theory. Activity 1: Answer Me! 15 points 6. Read the scenario provided in the next slide. After which, try to provide an answer to the question using your understanding of the three postulates of the cell theory. Scenario: Leo filled a big tank in the comfort room with water. After which, he and his family went to a tour which lasted for three days. When they arrived home, he noticed that there are small worms moving in the water found in the big tank, which was left uncovered. Scenario: (continued) When he went to the comfort room after two more days, he saw a lot of mosquitoes coming out of the tank. He started to wonder where these worms and mosquitoes came from. Scenario: (continued) When he asked one of his classmates, his classmate said that the worms and mosquitoes evolved from the water in the tank. Question: Is his classmate correct?  If yes, why do you say so?  If no, where did the worms and mosquitoes come from? Explain your answer.  General Biology 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO Cell Theory CELLS Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Sources: Cell Biology PowerPoint (https://www.brightonk12.com) Leo Jr Icutan (Subject Teacher) Week 1 Lesson 2: Cell Types, Structure, and Function WARM-UP GAME Let us have a short review about CELLS In the slides that follow, identify the type of cell presented, whether it is a prokaryotic cell, plant cell, or animal cell. After which, try to identify labeled structures, as many as you can. Type of Cell? B F A E C D  Type of Cell? Animal Cell. Plant cells typically don’t have flagella, but plant cells do have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles- all of which are absent in this cell. Parts: A. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria E. Nucleus B. Flagella D. Ribosome F. Cell Membrane  E Type of Cell? D A I H G C F Type of Cell? Plant Cell. This cell has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. It is also box-like in shape. These are all characteristics of a plant cell. A. Cytoplasm F. Cell Membrane C. Mitochondrion G. Cell Wall D. Endoplasmic Reticulum H. Chloroplast E. Nucleus I. Vacuole  Type of Cell? B Nucleoid D G F Capsule Pili A  Type of Cell? Prokaryotic Cell A bacterium is classified as a prokaryotic cell. It has no true nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles (remember, ribosomes do not have membranes around them). Watch and Learn  Let us watch a video entitled Overview of the Cell Structure by Nucleus Medical Media. Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotes Animal and Plant Cells Cell Organelles  Organelle= “little organ”  Found only inside eukaryotic cells  All the stuff in between the organelles is cytosol  Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains DNA  Surrounded by a double membrane  Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope  Usually one per cell  Think of the nucleus as the cell’s The control center. Nucleus Two meters of human DNA fits into a nucleus that’s 0.000005 meters across. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum  Endoplasmic Reticulum  A.k.a. “ER”  Connected to nuclear membrane  Highway of the cell  Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; it makes proteins  Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: Protein synthesis (about half the cell’s proteins are made here). Protein movement (trafficking) Protein “proofreading” Ribosome  Site of protein synthesis  Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol  Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide? Golgi Apparatus  Looks like a stack of plates  Stores, modifies and packages proteins  Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles. The Lysosome Functions: Digesting food or cellular invaders Recycling cellular components Cell suicide (The lysosome is not found in plant cells)  The Mitochondrion Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell. Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria. (Mitochondria is the plural of mitochondrion)  The Mitochondrion A class of diseases that causes muscle weakness and neurological disorders are due to malfunctioning mitochondria. Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in aging. Chloroplast  Found only in plant cells  Contains the green pigment chlorophyll  Site of food (glucose) production  Bound by a double membrane  The Chloroplast Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell. Only plants have chloroplasts, but animals reap the benefits too. Cell Wall  Found in plant and bacterial cells  Rigid, protective barrier  Located outside of the cell membrane  Made of cellulose (fiber) Vacuoles  Large central vacuole usually in plant cells  Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells  Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc. What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture? Cytoskeleton  Acts as skeleton and muscle  Provides shape and structure  Helps move organelles around the cell  Made of three types of filaments The Cytoskeleton in Action Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization Smoker’s cough is due to destruction of cilia lining the airways. Centriole  Aids in cell division  Usually found only in animal cells  Made of microtubules Cell Membrane  Boundary of the cell  Made of a phospholipid bilayer Cell Analogy  In May 28, 2017, Howard J. Bennett posted an article in The Washington Post entitled “Ever wondered how your cells work? They’re like tiny factories.” A figure is provided in the next slide.  Talk among your group mates and share your thoughts about why cells work like tiny factories. Think of a factory, and identify parts of the factory which is comparable to a cell organelle.  END OF THE Class dismiss! PRESENTATION I hope you enjoyed the discussion. You can take a look at our previous activities for review and mastery of the topic. Should you have questions, feel free to ask. Til’ next time. Prepared by LEO OLIVAR ICUTAN JR.