Transportation Engineering Workbook Part 1 PDF, University of Northern Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES Tamag, Vigan City 2700 Ilocos Sur TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING WORKBOOK Part I Franklyn t. amistad Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MS...

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES Tamag, Vigan City 2700 Ilocos Sur TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING WORKBOOK Part I Franklyn t. amistad Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  DEDICATIONS To My Loving Late Father, Francisco Apanay Amistad To My Beloved Mother, Zenaida Tinaza-Amistad To My Loving Wife and Daughter, Jenny T. Amistad and Ma. Angelyn Jenzel T. Amistad To my Brother, Engr. Jomeldy T. Amistad Sisters, Dr. Yolanda Amistad-Lara Angeline Melany Amistad-Tagorda, CPA To my brothers- in- law, Kuya Edwin and Ramon (Monching) Sister- in-law, Ana To my nieces and nephews, Jemerezel Loyde, Ana Joy, Judy Ann Frances Charles Bryant and John Meldy To my mentor who encouraged me to successfully finish this piece of work, This work is lovingly Dedicated to all of them! FRANKLYN Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Preface This workbook part I deals with the components of the transportation and traffic systems and the transportation system issues and challenges. It contains materials that would equip students with a working knowledge in describing the issues and concern relative to the topics mentioned.. The method presentation is geared to engineering students. Effort was made to keep the vocabulary and sentence construction relatively simple to effect transfer of learning to workable life situation. With this, the author invites the readers (Students) for their company in the exciting experience for journeying in the world of science and engineering through life’s academic waters. FRANKLYN T. AMISTAD Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Vision of the University A globally recognized university in a heritage city by 2030 Mission of the University To produced globally skilled and morally upright professionals instilled with rich cultural values Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Course Code : CE 152 Descriptive Title : TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Course Description: Design and construction aspects of Highway Surfaces and Railways’ Guideways, Components of the Transportation/traffic systems ; Transportation System Issues and Challenges, Capacity and Level of Service of highways, Geometric Design of Highways, Traffic Studies, Traffic Analysis and Techniques and Traffic Flow concept, Road safety and traffic accident analysis, Traffic Management and traffic control devices. Credits Units and Number of hours 3 Units (3Hours- lecture) Prerequisite/s:. (Course) Highway Engineering  Program objectives: 1. Develop professionally competent engineers; 2) Equip graduates with adequate knowledge, skill and attitude to respond to the needs of the industry and the ever changing working environment; 3) Train students to become self-reliant, innovative and globally competitive; and 4) Inculcate among students the value of responsibility, honesty, hardwork and determination.  Course objectives: Demonstrate understanding of common numerical solutions and how they obtain the solutions of some mathematical problems that are related to Engineering problems; Apply numerical solutions in determining the approximate solution to mathematical problems; Derive numerical solutions for various mathematical operations and task, such as approximations, iteration, differentiation, integration, the solution of linear and non-linear equations, the solutions of the differential equations; Analyze and evaluate the accuracy of the common numerical solutions that are derived; and Implement the numerical solutions in Microsoft Excel Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  WORKBOOK PART I INTRODUCTION This first workbook is about the components of transportation systems and traffic systems. Also the transportation system issues and challenges will be presented in the reading materials. LESSON 1. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM LESSON 2. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ISSUES AND CHALLENGES What are expected from you after this lesson.  Describe and explain the general principles that govern the different mode of transportation system  Describe and explain the different challenges in managing traffic problems (e.g. congestions, safety, providing equal access, etc.) LESSON 1. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Civil Engineering Involvement in Transportation If viewed in functional term, the transportation system includes the following component:  Physical facilities, this includes streets, roads and highways, railroads, airports, sea and river ports, pipelines and canals.  Fleets of vehicles, vessels and aircrafts.  Operating bases and facilities, including vehicle maintenance facilities and office space.  Organizations, These may be classified roughly as facility-oriented organizations and operating organizations. Facility-oriented organizations are primarily involved in planning, designing, construction, maintaining and operating fixed facilities. The Metropolitan planning organizations are responsible for transportation planning and at the level of the metropolitan region; local Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  department of public works, department of transportation and similar organizations, port authorities, and private land developers. Operating organizations also known as carriers, are primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services. They include railroads, airlines, ship or barge lines, truck lines, transit operaors and private individuals who operate automobile, car, motorcycles, bicycles and among others mode of transportations.  Operating strategies, including vehicle routing, scheduling and traffic control. The provision of transportation service result when various organization construct physical facilities and deploy fleets in accordance with their operating strategies. In order for the system to function effectively, the interaction of the various components must be understood. For example, in order to design a highway effectively, it is necessary to know the characteristics of both the vehicles and the drivers that will use it and to be aware of the traffic control strategies that will be implemented. To give another example, to design an effective air traffic control system, it is necessary to understand the operating strategies of the airlines, the physical devices used to implement air traffic control, and the characteristics of the aircraft, pilots and the airports. Most civil engineering activities related to the provision of the physical facilities is what might be called physical civil engineering. This include the design , constructions and maintenance of fixed transportation facilities and involve the full spectrum of civil engineering specialties. Example, a major highway project, for instance, will involve not only the sizing and the geometric design of the roadway., which is normally thought of as a part of the transportation engineering. Most civil engineering activity related to planning and operation of the transportation system, on the other hand, is what might be called systems engineering. This involves transportation planning, including the analysis of n demand, the analysis of the system capacity and operating characteristics, and the design of traffic control and operating strategies. The design of traffic control and operating strategies includes highway engineering and operational design of freight and mass transit system. Transportation engineering is probably unique among the civil engineering specialties in the importance of its system engineering aspects, since these are very important to the practice of the transportation engineering but may be unfamiliar to the many students. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Transportation System Objectives and constraints From a historical point of view, there have been a number of motives for public and private investment in transportation system. The most important of these have military, political, or economical bases. Example the transportation system motivates primarily by military considerations include the road networks build in the Roman and Napoleon, and the German autobahns built by Hitler in the 1930s. More commonly, transportation is thought of as an economic activity, and decisions about transportation system are motivated by economic concern. The most basic function of transportation system is to create what is economic jargon is called time and place utility through the physical transfer of persons and the goods form one location to another. This leads to two major conclusions about the economic role of transportation system. First, an adequate transportation infrastructure is necessary for a high level of economic activity to exist. Second, most transportation is not something undertaken for its own sake, but is what is referred to as a secondary good ( in this case secondary service might be more appropriate), whose value depends on the value of the goods transported or the services performed by passengers at their destinations. Meanwhile, public policy places a number of constraints on the transportation system, which may be seen in some cases as diminishing its economic efficiency. The most obvious of these are constraints related to the environmental concerns, in the broad sense of anything that impact the human environment. Modes of Transportation The additional functional component as outlined in the previous discussion, the transportation system is often analysed in term of the various mode of transportation. The term mode does not have a clear definition. This means the “Kind: of transportation, in most cases , the mode are distinguished in term of their physical characteristics, for instance, as highways, rail, air and water transportation. In other case, however, organizational characteristics are important; mass transit is universally referred to a “ mode” of transportation, although physically, it is primarily a combination of highway and rail transportation. The mode of classification scheme is presented on Table 1.1. The data on the number of car ownership for 2009 is presented on Figure 1.1. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Table 1.0 Mode Classification Scheme Freight Passenger Urban Truck (Highway) Private Auto ( Highway) Transit (Highway/rail) Intercity Truck ( Highway) Private Auto (Highway) Rail Bus (Highway) Ocean Shipping Rail Island Water Air Pipeline Air Special Purpose Conveyor Belt Cable system Figure 1. The car Ownership per 1,000 population, 2009. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Highways The highway system is the dominant transportation mode like in the United States. In addition to the private vehicles, the highway system is used by truck lines and bus lines. Its major markets are urban passenger transportation, urban goods, distribution, intercity passenger transportation and intercity freight. The major service characteristics of the highway system include very high accessibility to almost all potential destinations, direct service with very low door-to- door travel time, moderate time haul speeds, and moderate capacities. The vehicles are relatively small, and hence individual vehicles tend to be cheaper and more readily available than for most other modes. The total investment in vehicle and facilities is quite high. Operating cost tend to be relatively high. However, the cost of cost of labor involved in operating private vehicles is rarely recognized. And if this is omitted the cost operating a private passenger vehicle is often lower than that of competing public passenger mode. Environmental impacts of the system as a whole are high and are a major social concern, particularly in the case of air pollution. Figure 2 present an example of Highway or Expressway. Figure 2. An example of highway or expressway. Urban Transit and Rail Urban transit is a highly specialized mode. This include the traditional mass transit mode such as buses, streetcars, and light rail and rail rapid, as well as paratransit mode such as jitney and dial-a-ride services. By definition, the market served by urban transit in urban passenger transportation. Tram “ Street car” is the vehicle received their power from Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 overhead power. They are operating on tracks sharing the roadway with cars and buses. While the light rail is the term embracing a wide range of electrical powered vehicle running on steel rails ( metro). The Passengers board from road surface or low plat form. It is operated along street but may be provided with exclusive right of way. Rapid rail transit system called metro is the underground tube operate on exclusive right of way and the relative high speeds and provide highest line capacity available. For para-transit the term applies to small passenger vehicle operating informally on fare-paying basis and serving in some places as an alternative to regular bust transit services. Capital costs for rail systems are high, both for fixed facilities and vehicle. Capital costs per seat for bus system are comparable to those of other highway modes. Operating costs for both bus and rail systems are moderate, but operating cost per trip is almost always higher than the fare. Environment impacts are generally regarded as being less that those of private automobiles serving comparable trips. On the other hand the intensity rail system consists of the privates railroads and amtrak, which operates most intensity passenger rail service in countries like the United States. The rail system provides moderate speeds and levels of accessibility, but traditional operating operatices lead to high and unreliable door-to-door travel times.Physical facilty for railwyas represents an heavy investment, but this is mostly sunk by now. Capital cost of locomotives and railcars are also relatively high. Operating costs per ton-mile are low, but the efficiency of traditional operating strategies is poor. Environmental impacts are comparatively low, and the energy efficiency of rail per ton-mile is comparatively high. Figure 3, 4 and 5, Streetcars/tram and light rail, railway system in Colombo, Sri Lanka, respectively. Figure 3. Streetcars/ tram Figure 4. Light Rail Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Figure 5. Railway system , Colombo, Sri Lanka ( Sept. 2019) Air Transportation Characteristics The air transportation include commercial airlines, air freight carriers and general aviation ( private aircraft). The major market is intercity passenger travel, particularly long –distance travel. Air transportation serves intercity passenger travel long-distance travel ). Figure 6 and 7, Airport, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Figure 8, Airport, Colombo, Sri Lanka - High line haul speed - Accessibility is limited ( relatively little importance because of great length of trips made by air) - Capacities of individual aircraft are moderate but productivity is high due to high speed. - Capital and operating cost are both quite high but because of high productivity. The cost per passenger carried is moderate. - Cost of general aviation airports and aircrafts are moderate. - Environmental impact are significant especially on the noise impact of commercial aviation, but are of much less concern than those of highway system. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Figure 6 and 7, Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 (KLIA 2), Malaysia ( Sept. 2019) Figure 8, Bandaranayake International Airport, Sri Lanka ( Sept. 2019) Water The domestic water transportation system consists of coastwise ocean shipping and abrge line operating on inland waterways. Vessels include barges and towboats on the inland waterways and various types of ships. Major types of oceangoing freighters include Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 container ships, Bulk cargo carriers and oil tankers. The market for water transportation is intercity freight. Inland waterways and coastwise shipping specialize in bulk goods. The water transportation system provides low speed and relatively low accessibility but extremely high in capacities. The capital cost of vessel is high, but the operating cost per ton-mile are extremely low. Environmental impacts are relatively low, but water pollution from routine discharges of oil and other pollutants, as well as from major oil spills involving tankers, is a significantly problem. Pipelines The pipe lines transportation characteristics Pipelines constitute a high specialized freight transportation system. It serve their market is almost entirely crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. - Low speed to high speed continuous flow transportation - Costs are low - Environmental impact is normally quite low ones they are built. However construction impact is sometime of concern Other modes A variety of other modes exist. Although none of them plays a mojor role in the overall transportation system at present. Cable and belt system are used extensively for transportation of freight within industries complexes. In addition, this are use for specialize mode of transportation system such as ski lifts and moving belt in airports. There are several novel modes which are under development or which have been proposed from time to time. Of these, the one which is receiving the greatest amount of attention at present is the magnetic levitation in conjunction with linear introduction motor for high speed ground transportation. Other advance modes which have received attention in the past include air cushion vehicles and large- scale pneumatic tube system. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Instruction: Write an essay ( No more than 5 pages ). Make your handwriting clear, neat and readable, Use blue pen and write in capital letters/bold letters. 1. Describe and compare domestic water and rail as freight modes in the Philippines 2. Describe the recent development of railway system in the Philippines; and 3. Describe the highways system in the Philippines. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  LESSON 2. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Transportation systems are complex, dynamic and internally interconnected, as well as interconnected with other complex dynamic systems (e.g., the environment, the economy). ‹ They vary in space and time (at different time scales for different components). Service is provided on complex networks. The systems are stochastic in nature. ‹ Human decision-makers with complex decision calculi make choices that shape the transportation system. ‹ Transportation is one of the major functional system in the modern society. As such it exists to meet perceived social and economic needs. Transportation system itself evolves, situations arise in which transportation is regard as a “problem”- as being inadequate to serve the public interest or possibly , as threatening it. These problem area serve as challenge to the transportation engineering profession. The challenges are related to performance of the transportation system itself. Another challenge are more related to the transportation engineering profession and the economic political system providing transportation services to the people. Traffic Congestion Traffic congestions exists wherever demand exceeds the capacity of the transportation system. In the Metro Manila, congestion is most often though of as a problem of the major roads/arterial. Just like in Manila, the United states have congestions even in major freeways and intersections on arterial streets. In addition, a relatively small number of major commercial airports experience congestion airspace, and other airports may experience congestions due to inadequate terminal facilities. Congestion of facilities is rare for other modes, but overcrowding of individual vehicles is acommon problem for mass transit system. Urban highway congestion has long been recognized as a challenge like the traffic congestion experience in Metro Manila, Philippines along EDSA one of the major road of the said city. In earlier stages of the development of the highway system, the usual response to congestion to build more capacity, meaning more facilities like new highways. The approach was always limited by the availability of funding. Every year the political advocacy to construct Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  more highways has had little impact on the growth of highway traffic, and further growth in traffic and congestion is experience. Traffic congestion is a major challenge to the transportation system and the transportation engineering profession because it undermines the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. For the most part, obvious solutions are not available, or else are considered politically infeasible. Moreover, when the potential effectiveness of various proposed cures for traffic congestion is sometimes exaggerated, it tends to undermine the credibility of the engineering profession. Hence, the main challenge in this case is to continue to squeeze out as much capacity as possible from existing facilities by improved traffic control and management while at the same time providing careful selected ( and careful design) projects aimed at expanding the capacity of key links in the system. Figure 9. Example of traffic congestion Source: www.google.com Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Traffic Safety Another major challenge is the continued improvement of traffic safety. Remember that one of the concerns when providing transportation facility is to ensure safety among commuters and the delivery of goods from one place to another. So one of the concerns is the occurrence of accident for all mode of transportation, but perhaps most visible in highways and commercial air. In general, there has been an improvement in safety for all mode of transportation, at least if accident rate are used as the main indicator of safety. The reduction of the occurrence of accidents probably result of improve highway design and maintenance , improve vehicle design, driver education and law enforcement activities. Although aviation safety also receives a great deal of public attention, fatality rates for commercial aviation are very low compared to those for the motor vehicles. And are quite variable from year to year. Since a single accident can make a significant difference. In addition, there has been casual public concern about rail traffic safety, especially where transportation of hazardous material involved. Legal Concerns Despite the general improvement in traffic safety, public transportation agencies have found themselves subject to the increased legal liability for safety problems. The major area of concern is tort liability arising from traffic accidents. An example to this is the liability for damages in cases where unsafe conditions lead to personal injury or property damage. Public agencies providing transportation services of facilities have the legal duty to provide the public with reasonably safe travel. Also, they have the duty to warn the public of dangerous conditions. In order to be liable for an unsafe conditions., the government must have received notice of its existence, however, it may be held to have received constructive notice if it should have known about it. Transportation agencies have responded to their increased tirt liability in several ways. One common response has been institution of risk management program to limit exposure to liability. Possible element of such Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  programs include instituting and carefully documenting accident reduction programs, training personnel in accident response and in dealing with legal procedure involved in the tort cases, institutions of policy procedures related to the release of information and documents. The Challenges Traffic safety is a continuing challenge for the transportation engineering profession because of public expectations that safety will continue to improve. To some extent, this expectation is responsible for the increased legal liability of public agencies for safety problems. Despite the public concern for safety, however, some of the safety legislation when the Republic Act 4136 was passed, such as the national 60 KpH speed limit and the law concerning the wearing of helmet and the law relative to unti-distracting while driving. One aspect of the challenge will be increasing public expectations for improved safety in the face of increasing public impatience with measures that may ( or may not ) improve safety but are seen as intruding on personal freedom and right. Another will be to counteract the tendency for accidents to increase with increasing congestion. Equality of Access Another challenge has been to provide adequate access to the transportation system for all sorts of people. Three groups in particular have been seen as generally underserved. These are the poor, the elderly, and the physically handicapped. Poor people are seen as underserve because they are less likely to own automobiles than other people. In many case the issue not is not so much that the poor do not have access to vehicles/automobiles at all as that cars they own are old, unreliable, and the worst offenders in terms of air pollution. The elderly and the physically handicapped are seen as underserved both because many are unable to operate automobiles and historically they have been barriers to the use of public transportation by those whose physical mobility is limited. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Challenges posed by these more stringent accessibility standard include the e and financing of accessibility features such as wheelchair ramps and other facilities to cater the needs of the pedestrian and the underprivileged. Mass transit system, in particular, have faced significant financial challenge because of the need for wheelchair lifts on vehicles and modifications to station. Finally there are some situations in which the accessibility requirement may conflict with the standards. This is particularly the case if accessibility for wheelchair users must be provided to hazardous environments such as highways shoulders or if the facilities constructed to provide assess for the disabled constitute hazards if struck by vehicles. Environment Protection One of the most important challenges to the transportation system is that of dealing with its environment impacts and with the impacts of other economic activities, such as land development, on transportation. Current approaches to dealing with these include broad national policies, laws, and regulations, economic incentives and disincentives, special laws and regulation aimed at a particular impacts, and a planning process which includes documentation of the environmental impacts of specific transportation-related actions or activities. The environmental impacts of transportation include large-sclae impacts due to the system as a whole as well as a small-scale impact due to specific transportation facilities and activities. New development is often seen as having an adverse impact on the transportation system by increasing highway congestion. This congestion is seen a negative impact in itself, as it represents an inconvenience to existing users of the facility, and as a contributing factor to the impact of transportation on energy consumption and air quality. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Instruction: Write an essay ( No more than 4 pages ). Use blue pen and write in bold letters or all cap. Make your handwriting clear, neat and readable. Your assay should present a balance and critical treatment of assigned topics. Be objective as possible, and employ a style appropriate for a professional document. 1. Recent development in motorist information system in the Philippines. 2. Recent development in motorized vehicles control system in the Philippines. Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151 Name: _____________________________________ Course/year; ________ Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  References Andrew Nash. California’s Congestion Management Program, ITE Journal , Vol. 62, February , 1992, pp.29-32 James Banks , Introduction to Transportation Engineering, WCB/McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-005789-3, 1998 R.M. Lewis. Practical Guideline for Minimizing Tort Liability, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis 106, 1983. J.E. Baerwald. Legal Liability , Chapter 14C in J.L.Pline (ed) Traffic Engineering Handbook, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall, 1992 Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  ABOUT THE AUTHOR Engineer Franklyn T. Amistad is from the Heritage City of Vigan, teaching Mathematics and Engineering subjects at the University of Northern Philippines, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. He is a Civil Engineer by profession. He is a member of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) and was the Secretary for several years, a regular member of the National Research Council of the Philippines, (NRCP), a regular member of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS), and regular member of the Transportation Science Society of the Philippines (TSSP). Member of the Asia-Pacific Consortium of Researchers and Educators Amistad finished Master of Science in Civil Engineering (MSCE) major in Transportation Engineering at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City on November 2006. He was a grantee of the Japanese Scholarship Fund for Transportation Studies by the Institute for Behavioral Science (IBS) of Japan through the National Center for Transportation Studies Foundation Inc. (NCTSFI), University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. He is the coordinator for Industry and Energy Researches at the Research and Development Office, UNP, Vigan City. He has presented papers in different conferences local and international. Some papers are the following: 1. Determinant of the Level of Service (LOS) of Arterial Roads in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines presented in The 13th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies September 9-12, 2019 Colombo, Sri Lanka Waters EdgeNo. 316, Ethul Kotte Road, Battaramulla. 2. Level of Service and Degree of Saturation of Unsignalized Intersection along Arterial Roads in Vigan City presented in the 15th Annual Conference of the Transportation Science Society of the Philippines at the Amorsolo Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151  Ballsoom, Holiday Inn Galleria, Mandaluyong City, Philippines on December 7, 2007. 3. The Need for Traffic Signalization from the Perspective Local Government Units Outside Metro Manila : An Assessment presented in the International Conference of the 7th Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS 2007) at the Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China on September 24-27, 2007 4. Traffic Study in an Urban Area: The Case of Unsignalized Intersection Along National Highway in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, Philippines presented in the 7th International Conference of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS 2007) at the Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China on September 24-27, 2007 5. Assessing the Need for Traffic Signalization from the Perspective of Local Government Units presented in the International Symposium on Infrastructure Development and the Environment 2006 (SIDE 06) at the SEAMO-INNOTEC, University of the Philippines on December 7-8, 2006 6. Topographic Survey Comparison of Strategic Quarry Sites in Ilocos Sur presented during the PHILAAS National Convention on September 2006. 7. A Characterization of the Traffic Management Practice in the Historic City of Vigan presented during the Regional Seminar on Traffic Administration and Filipino Values held in UNP, Vigan City on May 16-17, 2006 8. Traffic Management in a City with U.N. World Heritage Site presented during the 6th EASTS Conference at Bangkok, Thailand on September 21-24, 2005 9. Environmental Effects of Quarrying Industry in Region I presented at UST, Manila on September 2005 during the Philippine Association for the Advancement of Science (PHILAAS) National Convention Franklyn Tinaza Amistad, MSCE Transportation Engineering/ CE 151