Transportation Engineering Notes PDF

> MESOPOTAMIA ---TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING--- The invention of the wheel (c. 3500 BC) -is a branch of civil engineering that involves the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of revolutionized transportation...

> MESOPOTAMIA ---TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING--- The invention of the wheel (c. 3500 BC) -is a branch of civil engineering that involves the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of revolutionized transportation, leading to the transportation systems to help build smart, safe, and development of carts and wagons. Early livable communities. wheels were solid, made from wooden planks or discs. -Transportation engineering is the application of The materials and the goods were carried by technology and scientific principles to the planning, humans and animals with the help of functional design, operation and management of instruments such as sled, cart, and boat. facilities for any mode of transportation in order to Boat transportation was very convenient and provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economic; gradually developed to meet the economical, and environmentally compatible needs of the people in the region. movement of people and goods. > EGYPT - Transportation engineering, as practiced by civil engineers, primarily involves planning, design, The ancient Egyptians relied on boats and construction, maintenance, and operation of ships to travel by water, while on land, they transportation facilities used animals such as oxen and donkeys. Most goods and people traveled by river. - The facilities support air, highway, railroad, The Nile River was the main trading route, pipeline, water, and even space transportation. and boats and ships were mainly used to -The design aspects of transport engineering include transport goods. For example, cattle, stone, the sizing of transportation facilities, determining the grain and cedar from Lebanon were brought materials, the thickness used in pavement designing, to Egyptian cities by Nile ships. and the geometry of the roadway >> 18TH CENTURY --------------------HISTORY-------------------- Transportation engineering made major > >ANCIENT TIMES strides, marking the beginning of modern engineering. In ancient times, transportation engineering played a vital role in trade and military Canals became essential for trade, with operations. notable projects such as the Bridgewater Canal in England improving the movement The Romans were particularly skilled at of goods. constructing a vast road network, including the Via Appia (Appian Way), known for its 18th century also saw the creation of early durability and efficiency. railways, driven by advancements like James Watt's steam engine, which enhanced > APPIAN WAY locomotive power. The oldest and most famous roman road > GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848) It connected the city of Rome to Capua and played a pivotal role in railway engineering, eventually to Brindisi in Southeast Italy. key in railway engineering, designing the > MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO first successful steam locomotive and the The title of the first transportation engineer Stockton and Darlington railway in 1825, is given to the ancient Roman engineer and paving the way for the vast railway architect Vitruvius networks that revolutionized transportation in the 19th century In his work De Architectura, he discussed various engineering topics, including the His first locomotive is the Locomotion No. 1 design and construction of roads and first hit the tracks in 1825 at the Stockton bridges. and Darlington Railway >> 19TH CENTURY > MID 20TH CENTURY In the 19th century, transportation In the mid-20th century, transportation engineering advanced with railway networks engineering experienced major progress and steam locomotives, improving long- with the creation of the Interstate Highway distance travel and freight. System in the United States, initiated by Bridge engineering progressed with the use President Dwight D. Eisenhower. of iron and steel, enabling stronger and This vast network of highways enabled longer structures long-distance travel and trade, driving economic growth. During this time, asphalt > ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL (1806-1859) also became widely used in road A prominent figure, designing landmark construction, enhancing the durability and structures such as the Clifton Suspension safety of roads. Bridge and the Great Western Railway, Traffic signals became crucial for regulating leaving a lasting impact on modern the growing volume of vehicles in urban engineering and transportation areas, improving both road safety and infrastructure. efficiency. Together, these advancements Designed the first steamship specifically reshaped the transportation landscape, built for transatlantic travel. supporting the rise of automobile culture. Transformed public transportation and >LATE 20TH CENTURY modern engineering. Constructed dockyards, the Great Western In the late 20th century, transportation Railway (GWR), steamships, bridges, and engineering adopted technological tunnels. innovations, leading to the creation of Transformed the English landscape with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). pioneering designs during the Industrial These systems incorporated technologies Revolution such as GPS for navigation and real-time traffic monitoring, improving road >> 20TH CENTURY efficiency and safety. > EARLY 20TH CENTURY Automated traffic management systems also emerged, using sensors and data analytics to In the early 20th century, transportation optimize traffic flow and minimize engineering underwent a dramatic change congestion. These advancements enhanced with the advent of automobiles powered by the overall transportation experience, internal combustion engines. This period making systems more adaptable to changing saw a shift from railways to roadways as conditions and laying the foundation for both personal and commercial vehicles future smart mobility solutions. became widely available. Henry Ford was instrumental in this > 21ST CENTURY transformation, introducing assembly line In the 21st century, transportation production with the Model T, making cars engineering has placed greater emphasis on affordable for the general public. sustainability and minimizing environmental This innovation not only transformed urban impact. The growth of electric vehicles planning and infrastructure, leading to the (EVs) has revolutionized both personal and creation of roads and highways, but also public transportation, offering cleaner significantly impacted society by enhancing alternatives to conventional fuel. mobility and altering lifestyles. Urban areas have also adopted bike-sharing programs, promoted eco-friendly travel and alleviating traffic congestion.  Furthermore, smart transportation solutions, > JOHN MCADAM (1756-1836) such as connected infrastructure and A Scottish engineer who developed a system multimodal systems, have been developed to for building durable roads using crushed improve efficiency and accessibility, stone, known as "macadamisation," which highlighting a stronger focus on sustainable greatly improved road surfaces. urban mobility and lowering carbon emissions. >WILLIAM BEARDMORE ---------------------------------------------------------------- A Scottish industrialist and engineer who played a key role in the development of >>FAMOUS TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS shipbuilding and heavy engineering, > BENJAMIN WRIGHT (AMERICAN CIVIL contributing to advancements in marine ENGINEER, 1770-1842) transportation. Known as the "Father of American Civil > ALAN COBHAM Engineering". A British aviator and entrepreneur who He served as the chief engineer of the Erie made significant contributions to aviation, Canal, a key figure in the development of including pioneering long-distance flights U.S. transportation infrastructure and one of and developing aerial refueling techniques, the first artificial waterways in the country. revolutionizing air travel and long-range His contributions were vital to the nation's transportation. growth during the early 19th century. ---------------------------------------------------------------- > JOHN A. ROEBLING (GERMAN-AMERICAN CIVIL ENGINEER, 1806-1869) >>DISCIPLINES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING He was the pioneer of suspension bridge design. 1. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING He designed and constructed the Brooklyn 2. GEOMETRIC DESIGN Bridge, the first suspension bridge in the 3. PAVEMENT DESIGN U.S., renowned for its innovative design and for overcoming challenges related to span 4. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING and weight in large structures. > 1. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING He was a key figure in the advancement of suspension bridges during the 19th century Transportation Planning involves development of a transport model which will > HANS MONDERMAN (DUTCH TRAFFIC accurately represent current and future ENGINEER, 1945-2008) transportation system. He pioneered a new approach to traffic A transportation system includes vehicles, management by focusing on design and network infrastructure and information human behavior, rather than relying solely technology, used both for monitoring and on traditional signs and signals. control and to provide information to users He created road designs that encouraged of the system. safer, more efficient traffic flow using > 2. GEOMETRIC DESIGN natural cues. His methods included using street lighting, Geometric Design deals with physical pavement markings, and flexible road proportioning of other transportation designs instead of adhering to rigid facilities in contrast with the structural standards. design of the facilities. This includes the cross-sectional features, horizontal  alignment, vertical alignment, and 2. RAILWAY ENGINEERING intersections. 3. PORT AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING > 3. PAVEMENT DESIGN 4. AIRPORT ENGINEERING Pavement Design deals with structural 5. PIPELINE ENGINEERING design of the roads. This deals with the design of pavement materials, determination > 1. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING of their thickness, and construction and an engineering discipline which involves the maintenance. The design mainly covers design, construction and maintenance of structural, functional, and drainage aspects. Highway Roads & Systems, urban streets as There are two types of pavements: flexible well as parking facilities. and rigid. Important aspects of highway engineering *TWO TYPES OF PAVEMENTS: include overall planning of routes, financing, environmental impact evaluation, 1.Flexible Pavement and value engineering to compare Also known as bituminous pavement, alternatives. consists of a surface layer of bitumen-bound HIGHWAY ENGINEERING aggregate (asphalt concrete), several lower LANDMARK/STRUCTURE layers of appropriate quality aggregate and the subgrade beneath. -AUTOBAHN GERMANY The layers enable the pavement to “bend”, > 2. RAILWAY ENGINEERING reducing damage and the need for repairs over time. Branch of civil engineering concerned with the design, construction, maintenance, and 2. Rigid Pavement operation of railways. Also known as concrete pavements, is a type Railway engineering includes elements of of road or pavement structure that provides a civil, mechanical, industrial, and electrical durable and long-lasting surface for engineering. vehicular traffic. Railway engineers handle the design, They are composed of several key construction, and operation of railroads and components, each serving a specific function mass transit systems that use a fixed to ensure the pavement's performance and guideway. longevity. RAILROAD ENGINEERING The components of rigid pavements include LANDMARKS/STRUCTURES the subgrade, base course, and subgrade. -HELL GATE BRIDGE >4. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - STARRUCCA VIADUCT Traffic Engineering focuses on the safety of the public, efficient use of transportation - TEHACHAPI LOOP resources, and mobility of people and goods. >3. PORT AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING This involves a variety of engineering and Ports and harbor engineering is a specialized management skills, including design, operation, and system optimization in order field of civil engineering that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of to address the above requirements. maritime facilities, including ports, harbors, ---------------------------------------------------------------- and terminals. >>DIVISIONS OF TRANSPORTATION These facilities serve as vital hubs fo r ENGINEERING international trade, transportation, and communication. 1. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PORT AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING This mode of transportation includes the use LANDMARKS/STRUCTURES of cars, trucks, motorcycles and busses for -PORT OF SINGAPORE personal and commercial purposes. It offers flexibility and adapts to different - PORT OF ROTTERDAM terrains. > 4. AIRPORT ENGINEERING > 2. AIR TRANSPORTATION Encompasses the planning, design, and Includes airplanes and airports. construction of terminals, runways, and This mode is crucial for long distance travel navigation aids to provide for passenger and and international commerce, providing both freight service. speed and convenience. Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must account for the impacts > 3. WATER TRANSPORTATION and demands of aircraft in their design of This transportation method utilizes oceans, airport facilities. rivers, canals, and lakes for the movement of These engineers must use the analysis of boats and ships. predominant wind direction to determine It allows for the movement of people and runway orientation, determine the size of goods from one location to another using runway border and safety areas, different vessels like ships and boats. wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates Waterway transport is feasible between and must designate the clear zones in the ports along sea routes or along rivers and entire port canals where inland transportation options AIRPORT ENGINEERING are available. LANDMARKS/STRUCTURES > 4. PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION - DUBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Pipeline transport involves the movement of - SINGAPORE CHANGI AIRPORT gas through a system of pipelines, utilizing various equipment and instruments like >5. PIPELINE ENGINEERING meters, valves, compressors, and safety Pipeline engineering is a specialized field of devices. civil engineering that focuses on the design, It is the most established and widely used construction, and maintenance of pipelines method of gas transportation globally. used to transport various substances, ---------------------------------------------------------------- including liquids, gases, and solids. These pipelines can range from small-scale >>TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE local systems to extensive networks that 1. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS span across countries and continents. 2. BRIDGES AND CANALS ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3. AIRPORTS AND SEAPORTS >>MODES OF TRANSPORTATION 4. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 1. LAND TRANSPORTATION > 1. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS 2. AIR TRANSPORTATION Roads are the most prevalent type of 3. WATER TRANSPORTATION transportation infrastructure, linking cities, 4. PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION towns, and rural regions. They facilitate the movement of people and > 1. LAND TRANSPORTATION goods, playing a vital role in economic development and social interaction.  By providing access to various destinations, Investments in transportation infrastructures they enhance connectivity through enhancing intermodal terminals is a necessary step in fostering economic >2. BRIDGES AND CANALS opportunities. These structures enable transportation over Which leads to an economy that can barriers such as rivers and mountains, efficiently transport passengers and goods significantly improving connectivity. leads to an increased level of economic By providing essential routes that bypass output. natural obstacles, they allow for easier *COST movement of people and goods. This improved access fosters economic Improvements in transportation are linked to reduced unit transport cost, implying that growth and strengthens relationships more cargo can be transported at comparable between different regions, making travel costs. more efficient and convenient. As a result, transportation expenses of goods >3. AIRPORTS AND SEAPORTS decrease. Airports and seaports are important centers >OPERATIONAL for air and sea travel, making international *TIME travel and trade possible. They help connect people and goods across The economic impact of time improvements countries, supporting the global economy may vary. and travel. Firstly, passengers are able to reach their destination faster, which provides >4. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS convenience and economic value to the Bus, train, and subway systems provide community. affordable and efficient transportation for Secondly, with these time gains, inventory city residents. management and efficient use of They help reduce traffic and make it easier transportation assets improve. for people to get around and reach their *RELIABILITY destinations without a private vehicle. Similar to time savings, reliability allows for -------------------------IMPACTS------------------------- the improved utilization of transport assets >> ECONOMIC IMPACT and ensuring that passengers and cargo arrive at their destination safely. Transportation engineering plays a vital role in economic expansion through the >GEOGRAPHICAL development of infrastructures, fostering * ACCESSIBILITY sustainable practices, advancing technology and generating employment. The development of transportation Through this, transportation engineers infrastructure makes acquisition of raw provide a foundation for economic growth materials, components, energy and labor and expedite trade and commerce. easily obtainable and allow finished The economic impacts of transportation products to reach a broader market. engineering can be classified into Additionally, access to regional and global fundamental, operational and geographical. passengers has its economic implications in trade and tourism. >FUNDAMENTAL *LOCATION *CAPACITY  Areas near modal or intermodal These systems are the backbone of global infrastructures generate greater value commerce and are critical for the integration compared to less accessible locations. This of markets. is known as the clustering effect. > TOURISM & CULTURAL EXCHANGE Thus, location decision of residential, commercial or manufacturing activities Efficient transportation also plays a key role reshapes the economic landscape. in promoting global tourism and cultural exchange. >> GLOBAL IMPACT It enables people to travel more easily, > GLOBAL TRADE experiencing different cultures and fostering international understanding. Global trade depends on reliable and efficient transportation systems that connect >>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ports, airports, highways, and rail networks. Transportation engineering plays a crucial Well-functioning transportation systems role in urban development, promoting reduce the cost and time of moving goods efficiency and economic expansion. across countries and continents, enabling However, its unfavorable effects on the businesses to reach international markets environment have become more evident, more effectively leading to the need for sustainable >ECONOMIC GROWTH alternatives that prioritize environmental conservation, highlighting the need for a Efficient transportation not only benefits more sustainable approach international trade but also increases productivity within countries by reducing >NEGATIVE IMPACT delays and improving access to global 1.HABITAT LOSS supply chains. Building of roads, Railroads as well as other > URBANIZATION infrastructure for transportation frequently As urban areas grow, especially in involves the cleaning of land, resulting in developing countries, transportation systems the devastation and the dispersion of the become increasingly stressed. natural environment. Transportation engineers play a critical role This could interfere with the delicate in managing this urbanization by developing environmental balance, endangering the infrastructure that can handle the rising existence of numerous plant and animal demand for mobility, reducing traffic species. congestion and pollution. 2.BARRIER EFFECTS > PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMS Transportation routes can act as physical Public transportation, including buses, metro barriers, preventing the movement of systems, and trams, is vital for reducing wildlife between different areas, isolating reliance on private vehicles. populations, and disrupting their breeding This leads to lower congestion, fewer and feeding patterns. accidents, and a reduction in air pollution, This can lead to a decline in biodiversity and making cities more livable on a global scale. the loss of genetic diversity within species > GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY 3. Pollution and Environmental Degradation Global transportation networks connect 3.1 Air Pollution different parts of the world, allowing for the The burning of fossil fuels by vehicles movement of people, goods, and contributes to the release of harmful information across vast distances.  pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, Cycling not only reduce environmental particulate matter, and carbon monoxide, impact but also promote physical activity which can degrade air quality and have adverse effects on human health and the 3.2 BUS/TRAINS environment. Robust public transportation system 3.2 Water Pollution provides affordable and equitable mobility options. Runoff from roads and transportation By enabling the movement of large numbers infrastructure can contaminate nearby water of people efficiently, public transit bodies with oil, heavy metals, and other significantly reduces per-capita emissions pollutants, harming aquatic ecosystems and compared to private vehicle use, reducing water quality for human and contributing to cleaner air and a healthier wildlife use. environment. 3.3 Noise Pollution >>SOCIETAL IMPACT The constant noise generated by > QUALITY OF LIFE transportation systems, such as highways and railways, can have detrimental effects Improved transportation systems can on the wellbeing of both human and animal enhance quality of life by reducing travel populations, disrupting their natural times, improving accessibility to jobs, behaviors and causing stress. education, healthcare, and recreational opportunities. > SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS 1.WILDLIFE CONNECTIVITY Incorporating wildlife crossing structures, such as overpasses and underpasses, into transportation infrastructure helps maintain ecological connectivity, allowing animals to safely traverse roads and highways. This protects vulnerable species and preserves the natural balance of ecosystems. 2. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT Effective stormwater management systems, such as bioswales, detention ponds, and wetland restoration, help mitigate the impact of transportation infrastructure on local waterways, preventing pollution and preserving aquatic ecosystems. 3. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTS 3.1 BICYCLES Investing in safe and accessible bicycle encourages people to choose active modes of transportation, reducing reliance on private vehicles and associated carbon emissions.