Pharmacy Orientation Notes - South Valley University PDF

‫جامعة جنوب الوادى‬ ‫كليه الصيدله‬ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES ON...

‫جامعة جنوب الوادى‬ ‫كليه الصيدله‬ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES ON Pharmacy Orientation First year Pharmacy Students Dr. Amal Gaber Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy South Valley University 1 Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................. 3 Pharmacy education.................................................................................................... 7 Pharmacy Education Fields...................................................................................... 12 Pharmaceutical dosage forms................................................................................... 19 Pharmacist Career..................................................................................................... 28 New Drug Discovery.................................................................................................. 30 Drug Development and Discovery............................................................................ 33 Specialty of pharmacy............................................................................................... 41 Importance of Pediatric Pharmacy:...................................................................... 46 Key Aspects of Oncology Pharmacy:.................................................................. 46 Key Aspects of Pharmacogenomics:....................... 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Pharmacovigilance Pharmacist................................................................................ 48 The Prescription........................................................................................................ 50 Factors taken into consideration in judging the danger or the safety of a drug dose.............................................................................................................................. 58 The Weights, Measures and Units............................................................................ 61 Professional Development in Pharmacy Orientation............................................. 64 ‫ مجاالت عمل الصيدلة‬........................................................................................................... 67 2  1.Introduction Pharmacy orientation typically refers to the process by which new pharmacists or pharmacy staff members are introduced to their roles, responsibilities, and the specific practices of the pharmacy where they will be working. Pharmacy is a healthcare profession concerned with the preparation, dispensing, and appropriate use of medications and pharmaceutical products to ensure optimal patient health outcomes. Pharmacists, A pharmacist is a healthcare professional specializing in the preparation, dispensation, and management of medications to ensure safe and effective use by patients. Pharmacist, works in cooperation with patients, physicians, and other healthcare providers to manage medication therapy, promote health, and prevent disease. Aspects of pharmacy include: 1. Medication Management: Pharmacists oversee the preparation, compounding, dispensing, and distribution of medications based on prescriptions and patient needs. 2. Patient Care: Pharmacists provide patient counseling and education on medication use, including dosage, administration, potential side effects, and interactions with other medications or conditions. 3 3. Health Promotion: Pharmacists promote health and wellness through initiatives such as immunizations, smoking cessation programs, and screenings for chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. 4. Medication Safety: Pharmacists ensure the safety and efficacy of medications by monitoring for adverse effects, drug interactions, and therapeutic outcomes. Drug or Medicine: Any chemical compound (natural or synthesized) that may be used by human or animal as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. They are administered in various forms such as tablets, capsules, injections, or topical applications A prescription It is a written or electronic order from a licensed healthcare provider, such as a physician, to a pharmacist, specifying the medication, dosage, and instructions for a patient. "clinical" refers to activities directly involving the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. 4  Clinical pharmacy It is a specialized field of pharmacy practice that involves the direct service of pharmaceutical care to patients. Clinical pharmacists work closely with healthcare teams to ensure safe and effective medication therapy, focusing on individual patient needs through activities such as medication review, monitoring for drug interactions, and patient education. They play a crucial role in optimizing treatment Pharmacist location Pharmacists can be classified into various locations based on where they practice and provide their services. Here are the main classifications: 1. Community Pharmacy: Pharmacists work in retail settings such as independent pharmacies, drugstore chains, and department stores. They dispense medications, offer patient counseling, and provide over-the-counter products. 2. Hospital Pharmacy: Pharmacists in hospitals and healthcare facilities manage medication therapies for patients. They work closely with healthcare teams to ensure safe and effective use of medications, prepare sterile products, and provide clinical pharmacy services. 3. Clinical Pharmacy: Pharmacists in clinical settings, such as outpatient clinics, specialty clinics (e.g., oncology, cardiology), and health care centers, focus on direct patient care. They collaborate with healthcare providers to optimize medication therapy and monitor patient outcomes. 5 4. Industry Pharmacy: Pharmacists work in pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, and research institutions. They are involved in drug development, clinical trials, regulatory affairs, and drug information dissemination. 5. Government and Public Health Pharmacy: Pharmacists work in government agencies (e.g., FDA,), and public health departments They contribute to public health initiatives, drug safety monitoring, policy development, and healthcare education. 6. Academic Pharmacy: Pharmacists work in academic institutions as educators, researchers, and administrators. 6  2. Pharmacy education Pharmacy education in Egypt has undergone significant developments, especially with the introduction of the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) program. Here’s a brief overview: 1. Background: Pharmacy education in Egypt followed a 5-year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) program. This prepared students for roles in community pharmacies, hospitals, and pharmaceutical industries. 2. Transition to PharmD: In recent years, Egypt has moved towards adopting the PharmD degree as the standard for pharmacy education. The PharmD curriculum typically integrates clinical pharmacy training, pharmaceutical care, and patient-centered pharmacy practice. 3. Curriculum: The PharmD program in Egypt often spans around 6 years. It includes foundational courses in pharmaceutical sciences (such as pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics) and clinical sciences (therapeutics, pharmacotherapy). 4. Career Opportunities: Graduates of PharmD programs in Egypt include clinical pharmacy practice in hospitals, pharmaceutical industry roles, academia, regulatory affairs, and research positions. 5. Post-Graduate Training: Continuing education and specialization opportunities are available for PharmD graduates who wish to further specialize in areas such as clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences, or pharmacy administration. 7  Pharmacy College Departments 1- Clinical pharmacy 2-Microbiology 3-Pharmaceutical chemistry 4-Pharmaceutics 5- Analytical chemistry 6- Pharmacology 7-Biochemistry 8-Pharmacognosy Department of pharmacy colleges Clinical pharmacy: this deals with providing patients care, drug therapeutics, Prevention of drug interactions, Drug information service, Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring Microbiology: Microbiology (mīkros,"small";bios,"life";andlogia is studying. The study of microscopic organisms Department of pharmacy colleges Pharmaceutical chemistry (Medicinal chemistry): 8  Medicinal chemistry is concerned with discovery,design,and chemical synthesis of drugs formarket. Pharmaceutics: Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning drug substance into amedication to be used safely and effectively by patients. “the science of dosage for design Department of pharmacy colleges Biochemistry: Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of molecules and chemical processes within living organisms Metabolic Pathways: Examination of the chemical processes within living organisms, including metabolism and enzyme function. Protein Structure and Function: Analysis of protein synthesis, folding, and interactions. 9  Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources Analytical(inorganic)chemistry: The study of the separation, identification,and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Pharmacology Mechanisms of Action: Understanding how drugs interact with biological systems to produce therapeutic effects. Pharmacodynamics: Study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms. Pharmacokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Pharmacogenomics: It is the study of the role of genetics in drug response Pharmacoepidemiology: This studies the patterns of drug effects, use and side effects in defined populations. 10  Newtrends in pharmacy education and research Pharmacoeconomic: It is study that evaluates the cost and effects of a pharmaceutical product. Molecular Biology  Gene Expression and Regulation: Study of how genes are turned on and off in cells, and how this regulation affects cellular function.  DNA/RNA Technologies: Techniques such as PCR, sequencing, and CRISPR for manipulating genetic material. Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance is the process of monitoring, evaluating, and improving the safety of medications after they have been approved for use. It involves detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. 11  3. Pharmacy Education Fields Biomedical Science is a field of study that focuses on the biological processes and mechanisms underlying human health and disease. Pharmaceutical Science involves drug discovery, development, and formulation. Behavioral,Social &Administrative  Behavioral Science: The study of the behaviors of individuals and groups, using methods from psychology, to understand decision- making processes, actions, and interactions.  Social Science: The scientific study of human society and social relationships  Administrative Science: The field that focuses on the theories, principles, and practices of managing and organizing public and private sector. It include strategic planning to improve efficiency, and productivity in various organizational settings. Pharmacy practice The field of pharmacy concerned with the clinical and professional application of pharmacotherapy, patient care, and health management. It includes the preparation, dispensing, and appropriate use of medication. 12  Professional Experience : The practical application of pharmaceutical knowledge and skills in various settings, such as community pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, research institutions, and the pharmaceutical industry Biomedical Science Anatomy Physiology histology Pathology Microbiology Biochemistry Pharmaceutical Sciences MedicinalChemistry Pharmacognosy Pharmacology Toxicology Biopharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics Organic Chemistry Analytical chemistry 13  Pharmaceutical Formulation Clinical pharmacy Therapeutics Drug interaction Drug information Behavioral, Social & AdministrativeScience Computerscience terminology English Pharmacyorientation Psychology PharmacyLaws Biostatistics Sociology 14  Structure of Pharmacy Education in Egypt 1. Degree Duration: o The Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) program typically lasts for 5 years. 2. Credit Hours: o A credit hour is a unit that gives weight to the value, level, or time requirements of an academic course. In the context of Egyptian universities, one credit hour generally equates to one hour of lecture time per week over a semester, or two to three hours of laboratory or tutorial work. 3. Semester System: o The academic year is usually divided into two main semesters, each lasting around 15-17 weeks. 4. Curriculum Structure: o The curriculum is composed of core courses, electives, and practical training. Core courses are mandatory, while electives allow students to choose from a range of topics that may align with their interests or career goals. 5. Practical Training: o Practical training is a significant component of pharmacy 15  education. It includes laboratory work, internships, and clinical rotations. Online pharmacy or internet pharmacy An online pharmacy, also known as an internet pharmacy or e- pharmacy, is a website that sells prescription and over-the- counter medications. Customers can order these medications online and have them delivered directly to their homes. These pharmacies offer a convenient alternative to traditional brick-and-mortar pharmacies, providing easy access to medications, often at competitive prices. Advantages of Online Pharmacies 1. Convenience: o Access to medications from the comfort of home. 2. Price Comparisons: o Easy to compare prices across different online pharmacies. o Potential for lower prices due to online discounts. Ddisadvantages of online pharmacies Medicines may be harmful to your health because while being passed off as authentic, may contain the wrong ingredients, contain too much, too little or no active ingredient. 16  career opportunity of pharmacist A career as a pharmacist offers diverse opportunities and roles across various sectors of healthcare. Here are some career opportunities for pharmacists: 1. Retail Pharmacist: Working in community pharmacies, retail pharmacists dispense medications, provide advice on their use 2. Hospital Pharmacist: In hospitals, pharmacists work closely with healthcare teams to ensure safe and effective medication use for patients. They may also be involved in clinical decision-making and patient consultations. 3. Clinical Pharmacist: Clinical pharmacists work directly with healthcare providers to optimize medication therapy for patients in settings such as clinics, outpatient care centers, and long-term care facilities. 4. Industrial Pharmacist: Pharmacists can work in pharmaceutical companies, involved in drug development, research, manufacturing, quality control, and regulatory affairs. 5. Academic Pharmacist: Teaching and research positions are available in universities and colleges, where pharmacists educate future pharmacists, conduct research, and contribute to academic 17  publications. 6. Consultant Pharmacist: These pharmacists provide expert advice to healthcare facilities, government agencies, pharmaceutical companies. 7. Government and Regulatory Roles: Pharmacists can work in government health departments, regulatory agencies, or public health organizations. 8. Pharmaceutical Sales Representative: In this role, pharmacists promote pharmaceutical products to healthcare professionals, provide information on medications. 9. Research Pharmacist: Involved in conducting clinical trials, pharmacists in research roles contribute to the development of new medications, therapies, and treatment protocols. 10.Specialized Areas: Pharmacists can specialize in areas such as oncology, psychiatry, providing focused care and expertise in medication management. 18  4. Pharmaceutical dosage forms Pharmaceutical dosage forms are specific presentations of medications that enable their administration to patients. They are designed to suit different routes of administration and patient needs. 19  Here are some common pharmaceutical dosage forms: 1. Tablets: Solid dosage forms containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) mixed with excipients, compressed into various shapes and sizes. They are administered orally and are convenient for accurate dosing. 2. Capsules: Solid dosage forms in which APIs are enclosed within a gelatin shell. Capsules can be either hard or soft, with the shell typically dissolving in the stomach for release of the drug. Hard Gelatin Capsules:  Usage: Suitable for dry powders, granules, or pellets.  Advantages: Easy to manufacture, stable, and widely accepted for oral administration. Soft Gelatin Capsules:  Usage: Ideal for oils, suspensions, or other liquid formulations.  Advantages: Provide enhanced bioavailability for poorly soluble 20  drugs, easy to swallow, and mask unpleasant tastes. 3. Syrups: Liquid preparations in which APIs are dissolved in a concentrated sugar or sugar substitute solution. Syrups are commonly used for oral administration, particularly in pediatrics. Types of syrups include: 1. Simple Syrups: o Basic syrups made by dissolving sugar (usually sucrose) in water. They serve as a sweet vehicle for medications and are commonly used in formulations where sweetness is desired. 21 2. Medicated Syrups: o Syrups containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) dissolved in a sugar or sugar substitute solution. These are used to deliver specific medications in liquid form, suitable for patients who prefer or require liquid medications. o Flavored syrups are a type of pharmaceutical preparation where a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar or sugar substitute is combined with flavoring agents to enhance the taste. 4. Suspensions: Liquid preparations in which APIs are suspended as solid particles in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions require shaking before use to ensure uniform distribution of the drug particles. 22 5. Injections: Sterile preparations of APIs dissolved or suspended in liquid vehicles, administered via intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or other parenteral routes for rapid absorption and systemic distribution. Parenteral injections refer to the administration of medications directly into the body via routes other than the digestive tract (i.e., not through the mouth or gastrointestinal system). These routes allow for rapid absorption and distribution of medications throughout the body. Here are the main types of parenteral injections: a. Intravenous (IV) Injections:  Administered directly into a vein using a syringe or infusion set.  Allows for immediate and complete absorption of 23  medications into the bloodstream.  Commonly used for administering fluids, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and other medications requiring rapid systemic effects. b. Intramuscular (IM) Injections:  Injected into a muscle tissue, the deltoid (shoulder), (buttock) muscles.  Provides a rapid absorption rate, suitable for medications that need sustained release or that irritate subcutaneous tissues.  Commonly used for vaccines, certain antibiotics, and hormonal preparations. 24 c. Subcutaneous (SC) Injections:  Administered into the fatty tissue layer just under the skin.  Commonly used for insulin, certain vaccines, anticoagulants, and hormone therapy. d. Intradermal (ID) Injections:  Injected into the dermal layer of the skin.  Used for diagnostic tests (e.g., tuberculin skin test) and administration of specific vaccines. 25 e. Intrathecal and Epidural Injections:  Administered into the spinal canal (intrathecal) or the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord (epidural).  Used for delivering medications directly to the central nervous system or for pain management purposes as local anesthetics. 6. Creams and Ointments: Semi-solid preparations for topical application. Creams are oil-in-water emulsions, while ointments are water-in-oil emulsions or anhydrous formulations. They deliver APIs directly to the skin or mucous membranes. 7. Gels: Semi-solid systems where APIs are dispersed in a gelatinous base. Gels are used for topical application and provide advantages such as easy spreading and enhanced drug absorption. 8. Patches: Transdermal patches containing introduce drugs through the skin for systemic effects over an extended period. They provide 26  controlled release and avoid first-pass metabolism. 9. Suppositories: Solid dosage forms inserted into the rectum or vagina, where they melt or dissolve to release APIs. Suppositories are used for systemic or local effects. 10.Powders: Dry, finely divided mixtures of APIs and excipients, intended for reconstitution with water or other liquid vehicles before administration. Powders are used orally, topically, or for inhalation. 27  5. Pharmacist Career A pharmacist is a healthcare professional specializing in the safe and effective use of medications. Here’s a brief overview of a career in pharmacy: Roles and Responsibilities  Dispensing Medications: Provide accurate prescription medications to patients.  Patient Counseling: Advise on proper medication use, side effects, and interactions.  Clinical Services: Conduct health screenings, administer vaccines, and manage chronic diseases.  Collaboration: Work with healthcare providers on patient care plans.  Regulatory Compliance: Ensure adherence to pharmacy laws and regulations. Work Environments  Community Pharmacies: Retail settings like drugstores.  Hospitals: Inpatient care and collaboration with medical teams.  Clinics: Direct patient care and specialized services. 28  Research and Academia: Pharmaceutical research and education. Professional Development  Continuing Education: Ongoing learning to maintain licensure and stay updated.  Specialization: Options in areas like oncology, pediatrics, or pharmacogenomics. A career as a pharmacist is fulfilling, combining patient care with scientific expertise to improve health outcomes. 29  6. New Drug Discovery Definition of Drug A drug is any substance used for medical purposes to diagnose, treat, or prevent illness, designed to achieve a therapeutic effect through specific biological mechanisms. Naming of a drug The naming of a drug typically involves three types of names: 1. Chemical Name: This provides a precise description of the drug's molecular structure and composition, based on standardized chemical nomenclature. 2. Generic Name: Also known as the nonproprietary name, this is a standard, universally accepted name assigned by an official body. It is simpler than the chemical name and often reflects the drug's pharmacological class or chemical characteristics. 3. Brand Name: This is the proprietary name given by the 30 pharmaceutical company that markets the drug. It is designed to be easy to remember and often aims to be catchy or indicative of the drug's use (e.g., ِAbimol for paracetamol ). Each of these names serves different purposes in the development, regulation, and marketing of the drug. PLANT Before it was discovered that drugs could be synthesized, plants were the main source of physiologically active substances that could be tested for therapeutic properties. Some examples of drugs still used today that were first found from plants are morphine (from the opiumpoppy), quinine (from cinchona bark), digitalis (from foxglove), and belladonna (from deadly nightshade) ANIMAL SOURCES (BIOLOGICS) Administering substances from animals dates from Ancient Egypt.Apothecaries of old used substances from crayfish, earthworms, frogs, lizards, scorpions, snails, swallows, toads, 31 vipers, and woodlice to compound powders, oils, and syrups. Products drawn from animal sources such as thyroid, insulin, estrogen hormones, epineprhine, and diphtheria antitoxin are still used today. 32