American Yawp Chapter 16-23 PDF

CAPITAL & LABOR THE AMERICAN YAWP – Chapter 16: *** Denotes STAAR tested Content THE MARCH OF CAPITAL Industrialization Begins Railroads pioneer modern capital markets and management strategies Telegraph lines and rails link far-flung markets enabling national economy Standard...

CAPITAL & LABOR THE AMERICAN YAWP – Chapter 16: *** Denotes STAAR tested Content THE MARCH OF CAPITAL Industrialization Begins Railroads pioneer modern capital markets and management strategies Telegraph lines and rails link far-flung markets enabling national economy Standardization of parts enables interchangeability. This allows emergence of mass production techniques in range of industries like meatpacking, sewing machines, bicycles Monopolies/Trusts Form Firms therefore aggressively consolidate to stabilize markets, control competition Trusts form with monopolistic control over oil, sugar, tobacco, whiskey, lead, beef etc. 2 LAISSEZ-FAIRE Laissez-Faire – “hands off” *** Basically, meant that if the government left the economy alone, it would self-regulate. Myth: The American government prior to the Great Depression held firm to the Laissez-Faire ideology. Truth: The American government was pro-business and would only implement Laissez-Faire when it was for the benefit of American business owners. THE GREAT Massive mergers occur from 1895- 1904 MERGER Companies merge into one larger company to eliminate competition MOVEMENT Over 4,000 companies folded into consolidations and giant trusts Seen as way for companies to bypass instability and low profits from competition U.S. Steel merging Carnegie Steel and other producers in 1901 becomes first billion-dollar company Just 41 consolidations control over 70% of market in their respective industries 4 MODEL OF VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Vertical Integration is where a single organization controls all stages of production within an industry. This means they set the prices at every stage but still have competition at every stage of production. Horizontal Integration is where a single organization controls an entire stage of production with no competition. This means they set the prices for their stage of production with no competitor to challenge their pricing. 5 EXTREME INEQUALITY BECOMES THE NORM New mega fortunes accumulated among industrial titans and Wall Street bankers Wealth gap reaches unprecedented levels during the Gilded Age By 1890s, wealthiest 1% own quarter of all household wealth Wealthiest 10% own over 70% of all assets Industrial workers face long hours, dangerous conditions, and unpredictable pay Farmers struggle with falling commodity prices and reliance on banks/railroads Set stage for major labor organizing and populist backlash movements 6  SOCIAL DARWINISM Laissez-faire business leaders utilize newly popular theories to frame economic success as sign of natural superiority British scholar Herbert Spencer applies Darwin's evolution theories to human society in term "survival of the fittest" Used to argue against government economic intervention as interfering with natural selection Champions include industrialists like Carnegie, Rockefeller, inventor Edison Yale professor William Graham Sumner echoes these social Darwinist views Challenged by rising labor and populist reform Sample Footer Text 7 movements THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 Railroads cut wages while reaping generous aid, profits from speculation Strike begins in Baltimore over 10% pay cut, spreads to rail workers nationwide Strikers halt national rail traffic, destroy trains/tracks rather than let them run After violent clashes including 11 killed in Baltimore, federal troops dispatched Strike crushed after 6 weeks with nearly 100 dead and $40 million in damage Foretells coming five decades of labor conflict 8  LABOR UNIONS EMERGE Great Railroad Strike showed need for labor organizing in face of wage cuts Knights of Labor quickly grew as early labor union welcoming unskilled Mass national strike began May 1, 1886 for universal adoption of 8 hour day Ended tragically in Chicago Haymarket Riot with violence after police killed protesters American Federation of Labor forms as more conservative union alternative 9 HOMESTEAD & PULLMAN STRIKES One of Carnegie's steel mills faced strike at Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1892 After lockout and failed negotiations, workers barricade plant and arm themselves Governor sends in state militia to reopen plant with violence after battles Seen as year of general labor unrest with strikes nationwide 10  THE PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894 George Pullman owned the town and provided housing for railroad workers but cuts wages by 25% Leaves rents and utilities unchanged in company- owned housing American Railway Union launches boycott refusing to handle Pullman cars 125,000 workers strike, railroad traffic halted across Chicago and nationwide Federal injunction issued, President Cleveland sends 2,500 troops to intervene Strike leadership arrested and labor action collapses Shows increasing government intervention against unions 11  THE POPULIST MOVEMENT Farmers organize into Farmers Alliance to fight falling crop prices Millions joined sub-alliances educating members on cooperatives/politics Alliance forms People's Party to counter railroad exploitation, tight money Populists demand expanded federal power - postal savings banks, silver inflation, progressive income tax and other reforms Have political success but struggle against Democratic rule/voter suppression in South Sample Footer Text 12  PANIC OF 1893 Severe nationwide economic depression strikes after 1893 financial panic 500 banks and 15,000 companies collapse, unemployment approaches 20% Mass destitution and unrest follows across industrial and agrarian sectors Populists gain traction by blaming crisis on big business greed and corruption Conservative Democratic president Grover Cleveland dispatches troops against strikes 29 times 13  WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN – 1896 ELECTION William Jennings Bryan gives dramatic "Cross of Gold" speech railing against Eastern banking interests to thrill of 1896 Democratic convention Taps into Populist fervor with call for silver inflation against restrictive gold standard Believed silver coinage would inflate the economy and make it easier for farmers to pay off debts. Wins Democratic nomination for president as a young 36-year old figure Loses in 1896 and 1900 to Republican William McKinley Establishes rising influence of prairie Populist wing within Democratic Party Sample Footer Text 14  GOVERNMENT COMES DOWN HARD AGAINST LABOR Republican Party closely aligned with business interests since Civil War era Uses high protective tariffs to shield domestic industry from foreign competition Judges consistently issue injunctions to shut down strikes on grounds of protecting property rights A system of court injunctions and strikebreaking develops relying on police, militia, federal troops Nearly 100 killed in the 1877 railroad strike; over 700 injunctions issued against unions in next 2 decades 15  THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT Socialists led by Eugene Debs gain traction by tying exploited industrial workers and farmers together against capitalist system Argue that public/worker ownership of means of production only way to guarantee fair wage, dignity Socialist mayors elected in over 30 cities, Victor Berger and Meyer London elected to Congress However government oppression especially during World War I/Red Scare and internal divisions undermine Party According to socialist organizer and newspaper editor Oscar Ameringer, socialists wanted “ownership of the trust by the government, and the ownership of the government by the 16 people.” SIGNIFICANCE OF EUGENE DEBS Debs gains notoriety leading American Railway Union during violent 1894 Pullman strike Jailed for violating federal injunction Becomes leading figure within Socialist Party upon release Runs for president 5 times between 1900-1920, winning nearly 1 million votes in 1912 on Socialist Party ticket Sentenced to ten years in prison again under Sedition Act in 1918 for anti- war speech 17 THE SOCIALIST PARTY FALTERS Socialist Party struggles against repression during World War I and subsequent Red Scare Membership plummets from 150,000 to 26,000 amid jailing of activists, propaganda Factions also feud over ideological purity vs. electability 18 LEGACY OF RESISTANCE Though violently suppressed, the reform ideas persist and gradually gain mainstream traction Progressive Era sees later adoption of many populist and labor demands By pointing out harsh inequality and exploitation, these movements pave way for future reform 19  KEY TERMS Industrialization - The process of developing industries like manufacturing, railroads, steel etc. that transformed the American economy in the late 1800s. Mass Production - Using machinery, division of labor and interchangeable parts to produce goods in high volumes efficiently. Pioneered in industries like sewing machines, meat packing, and later autos. Monopoly - When a company dominates an entire industry. Many emerged through combinations and mergers towards the end of the 19th century. Robber Barons - Term for powerful industrialists and financiers like Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt who built massive fortunes and empires. Laissez-Faire - Policy of minimal government intervention in the economy associated with industrial leaders and their supporters. Social Darwinism - Belief used by business leaders that success or failure in capitalism showed natural superiority, justifying inequality. Labor Union - An organization of workers formed to advocate for better wages, hours, and conditions. The Knights of Labor and AFL were prominent examples. Strike - A work stoppage or refusal to work organized by a labor union, often for better wages or conditions. Haymarket Riot - 1886 clash in Chicago between police and workers striking for 8-hour day that turned violent after a bomb exploded. Populists - Political party in the 1890s that wanted to expand federal power and currency inflation to help distressed farmers. Part of a broader farmers movement. Bimetalism - Use of both gold and silver to back currency instead of the gold standard, meant to expand money supply. BIBLIOGRAPHY Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com 21 The American Yawp CHAPTER 17: THE WEST HIST1302  TEKS (20) History. The student understands the relationships among people from various groups, including racial, ethnic, class, gender, regional, and rural and urban groups, during the 1700s, 1800s, and 1900s. (21) History. The student understands how political, economic, social, and ethnic factors shaped the historical development of Texas. (22) History. The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas during the late 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries. (25) Culture. The student understands the relationship between the arts and the times during which they were created. (27) Science, technology, and society. The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on daily life in Texas during the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. 20XX Conference presentation 2  Westward Expansion After the Civil War With slavery addressed, massive migration ensues to western lands after Civil War Government makes lands accessible through Homestead Acts, lavish railroad subsidies, and forced removal of Native American tribes West holds opportunities for farmers, ranchers and miners but also growing conflicts with displaced Native peoples 2 0 X X C o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n 3  Homestead Act - 1862 Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. Provided 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee after five years of continuous residence and improvement on the land. Purpose was to encourage settlement, agriculture, and the development of a stable population. Who Could Apply: U.S. citizens and immigrants who had filed for citizenship. Head of a household or 21 years of age. Many German immigrants settled in the Southwest to start farms. Requirements: Build a dwelling. Cultivate a specified portion of the land. Pay a small registration fee. 20XX Conference presentation 4  Post-Civil War Migration Patterns Hundreds of thousands of Americans cross the Mississippi after the Civil War seeking new opportunities This includes Exodusters, African- Americans from the South, Mormon groups facing persecution, single males hoping to strike it rich Government action opens the floodgates such as the Homestead Act giving public lands to individual farmers and the Pacific Railroad Act giving millions of dollars in grants and loans to link the coasts 2 0 X X Conference presentation 5  The Railroad Boom Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 linking Coasts through lavish government subsidies and land grants Completion had been a dream since before the Civil War to boost western migration and commerce Railroads make large-scale settlement and exploitation of Western lands possible Huge industry employing some 400,000 workers by 1880 involved dangerous work building the tracks Railroad companies come to rely heavily on immigrant labor including waves of Irish and Chinese migrants Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Point, Utah. Promontory Point, Utah. 6 2 0 X X C o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n  Transcontinental Railroad 20XX Conference presentation 7  Rise of Chicago as Key Hub Chicago emerges as crucial gateway city between western farm and ranchlands producing commodities and eastern markets Chicago seen as the nerve center binding east and west together via railroads Population explodes from 200 inhabitants in early 1830s to over 1 million by 1890 Railroads bring cattle and grains into huge Chicago stockyards and processing facilities before distribution eastward Demand for train schedules gives way to modern time zones. 20XX Conference presentation 8  Railroads and Beef It was difficult to get beef to Chicago before it spoiled. So, cattle had to be transported there to be slaughtered and processed. Trains were the quickest and safest way to protect their cattle. 1878: Gustavus Swift developed the first practical ice-cooled railcar. Soon Swift formed the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL), the world's first. Railroad companies received more land from the government than any other industries or individuals in the U.S. 2 0 X X C o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n 9  Ranching in the Open Range Idea of moving herds north from Texas to midwestern railheads began shortly after the Civil War to meet booming urban appetite for beef Centered around trails like Chisholm and Western Trail from Texas to Kansas, then shipped east by railroad Whole culture of the cowboy emerges from demanding cattle drive work over the decades Rail expansion makes the long open range drives obsolete, but cattle ranching continues to dominate the Great Plains into 20th century 2 0 X X C o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n 10  The Open Range Cattle Industry Huge cattle drives pushed millions of heads north from Texas to midwestern railheads after Civil War to meet booming urban appetite for beef back east Harsh work for cowboys manning the drives along dusty trails for months paid very little Many African-American, Mexican and Native American cowboys. Long cattle drives made obsolete by expansion of rail lines directly into Texas cattle country itself 2 0 X X C o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n 11  Texas Origins of the Granger Movement 1860s: groups of white Texas farmers form "granges" throughout state Local granges organize cooperatives to oppose high railroad fees to transport crops Texas Grange merges with similar groups from other states to form powerful National Grange Granger laws passed in some states regulating railroad rates but not lasting victories 20XX Conference presentation 12  Conflict with Plains Tribes Earlier disputes over passes and trails now explode with gold rush and demand for land displacing Native American tribes from traditional territories guaranteed by treaties Plains tribes like the Lakota, Cheyenne and Comanche resist and win some major battles like wiping out Custer and his troops But ultimate outcome inevitable as tribes forced onto reservations like Sioux leader Sitting Bull by relentless US military pressure 20XX Conference presentation 13  The Dawes Act 1887 Dawes Act passed US Congress to privatize formerly communal tribal lands Goal: To force assimilation of Native Americans into American-style farming and concepts of private property Act allotted commonly held reservation lands into individual plots only then deemed "productive" Remaining "surplus" lands made available for American settlement after unequal allotments given out. Only the Native Americans who accepted the division of tribal lands were allowed to become US citizens. 2 0 X X C o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n 14  Carlisle Schools Established in 1879 by Captain Richard H. Pratt in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Pratt's Vision: Believed in the transformative power of education to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American society. Famous for the slogan: "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man." Educational Philosophy: Focus on eradicating Native cultures and languages. Emphasis on European-style education, vocational training, and Christian values. Strict policies to suppress Native cultural practices. Initially enrolled Native American children from various tribes across the United States. Later, expanded to include students from Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Over 10,000 students attended the school during its existence. 20XX Conference presentation 15 Carlisle Schools Cultural Erasure: Accusations of cultural genocide and forced assimilation. Harsh disciplinary measures and suppression of indigenous languages and traditions. High mortality rates due to diseases and harsh living conditions. Graduates' Contributions: Some students succeeded in the mainstream society after leaving Carlisle. Notable alumni include Jim Thorpe, a renowned athlete. Critique of Assimilation Policies: Carlisle is now viewed critically for its role in promoting cultural assimilation. 20XX Conference presentation 16  The Ghost Dance Movement Wovoka prophesies return of ancestors and retreat of settlers if tribes perform ritual Ghost Dance Movement appeals to many tribes desperate over lost lands, encroachment by settlers, brutal poverty and bleak future Gains big following among Lakota Sioux after assassination of Sitting Bull Fears of uprising leads to Wounded Knee Massacre by US Army killing 300 Native American men, women and children Marked the end of the Plains Indian Wars Gathering up the Dead after the Battle of Wounded Knee 2 0 X X 17  Public Reform Reform Efforts Include— Munn v Illinois—states regulate railroad Wabash Case—overturned Munn Leads ultimately to Interstate Commerce Act Farmers Alliance (segregated group) Rise of Populist Party** Government ownership of RR Free coinage of silver** Calls for an income tax (16th Amendment)** Calls for direct election of senators (17th Amendment)** Calls for direct participation in the democratic process** Initiative, Referendum, Recall** 20XX Conference presentation 18 Bibliography Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com 19 LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL AMERICA THE AMERICAN YAWP – Chapter 18: TEKS (20) History. The student understands the relationship between the arts and the times during which they were created. (25) Culture. The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas during the late 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries. (27) Science, technology, and society. The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on the political, economic, and social development of Texas. (28) Science, technology, and society. The student understands how major scientific and mathematical discoveries and technological innovations affected societies prior to 1750. (29) Science, technology, and society. The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on daily life in the United States. (30) Science, technology, and society. The student understands the influence of scientific discoveries, technological innovations, and the free enterprise system on the standard of living in the United States. 2  IDEAS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Key idea—Laissez-faire Survival of the Fittest / Social Darwinism** Gospel of Wealth** Carnegie Philanthropy** Carnegie believed in giving wealth away during one's lifetime, and this essay includes one of his most famous quotes The man who dies thus rich, dies disgraced... More calls for regulating business Sherman Anti-trust Act**** Outlaws trusts / monopolies Another law with no teeth 3 MODEL OF VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Vertical Integration is where a single organization controls all stages of production within an industry. This means they set the prices at every stage but still have competition at every stage of production. Horizontal Integration is where a single organization controls an entire stage of production with no competition. This means they set the prices for their stage of production with no competitor to challenge their pricing. 4 J.P. MORGAN John Pierpont Morgan was a prominent banker and financier By 1900 oversees over $1 billion in assets ($30 billion today) Headed J.P. Morgan & Co. which financed railroads, industry, and corporations Formed U.S. Steel in 1901 as first billion-dollar corporation Backed Edison Electric to form General Electric in 1892 Guided creation of American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) in 1885 Seen as "savior" for organizing bailouts during financial crises Had huge influence over American business and economy Epitome of wealthy "robber baron" with elite connections Helped drive monopolization and crony capitalism of 5 Gilded Age JOHN ROCKEFELLER*** Founder of Standard Oil, adopts ruthless tactics to monopolize oil refining Controls nearly 90% of American oil by 1880s through Horizontal integration model First American billionaire owning 1.5% of total U.S. wealth personally Dissolved in 1911 after being sued for antitrust violations First American billionaire, became world's richest person Donated hundreds of millions to educational and health causes Influential in creating massive corporations and 6  ANDREW CARNEGIE*** Andrew Carnegie*** Scotland immigrant builds Carnegie Steel Corporation into largest U.S. steelmaker Uses technological innovations like Bessemer process and shrewd management American Steel becomes the first billion-dollar company. By 1890s dominates steel production critical for national rail and industrial expansion Sold to J.P. Morgan, massive fortune turned later to philanthropy – Gospel of Wealth 7 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT*** Known as the "Commodore," he built a large shipping and railroad empire Dominated steamship industry in New York, founded Vanderbilt Steamship Company Invested in railroads starting in the 1860s Gained control of New York Central Railroad along with connecting lines Built Grand Central Depot terminal in New York City Expanded railroads west and pioneered rail hub of Chicago Net worth estimated at over $100 million by 1877 One of the wealthiest and most powerful industrialists in America Left vast fortune to his son William which funded Vanderbilt University 8 BOSS TWEED William "Boss" Tweed led Tammany Hall political machine in NYC Tammany Hall dominated New York City Democratic party in 1860s-70s Used bribes, patronage, and graft to reward supporters and get votes Enriched themselves through kickback schemes and embezzlement Tweed became head of Dept. of Public Works and controlled contracts Believed to have stolen between $30-200 million from public funds Power eroded after cartoons and journalism exposed corruption Tweed was arrested and convicted of fraud in 1873 Tammany Hall continued as major power broker into the 1930s Symbol of big city political machines and corruption in Gilded Age 9  INDUSTRIALIZATION TRANSFORMS AMERICA Railroads lead the way both through construction as well as innovations in business organization Cities (urbanization) grow immensely 1900—40% live in cities 1920—50%+ live in cities Population doubles between 1870-1900 Why? Jobs and opportunities Immigration—Europe and Asia Migration—leaving the farm for the city African Americans—Great Migration** Pursuit of happiness, leisure What is the “American Dream” First skyscraper, Chicago, 1885—perfected by 10 elevator BESSEMER STEEL CREATES A SOLUTION Invented in 1855 by Henry Bessemer Allowed for inexpensive mass production of steel Used blasts of air to quickly burn out impurities in iron 1. Charging – The Converter is filled with molten Pig Iron from another furnace. 2. The Blow – The converter is now turned to the upright position and air is forced up through the molten iron causing all of the unwanted materials to be burned off, creating pure steel. 3. Tapping – The converter is now tipped back to its original position and the steel is poured firstly into a ladle and then into the different sized ingots. Could produce high quality steel in just 10-20 minutes Led to much larger steel productions and boom in railroads Made steel cheaper, stronger, and more widely available Carnegie Steel used Bessemer process to become industry leader Enabled construction of modern skyscrapers, bridges, machinery 11  GROWTH OF CITIES Why? Technology Skyscrapers (Chicago) Steel, Bessemer Process Electric Street Cars, subway systems, etc. Quicker, cheaper transportation Telephone (1876), lightbulb (1879), phonograph (1877), typewriter (1868) All create new opportunities for America to extend workdays and new ways to make money. Role of women changes New jobs, economic opportunities Clerical work Allows families to earn extra income. However, women made significantly less than men. 12  PROBLEMS OF THE CITY Overcrowding** Major ports like Ellis Island received 12 million immigrants between 1870-1900 Tenement housing/slums Ethnic neighborhoods form to create natural segregation Little Italy, Little Poland, Chinatown, etc. Disease were rampant in poor, immigrant-heavy neighborhoods Great Chicago Fire, 1871 Pollution** Streets, water Crime** Poverty** Sample Footer Text 13 OVERPOPULATION LEADS TO SANITATION PROBLEMS New York White Wings All-white uniformed street cleaners picked up trash and swept streets Helped dramatically improve sanitation and reduce disease in NYC Crew expanded from 50 to over 3,000 workers by 1890s Their white uniforms led to "White Wings" nickname Represented expanded city services and civic pride in cleanliness Improved public health and helped beautify New York City An iconic image of urban order and cleanliness in the Gilded Age 14 HOW TO DEAL WITH POVERTY How to deal with poverty? Social Gospel Movement** Salvation Army YMCA Philanthropy** Settlement House** Jane Addams’s Hull House** Provided services to European immigrants and low-income residents Services included childcare, education, healthcare clinics, and cultural activities Employed mostly women social reformers and activists Goal—moral improvement, Christianization of USA, assimilation Church growth slower in cities; seen as irrelevant Darwin, Education and Religion Still—by 1890, over 100 denominations Jacob Riis - Photojournalist Jane Addams How the Other Half Lives – Explained the living conditions in New York slums and sweatshops 15  WOMEN PLAY MORE PROMINENT ROLE Women—more present in school and workforce Women began working as telephone operators, secretaries, salesclerks Focus on reform efforts as well National American Woman Suffrage Association** Susan B. Anthony National Women’s Christian Temperance Union** Francis Willard Leads to eventual passing of the 18th amendment, Prohibition Ida B. Wells** Journalist, NAACP 16 AFRICAN AMERICAN INFLUENCE Booker T. Washington** Ex-slave Up From Slavery Need training in job skills (vocation)** Gradual rights, not immediate Tuskegee Institute Provided education and vocational training for African Americans Emphasized skilled trades and agricultural skills to enable economic advancement Tuskegee Institute pioneered model for Black vocational colleges Over 5,000 graduates by 1915 making impact across the South A leading educator of African Americans during Jim Crow era Does not challenge white supremacy WEB DuBois** From the North First black PhD from Harvard Created the NAACP** National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples Not Exclusive to African-Americans Demands immediate political, social equality The Souls of Black Folk 17 THE NEW SOUTH Jim Crowe Laws Jim Crow laws instituted racial segregation in the post- Reconstruction South Started appearing in southern states in the late 1800s Supreme Court's 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling upheld "separate but equal" facilities Laws mandated segregated public spaces like schools, trains, restaurants--but these spaces had to provide equal services. Led to entrenched discrimination and disenfranchisement of African Americans Part of dismantling racial progress made during Reconstruction era Hardened racial divides and inequality across American society 18  THE NEW SOUTH The 1st Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed in 1865 then revived in 1915 By 1870s, local KKK groups terrorized black communities Used intimidation, destruction of property, assault, and lynching Lynchings of African Americans rose in late 1800s Over 100 black Americans lynched per year from 1890- 1900 Lynchings often public spectacles with no legal repercussions Signified failure to protect black citizens and denial of justice Examples of violence used to reinforce white supremacy 19  LABOR UNIONS** Problems for workers** Wages, hours, conditions, etc.** “Fix this, or else!” Unions form to seek to right these wrongs, BUT Division among workers—skilled vs. unskilled Racial hostilities—anti immigrant No protection by government Courts force workers back on the job Corporations retaliate Everyone is replaceable Yellow-dog Contracts Blacklisting Public largely against Unions—socialist, radical Sample Footer Text 20 LABOR UNIONS RECAP National Labor Union, 1866 Organize workers in all states Demand higher wages and 8-hour workday Knights of Labor, 1869** Terence Powderly Skilled & Unskilled workers Women and African Americans Declines after Haymarket Riot, 1866** American Federation of Labor, 1886 Samuel Gompers** “Bread and butter” issues Focus on wages and conditions, not social inequality Largest union by 1900 21 LABOR UNREST RECAP Workers upset by conditions Strike** Railroad Strike, 1877 Hayes uses federal troops Haymarket Bombing, Chicago—1886 Anarchists Labor Union blamed as a whole—setback for movement Homestead Strike, 1892 Lockout, guards used against steelworkers at Carnegie’s factory (PA) 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com 23 American Empire American Yawp Chapter 19  Reasons for Imperialism Imperialism** Mercantilism  Mercantilism was an economic system that sought to increase a nation's wealth and power by controlling trade and accumulating gold reserves. Why?  Money / resources  America’s sweet tooth  More markets—more trade  Compete with other nations—build up  Military reasons—a force to be reckoned with  Navy**  Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power**  Panama Canal  The “white man’s burden”  “Anglos are superior; civilize the outside world”  Key to Remember! Expansion is part of our story  Louisiana Territory  Texas, Mexico  Florida, Spain  Overpopulation  California, Gold Rush 1893— “The frontier is closed” 1890s—US seeks to move beyond its borders  Must know date—1898**  HAWAII US wants Hawaii**  Sanford B. Dole** In 1887, he became president of the Republic of Hawaii after American settlers overthrew Queen Lili'uokalani. Dole favored Hawaii's annexation by the United States for economic and political stability. As president, he negotiated the 1897 treaty to annex Hawaii with President William McKinley.  Annexed in 1898—McKinley** Why?  Military**  1887—Pearl Harbor  Resources** How?  Missionaries** Hawaii is an independent kingdom  Don’t want to be part of US  Queen Liliuokalani  US-led coup Spanish-American War Spain controls Cuba in the late 19 th century  Spanish rule is harsh  General “Butcher” Weyler  Spanish general and colonial administrator, later as Spanish Minister for War.  Cuba wants independence  Revolts In 1895, Jose Marti and others launched a revolt seeking Cuba's independence Spanish General Valeriano Weyler began a brutal crackdown including concentration camps US cares!  Isolationism v. Expansionism  Is it our problem?  Dollar Diplomacy  Taft Spanish- American War US cares!  Isolationism v. Expansionism  Is it our problem?  Dollar Diplomacy  Taft Stories of atrocities fueled American sympathy for the Cuban cause U.S. had over $50 million invested in Cuban plantations and businesses Concern that revolt would damage American economic interests  Yellow Journalism Names for the “Yellow Kid” A popular comic strip character. Newspapers engaged in sensationalist and exaggerated reporting to sell papers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer competed for bigger headlines Stories depicted Spanish atrocities, burning of villages, death camps May have exaggerated the situation and swayed public opinion Populist calls for humanitarian intervention to help Cuba Why the U.S. Cared about Cuba Money, investment Sympathy for Cubans  Yellow Journalism (Hearst, Pulitzer, etc.)**  “Clickbait” De Lome Letter**  Cubans intercept a letter from Spain’s ambassador to the US, Enrique Dupuy de Lome  Calls President McKinley weak and stupid. Cuban rebels lead the letter to Hearst who published it in the Journal.  Why the U.S. Cared about Cuba Money, investment Sympathy for Cubans  Yellow Journalism (Hearst, Pulitzer, etc.)**  “Clickbait” De Lome Letter**  Spanish official disrespects US, our President Big Event—USS Maine, 1898**  It is possible that the explosion was a complete accident.  (Munitions were kept in a storage room right next to the engines…)  Response to USS Maine Impact of Yellow Journalism Americans wanted someone to blame.  Spain had already insulted our president  Americans did not approve of Spain’s treatment of Cuba US declares war against Spain (McKinley) Prior to war—Teller Amendment  Defend American honor; don’t take over Cuba  American Ambitions in the Hemisphere Some expansionists wanted the U.S. to become an imperial power Saw Spanish colonies like Cuba and Puerto Rico as ripe for the taking Assistant Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt favored war with Spain Business interests saw new markets, resources, investment opportunities Military strategists saw naval bases in the Caribbean and Pacific  Spanish-American War** John Hay—Secretary of War  “A splendid war”  Lasts less than half a year Manila Bay  George Dewey—crushes Spanish fleet Theodore Roosevelt**  Leader of the Rough Riders  San Juan Hill War begins—and ends—in 1898*****  Treaty of Paris Declaration of War April 20, 1898: President McKinley delivers war message to Congress April 25, 1898: Spain declares war after rejecting U.S. ultimatum to leave Cuba Naval war ensues, with U.S. blockade of Cuba and the Philippines  Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898 Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in the Philippines Opened the way for the U.S. to invade and capture the islands Over 300 Spanish casualties, only U.S. injury was heatstroke Showcased U.S. naval power and ambition to be global force San Juan Hill Part of Santiago de Cuba campaign to capture key ports Famous July 1 charge of Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders up fortified hill Ensured surrender of Santiago and eastern Cuba after two weeks Brought Roosevelt national fame that helped his political career Lasting Impact of Span-Am War US expands its borders to become a GLOBAL-, OVERSEAS-, WORLD- POWER  Established ourselves worldwide  Defeated a major European power (again) What to do with new territories?  A lot of debate about the treaty itself— need 2/3 majority in congress to ratify  Anti-Imperialist League opposes annexation of Philippines  Self Determination?  Still—treaty is ratified US acquires territories of—  Guam, PUERTO RICO, Philippines**  Spain paid for territories, but US possess them.  Spain’s Surrender By July 1898, Spain had lost its fleets in Cuba and the Philippines. Its position was bleak. On July 17, 1898, Spain surrendered the Santiago de Cuba area after decisive naval defeats. Further Spanish resistance seemed fruitless. Domestic pressure grew to end the war. August 12, 1898 - Spain signed an armistice, ending hostilities and agreeing to U.S. terms. The Treaty of Paris was later signed in December 1898, formalizing Spain's surrender. Spain relinquished claims to Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S.  Cuba US leaves Cuba—1902. Sort of.  Teller Amendment replaced by Platt Amendment  US intervenes in Cuba to “restore order” when necessary  Cuba cannot sign a treaty with another country  US maintains presence in Gitmo**  Resentment by Cubans  Traded one oppressor for another Why not just leave?  Similar in kind…  Puerto Rico Foraker Act—1900  Grants some popular government  Limits self-rule  Grants citizenship in 1917 Status?  Do protections of Constitution apply in territories?  What limitations do territories have that states do not? Insular Cases  The Insular Cases are a series of opinions by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1901 about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish–American War.  The rulings are widely considered racist calling people of these territories “alien races” or “savage tribes”  The Philippines Philippines also occupied by Spain prior to 1898 Emilio Aguinaldo—leads movement against Spanish  Fights with US  Expected independence after the war—to no avail  Philippines become another territory for the United States Guerilla war breaks out between US and Philippines (three years) Formal independence not granted until 1946  After World War II  Remember Hawaii? US wants control of Hawaii—why?  PART of the reason—money, resources, military. The other part—China**  Access to Hawaii = military base to connect to Pacific  Access to Pacific = Proximity to Philippines = Proximity to China It’s all about the money! Problem—spheres of influence  Not on my turf! John Hay—Open Door Policy**  Boxer Rebellion (unsuccessful)  Theodore Roosevelt McKinley still president-reelected in 1900  Teddy is his running mate  Nobody expects him to ever be President  Ran on popularity McKinley is assassinated in 1901 TR new president**  Dramatically increases power of presidency**  Similar in kind…  Speak softly, carry a big stick** TR The Expansionist Panama Canal**  Money, time, military  France attempts first canal—fails! TR—wants treaty with Colombia  Access to build a canal in Panama—rejected  Speak softly, carry a big stick  US backed movement to aid Panama against Columbian control Hay-Bunanu-Varilla Treaty  US builds a canal—controversial!  Completed in 1914  Roosevelt Corollary, Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine—warned Europe to “stay out”  Latin-American countries in debt to England and Germany  Europe starts to intervene TR responds with a corollary  US will intervene in Latin America  US will police the area if necessary  US more involved in the region US isn’t looking out for Latin America—it’s looking out for itself  Strains relations between LA and US  Roosevelt in Asia Russo-Japanese War in 1905  TR negotiates peace between the two (Nobel-Prize winner)  Japan kicks tail—worries TR Gentlemen’s Agreement—1908  Japan offended by anti-immigrant (anti-Asian) US- laws  Segregation in schools, etc.  In agreement—  Japan agrees to restrict emigration of workers to the US  TR pressures CA to repeal segregationist laws Great White Fleet  TR sends our naval fleet across to world  “Don’t mess with us” Presidents of the Time McKinley (R) (1897-1901) Span-AM T. Roosevelt (R) (1901-1909)** Hawaii Panama Canal  Much more detail to discuss later! Open Door Policy Big Stick  “The bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral” Taft (R) (1909-1913) Wilson (D) (1913-1921)** Dollar WWI All POTUS during this time increase Diplomacy League of Nations American presence on the world stage Bibliography Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com Additional information: Brinkley, Alan. American History. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Stacy, Jason and Matthew Ellington. Fabric of a Nation. Boston: Bedford, Freeman & Worth, 2020. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AMERICAN YAWP CHAPTER 20  PROGRESSIVE ERA—THE BASICS Causes of the Progressive Era—  Industry, Urbanization, Immigration  Good and bad Purpose of the Progressive Era—  Governmental regulation of business  Move away from laissez-faire policies  Seen by many as socialist—it wasn’t  Improve capitalism; create a fair society Key Groups of the Progressive Era—  Diverse group--no real one, uniform movement  Middle class men/women, church leaders, politicians, union leaders, African Americans, etc. Similar in kind, different in time  Andrew Jackson, Populist Movement, New Deal  GETTING THE WORD OUT ON REFORM Muckrakers—journalists  Rake (clean) the muck (dirt)  Expose corruption  Theodore Roosevelt Ida Tarbell, The History of Standard Oil**  Captains of industry Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives**  Life in the slums Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities  Political machines Upton Sinclair, The Jungle***  Working conditions; food quality  The Poison Squad  I AM WOMAN, HEAR ME ROAR Traditional view of women in society begins to change  Separate Spheres New role due to Progressive Movement Areas of focus  National Child Labor Committee*  1907—2/3 of states have child labor laws  National Consumers’ League—  Florence Kelly—rights of women in workplace  Muller v. Oregon—protects women with 10 hour workdays  Triangle Shirtwaist Fire—death of 146 workers  Safety standards  Temperance***  Suffrage—***  AREAS OF REFORM Urban Reform Problems in the city Poverty / slums, corruption, alcoholism, etc. Solutions Settlement houses Take power FROM bosses, give TO the public Municipal government—the people vote on department heads State Reform Fight against corporate control of state politics Robert La Follette (WI) Wisconsin Idea Regulate public utilities, challenge RR, Tax / political reforms  POLITICAL REFORM Reformers’ goal: increase democracy reduce power of trusts  Secret ballot  Direct Primary—candidates selected by voters  Recall—voters remove politicians from office**  Initiative—voters introduce (petition) laws**  Referendum—voters directly vote on law**  16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments**  Income Senators with Alcohol and Women  TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Temperance / Prohibition Wet vs. Dry Conflict— Native born Americans vs. Catholic immigrants Rural vs. Urban Women’s Christian Temperance Union*** Frances Willard Anti-Saloon League Seek laws banning alcohol  18th Amendment**  THEODORE ROOSEVELT Theodore Roosevelt—expands power of the presidency  Changes in labor relations  McKinley: Sides with corporations in labor strikes (1887)  Cleveland: Sides with corporations in labor strikes (1894)  TR: Disputes between coal miners and corporations  Owners don’t compromise—TR threatens to send in the troops; take control of mines Roosevelt’s Square Deal**  Corporations—need control!  Consumers—need protection!  Conservation—Save the trees!  Sherman Anti-Trust Act**  Another law with no teeth Roosevelt’s Response: break up Northern Securities Company (RR)  Can he do it?  The Constitution doesn’t say he can’t…  Upheld by SCOTUS TR the Trust Buster**  Goes after 40 + corporations  Good vs. Bad Trusts  Protect the economy, the consumer, and the environment  Increase power of the Interstate Commerce Commission**  Elkins Act—increase penalties for rate rebates TEDDY R. AND CORPORATIONS  Hepburn Act—set maximum rates for RR  Laissez-faire government—no regulations / protections  Food, drugs, etc. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle***  Calls for socialism, workers rights  HOWEVER…when people read the book…  Creation of federal legislation  FDA, Pure Food and Drug Act, TR AND THE CONSUMER Meat Inspection Act**  TR AND CONSERVATION Few people talking about the environment, conservation Sierra Club—protect the environment  John Muir** TR—Forest Reserve Act  Protects 150,000,000 acres of land Newlands Reclamation Act  Money from sale of public lands goes to irrigation Conservation—TR’s longest lasting domestic achievement  National Parks System** Conservation vs. Preservation  Planned vs. Leave nature alone  ROOSEVELT AND TAFT Roosevelt honors the two-term precedent of Washington Hands the reigns over to Taft Continues TR’s policies  Breaks up more trusts than TR Continues TR’s conservation Differs on foreign policy  Dollar Diplomacy (Latin America) TR not a fan of Taft TR runs again—Bull Moose (3rd) Party**  More on that later WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM  A DIVIDED REPUBLICAN PARTY Republican Party Splits  Pro-Taft vs. Pro-Roosevelt Causes of the Split  Taft supports Payne-Aldrich Tariff—raises rates  Progressive Republicans want a lower tariff  Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy  Taft fires Chief of Forest Service—Pinchot  Criticizes a cabinet member Taft supports for opening up public lands in Alaska for private development—conservation! Election of 1912  Taft (R) vs. Wilson (D) vs. Roosevelt (P) 14  ELECTION OF 1912 Taft wins Republican Nomination Roosevelt runs as a Progressive  New Nationalism platform  Suffrage; anti-trust, etc. Wilson wins Democratic Nomination  New Freedom platform  Lower tariffs, bank reform, anti-trust, etc. Eugene Debs wins Socialist Nomination  Frustrated by slow pace of reform—moves to speed it up  190,000 votes!  Public ownership of major industries Key thing—two republicans run; splits the vote  Wilson wins the election!  PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON Sets his eyes on “triple wall of privilege”  Tariffs, Trusts, Banks  Continues social reforms of Roosevelt and Taft Tariffs Trusts Banks Underwood Tariff Federal Trade Federal Reserve Act --Lowers tariffs Commission --Gold Standard inflexible --POTUS forms committee; --1st major reduction/50 investigates monopolies; --Federal Govt regulates years labor unions not money supply prosecuted ---increase/decrease --Clayton Anti-Trust Act paper money as needed increases Sherman Anti- Trust Act --16th Amendment AFRICAN-AMERICANS & PROGRESSIVISM Progressive Movement largely excludes African-American  Social justice democracy ignored for African- Americans  Politicians, reformers, etc.—ignored all the way around Plessy v. Ferguson  Separate, but equal laws  Lynching laws Key to know:  Booker T. Washington—vocation, Tuskegee Institute  Accommodationist; gradual rights  WEB DuBois—NAACP—The Souls of Black Fold  Immediate rights; Niagara Movement  Ida B. Wells—Southern Horrors  Suffrage, lynching, NAACP, etc.  WOMEN IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Biggest accomplishment—suffrage rights  NOT supported by Wilson, Democrats NAWSA  Carrie Chapman Catt  Fight state by state to win voting rights NAWSA to slow for some  Alice Paul forms NATIONAL WOMAN’S PARTY  More “militant” than NAWSA  Call for a national amendment (19th)***  WILSON’S FOREIGN POLICY Age of imperialism / expansionism has passed – we think Asia, Latin America “Big Stick” and “Dollar” Diplomacy Wilson’s plan—Moral Diplomacy Promote democracy around the world Less imperialism  Seeks better relations with Panama, Philippines, etc. The problem—issues in Mexico MEXICO Mexico involved in a revolution—removes dictator from power  We care—money and investments in Mexico!  Rotating leadership  Leads to a military dictator—Huerta Wilson refuses to recognize Mexican government under Huerta  Arms embargo to Mexico; Arms revolutionaries instead  Pancho Villa American soldiers arrested by Mexican officials at Tampico  US responds—Naval forces occupy Vera Cruz  Pancho Villa responds—leads raids across border; kills people in TX, NM  US responds—1916 John J. Pershing*** leads the AEF*** to Mexico to get Villa  Unsuccessful MOUNTING TENSIONS USA on track for war with Mexico…until… War breaks out in Europe—The Great War (WWI)  MANIA***  Causes of virtually every war Wilson, USA vow neutrality  Except, not really  Relations with England vs. relations with Germany  Language, culture, politics, etc.’  Manufacturing / money / trade  English Navy blockades Germany from trading with USA  German submarine warfare  Lusitania  Sussex BIBLIOGRAPHY Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com WWI & ITS AFTERMATH AMERICAN YAWP CHAPTER 21  Started on July 28, 1914 Ended November 11, 1918 11:00 AM Almost 8 million died because of the war Russia had the most: 1.7 million 22,000,000 wounded GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT WWI 2  MAP OF ALLIANCES 3 Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war (ARMS RACE) Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect one another European powers formed rival alliances to protect themselves Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically. Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand CAUSES OF WWI – MANIA!  World War I was the first war in which advanced weaponry and tactics were used There was a race for creating more weapons of mass destruction among nations There was a desire to create a large amount of weapons as well as MILITARISM building up a nation’s army and navy 5  The Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy was counter-balanced by the Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Great Britain. As a result, by 1907 Europe was divided into two armed and rather fearful camps. TRIPLE ALLIANCE VS. TRIPLE ENTENTE  NATIONALISM The French Revolution had spread nationalism throughout most of Europe The idea that people with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states through the process of self- determination  NATIONALISM Strong in the Balkan Area Ottoman Empire → ruled the Balkan area for 400 years Balkans Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, and Slav Each group was struggling for their own independence BOSNIA Area of great hostility Austria- Hungary annexed Bosnia as one of its territories in 1908 Serbia was newly independent and thought that Bosnia should be one of their territories This became an area of conflict 8  IMPERIALISM Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Clash of France against Germany and Britain in North Africa In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia.  Bosnian Serb teenager who THE “SPARK” assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914. Princip joined the resistance group, Young Bosnia, and believed that assassinating the royal family was a necessary step toward freedom and a unified Serbia. Trained in terrorism by the secret society, The Black Hand. 19 y/o senior in high school when he assassinated Franz Ferdinand. GAVRILO PRINCIP  DOMINO EFFECT Austria Hungary blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria - Hungary. Russia pledged their support for Serbia. Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany. 11  Allied Powers Central Powers Russia Germany France Austria-Hungary Great Britain Ottoman Empire Italy Bulgaria Japan United States (1917) COMBATANTS OF WWI  What’s a stalemate? Neither side can make a move to win Both sides of the war threw arms and troops in to win but… Millions die without gaining ground. WHY WAS WWI A STALEMATE?  Machine gun Poison gas (Mustard gas)  Carried by the wind  Burned out soldier’s lungs  Deadly in the trenches Submarine Airplane Tank Hand grenades Flame Throwers Why these weapons? WHAT NEW WEAPONS WERE Why now? USED IN WWI?  THE TRENCH SYSTEM Front line Communication trench Support trenches No Mans Land Barbed wire BRITISH TRENCH GERMAN TRENCH What differences do you notice? 16 LIFE IN THE TRENCHES Elaborate systems of defense Boredom barbed wire Soldiers read to pass the Concrete machine gun nests time Mortar batteries Sarah Bernhardt came Troops lived in holes out to the front to read underground poetry to the soldiers  “DEATH IS EVERYWHERE” “We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.” Death numbed the soldier’s minds. Shell shock (mental anguish)PTSD Psychological devastation “Never such innocence again” Bitterness towards aristocratic officers whose lives were never in danger TRENCH FOOT Technology of World War I War in the Trenches - *Age Restricted  Tanks made it possible for soldiers to follow behind, while the tank crossed no man’s land. Tanks were also able to cross over trenches without getting stuck. TANKS  Chlorine gas irritated lung tissue causing mucus build-up and a choking effect that could cause death. Mustard gas caused blistering in the lungs and throat if inhaled in large quantities. It was harder to filter out with gas masks. Chlorine/Mustard Gas  Early on, planes were used for surveillance and spy photographing. Later in the war, guns were mounted to the planes to allow pilots to fight in the skies. PLANES  The machine gun could fire rounds so quickly that it single handedly resulted in the necessity of trenches. MACHINE GUNS  The RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner that was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. The sinking killed 1,198 passengers and crew, including 128 Americans. The sinking of the Lusitania turned public opinion in the United States against Germany and was a factor in bringing the U.S. into World War I. Germany justified the attack by claiming the Lusitania was carrying military supplies, making it a legitimate military target. The U.S. public was still divided on entering the war, and President Wilson was able to keep the U.S. neutral for two more years. SINKING THE LUSITANIA In 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant ships headed to Britain. 24  WILSON AND WORLD WAR I Process of US being at war is slow  “Official” stance of neutrality** However…  Relations with England  German aggression  Submarine Warfare;  RMS Lusitania  Zimmerman Telegram**  German offer to help Mexico recover land lost in the Mexican- American War if Mexico would side with Germany in WWI.  1917  Apologies and continuation MANIA Germany expected US to join the war—why poke the bear? WILSON’S “Make the world safe for democracy”  Money, riches, territory—that’s not the goal REQUEST  Freedom is the goal!  USA was not ready for war.  Weapons, munitions, men Selective Service Act**  Conscription into the American Expeditionary Forces***  AEF – First American Forces to serve in WWI. War is financed by War Bonds / Liberty Bonds***  Sixteenth Amendment, as well MOBILIZING FOR A TOTAL WAR**  Agencies Created:  National War Labor Board (labor disputes, strikes, etc.)  AFL supports war effort; IWW opposed war, calls for strikes  War Industries Board  Set production priorities for war  US Food Administration (Hoover)  Conserve Food**  Victory Gardens** WWI—boosts support for 18th MOBILIZATION FOR A TOTAL Amendment  Anti-German, conserve resources WAR  SILENCING FREE SPEECH Similar in kind…  Committee of Public Information  Anti-German propaganda  Support the war effort***  Espionage Act—no interference with draft***  Sedition Act—no criticism of the government*** Increase in anti-German nativism  “Attack the Hun!”  Sauerkraut→ Liberty Cabbage; Beethoven, etc.  Great Migration— African Americans**  1910-1920s / Causes Immigration / deportation Race relations in the military  Segregated units  Continued tensions/riots WORLD WAR I: THE HOME FRONT after the war  Key to understand— women win the war for us! Take the place of men in the factories***  Their role will push the cause for the 19th Amendment WOMEN ON THE HOME FRONT WORLD WAR I: STAAR MUST KNOW! Battlefront: The Argonne Forest Final German offensive Alvin York, John Pershing, AEF*** German defeat 20XX PITCH DECK TITLE 34 WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS** Wilson wants to be “hands on” with the war’s end The goal: prevent a second World War  Freedom of the seas  No more trade barriers  Reduce militaries  Self determinization/self-government  League of Nations**  USA came to the “game” late— little room to make demands The Big Four England, Italy, France, USA Wilson’s goal: keep the peace Everyone else’s goal: retribution And the US Senate The Senate (Republican lead) declines the join the LoN Henry Cabot Lodge leads the opposition** WILSON’S PROBLEM(S)  LEAGUE OF NATIONS Why reject an organization that seeks peace? Tradition!  George Washington and isolationism  Permanent alliances to be avoided Opposition to Article X of the LoN  Back allies up if attacked  Stretched too thin?  Monroe Doctrine question Focus on us  “Return to Normalcy”**  Wilson’s 14 Points rejected Sans League of Nations Biggest cause of World War II  England, Italy and France’s goal—punish Germany  Reparations, land, military, etc.*** TREATY OF VERSAILLES** BIBLIOGRAPHY Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com 39 THE NEW ERA AMERICAN YAWP CHAPTER 22  IMPACT OF WWI ON AMERICA Technology: Refrigeration Assembly Lines Americans Attacked communism, radicalism, un- Radio/Broadcasting turned inward Americanism, foreigners, free trade after World War I Vaccines*** Vacuum Cleaners New technology, consumer products, leisure and entertainment Prosperity Veneer over wide gap between rich and Economic: poor Industrial Boom Women in the Workplace Buying on Credit 2 REPUBLICAN WHITE HOUSE Republican Presidents: Warren G. Harding, Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover Ineffective leading US through Great Depression Pursued pro-business policies, favored less regulation Laissez-Faire Economic growth in early/mid-1920s, end of isolationism Crash of 1929 led to Great Depression,  CULTURE OF CONSUMPTION The “Roaring 20s,” “Boom,” the “Jazz Age”** Terms all apply to the 1920s—why? MASS CONSUMPTION / MASS PRODUCTION** 1920s—first time majority of Americans live in urban areas Stock market grows tremendously** Buying on margin, speculation** Invest, buy and sell New, affordable consumer goods made available to society** Sample Footer Text 4  CULTURE OF CONSUMPTION Electricity in homes leads to higher demand for consumer goods Radio, vacuum cleaners, CARPET! How did people afford these new goods? Installment plans** Buy now, pay later—problem! Advertising on the rise— manipulate consumers, increase demand to make more money!!! New technology like the radio, and eventually the television make advertising more effective.  ALCOHOL Eighteenth Amendment—ratified in 1919 Prohibits manufacture, sale, transportation of alcohol Volstead Act Challenged all over the country—crime rate on the rise!** Cities, immigrants, etc. Speakeasies** Al Capone** Corruption in government prevents full enforcement Making rules is one thing. Enforcing them is another. Repealed in 1930s with the 21st Amendment**  REBELLION AGAINST PROHIBITION Violations of the law Many Americans sought distractions from post-WWI stress Speakeasies replaced saloons Prohibition banned alcohol but led to the increase of speakeasies. High-alcoholic content drinks were popular because of difficulty of transportation. (less quantity, but higher ABV%) Americans made alcohol at home (“home brew” or “bathtub gin”) This led to a southern tradition of “Moonshining” CUSTOMERS ENJOYING A DRINK AT A SPEAKEASY WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE QUALITY OF THE BAR?  THE GOLDEN AGE OF GANGSTERISM Huge profits made in smuggling and selling alcohol led to crime and gangs. Gang territory Gangs sought to control city by fighting “wars” Police and judges bribed (corruption all over again!) Few arrests, fewer convictions - De Gracy and Edward Dalton - Two crime bosses that were NEVER convicted but everyone “knew” THE GOLDEN AGE OF GANGSTERISM “Scarface” Al Capone Born in Brooklyn, New York 6th grade drop out, Joined Johnny Torrio’s NYC Street gang Torrio sent Capone to Chicago to work with James "Big Jim" Colosimo. After Torrio’s death, Capone took over as crime boss in Chicago. 1925 – 1931 – 6 years of brutal gang warfare St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929) – 7 disarmed members of rival gang killed. The massacre was an attempt to eliminate George “Bugs” Moran, head of the Chicago’s North Side Gang. Convicted of income tax evasion Served 11 years Released as a syphilitic wreck in 1939 ST. VALENTINE’S DAY MASSACRE Saint Valentine's Day Massacre was the murder of seven members and associates of Chicago's North Side Gang that occurred on Saint Valentine's Day 1929. The perpetrators have never been conclusively identified, but former members of the gang working for Capone are suspected of involvement ST. VALENTINE’S DAY MASSACRE, 1929 *Disclaimer* Disturbing image  TRANSPORTATION CHANGES Frederick Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management Increase productivity by eliminating the “middle-man” Leads to development of an assembly line** Henry Ford, Model-T** Mass production, affordable cars! Automobile industry causes growth of other industries Steel, rubber, gasoline, highway, etc. Charles Lindbergh** First solo flight across the Atlantic Citizens followed journey through radio** A MODEL T ASSEMBLY LINE, 1913  HUMANS DEVELOP WINGS Charles Lindbergh 1927 – made first solo flight across Atlantic Ocean (New York to Paris) Flew the Spirit of St. Louis for 33 hours, 39 minutes Became first media-created hero of 20th century “Lucky Lindy” received huge welcome when he returned to New York Image of wholesome, handsome young man celebrated  THE SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS OVER PARIS, 1927 Impact of the airplane Gave restless Americans another way to travel 1940s – travel on scheduled airlines safer than on highways Huge new industry Further hurt battered railroad industry New weapon of war Increased speed of life  MASS MEDIA November 1920—first radio broadcast Harding newly elected President Radio’s importance—ties the nation together!** African-American influence** Movie industry—Hollywood on the rise The Jazz Singer, first “talkie” Blackface Growth of celebrity culture Babe Ruth**  GENDER ROLES OF THE 1920S Time of challenging social norms** Women especially challenge the norms* “Sex O’Clock” Jazz, dancing, drinking, bootlegging, etc. All cause “tension” between younger and older generations** Ultimate symbol of rebellious women in the 1920s: FLAPPER****** Margaret Sanger—challenges roles further Speaks in favor of birth control; woman’s right to access Advertisers used sex to sell products Flappers symbolize women’s new freedom One-piece bathing suits for women Old suits covered down to ankles  THE FLAPPER Fashion trends for women changed drastically among the younger generation. Bobbed (short) hair Short dress Rolled stockings Red cheeks and lips Smoking Flat body 20  THE PROHIBITION “EXPERIMENT” Why prohibition failed Tradition of alcohol in America Tradition of weak control by central government (especially over private lives) Difficult to enforce law which majority (or strong minority) opposed Disillusionment after WWI led to questioning of idealism and self-denial in general Soldiers argued law passed while they were in Europe Understaffed and underpaid federal enforcers 21  CHALLENGING SOCIETAL NORMS Fundamentalism. Traditionalism. Contemporary. All come in to question during the time period Urban vs. Rural Is every word in the Bible to be taken literally? Radio used by preachers to speak against “sins of the flesh” Scopes Case** ACLU challenges Tennessee law regarding evolution and public schools John Scopes Heard through radio Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan—attorneys** Scopes was found guilty after an 8-day trial and was fined $100  THE DYNAMIC DECADE Jazz Moved from New Orleans with migrating blacks during World War I Important musicians in 1920s W.C. Handy, King Oliver, “Jelly Roll” Morton, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington. Jazz music emerged from African American communities Blend of ragtime, blues, and other styles with improvisation Centered in New Orleans but spread to Chicago, New York, Kansas City Louis Armstrong became first major soloist and jazz star Spread via radio and records to become hugely popular nationwide Seen by some at the time as dangerous or unwholesome Celebrated as an original American art form and liberated music  HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE 1920S “Mixed” era for African-Americans Lynching, Jim Crow, Segregation still enforced in the country Nonetheless— The Great Migration Jazz music** The Harlem Renaissance** Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, etc.** The “New Negro” –racial pride Marcus Garvey** Universal Negro Improvement Association Calls for separatism, for Africans to “go back to Africa” Self-reliance, self-sufficiency, etc. among Black Americans HARLEM RENAISSANCE – CAB CALLOWAY 25  LANGSTON HUGHES – THE WEARY BLUES  THE LOST GENERATION Group of writers that criticize different aspects of the 1920s Criticize US involvement in WWI, Small town values, fundamentalism, materialism of the decade F. Scott Fitzgerald** The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway Sinclair Lewis Sample Footer Text 27  ROBERT JOHNSON – “BLUES RHYTHM”  AMERICA POST-WORLD WAR I Growing fear about the spread of Communism*** First Red Scare Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin Race riots Jobs, culture, housing Bombings in various cities A. Mitchell Palmer**** FBI, Palmer Raids June 1919 – bomb exploded at Palmer’s home  SEEING RED Attacks in civil liberties Palmer Raids Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer arrested 5,000 suspected communists on flimsy evidence and with no warrants December 1919 – shipload of 249 alien radicals deported to USSR State laws outlawed mere advocacy of violence for social change Sample Footer Text 30  AMERICA POST-WORLD WAR I Nativism on the rise Socialists, anarchists, labor unions, radicals, etc. New immigrants targeted Quota Act of 1921—3% cap of 1910 census National Quota Act of 1921—2% cap of 1890 census Asian immigrants targeted No Japanese immigration Unrestricted immigration from Western Hemisphere 31  NATIVISM IN THE 1920S** Sacco and Vanzetti*** Italian anarchists; robbery and murder charges Took to trial—found guilty, executed Fair trial? Resurgence of the KKK Midwest Not just anti-African-American Birth of a Nation—pro-KKK film “Patriotic” organization Support from white protestants  HOODED HOODLUMS OF THE KKK New Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s Claimed to stand for moral, Christian values. Extremist, ultraconservative uprising against forces of diversity and modernity of 1920s Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti- Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti- internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti- bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, anti-birth control Pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-“native” American, pro- Protestant 33 KU KLUX KLAN POLITICS AND VIOLENCE IN THE 1920S  1929 – STOCK MARKET CRASH Causes Speculation and stock buying on margin Investors used borrowed money to purchase stock. When the market crashed, all the money was lost, but the loan was still owed to the bank. Little regulation or oversight of markets Overproduction and declining consumption Weak banking structure Uneven distribution of income  1929 – STOCK MARKET CRASH Impact: Stock prices plunged 25% from Oct-Nov 1929 Wiped out billions in wealth almost overnight Sparked widespread bank failures and bankruptcies *Disclaimer* Numerous bankers and investors committed suicide. Disturbing image Led to 25% US unemployment Demonstrated dangers of an unregulated stock market Showed fragility of the postwar economic boom Banks called in loans and many Americans lost their homes & businesses. BIBLIOGRAPHY Main Source: Locke, Joseph and Ben Wright, editors. The American Yawp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. americanyawp.com Additional information: Brinkley, Alan. American History. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Stacy, Jason and Matthew Ellington. Fabric of a Nation. Boston: Bedford, Freeman & Worth, 2020. 37 THE GREAT DEPRESSION A M E R I C A N Y A W P C H A P T E R 2 3 1929 - 1939  1929 – Stock Market Crash Causes Speculation and stock buying on margin Investors used borrowed money to purchase stock. When the market crashed, all the money was lost, but the loan was still owed to the bank. Little regulation or oversight of markets Overproduction and declining consumption Weak banking structure Uneven distribution of income  1929 – Stock Market Crash Impact: Stock prices plunged 25% from Oct-Nov 1929 Wiped out billions in wealth almost overnight Sparked widespread bank failures and bankruptcies *Disclaimer* Numerous bankers and investors committed suicide. Led to 25% US unemployment Disturbing image Demonstrated dangers of an unregulated stock market Showed fragility of the postwar economic boom Banks called in loans and many Americans lost their homes & businesses.  Bank Panic & Collapse 1,352 bank failures in 1930, nearly 2,300 in 1932 Billions lost in deposits and savings People rushed to withdraw cash, accelerating failures Once banks were out of cash, they began to call in loans in order to stay open. When borrowers could not pay back the loan, the bank collapsed. Credit dried up as banks denied loans Federal Reserve failed to act as "lender of last resort"  Weaknesses in the 1920s Economy Growing inequality between rich and poor Wealth Gap Issuing of credit Oversaturation of consumer goods market Borrowed money becomes unpayable when Overproduction leads to lowering prices unemployment reaches 25% High tariffs result in fewer overseas customers Years of agricultural depression  Onset of the Depression 25% unemployment at depth of Depression At the peak of the COVID pandemic, unemployment hit 14.8% National output (GDP) fell by 50% Gross Domestic Product Measures the total profits made in the United States each year. Collapse in consumer demand and business investment Farms lost income; crops rotted in the fields Hoover's policies unable to turn tide of economic crisis  Herbert Hoover's Response Assured nation in 1930 that "the depression is over" Passed Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, raising tariffs to record levels Other countries retaliated; global trade plunged over 50% Kept tight monetary policy as banks failed across nation Hoover made some effort to protect businesses that were still operating but did very little in terms of stimulating spending both domestically and internationally. H o o v e r v i l l e / Shantytown  Franklin R o o s e v elt THE POLITICIAN IN A WHEELCHAIR “LET ME ASSERT MY FIRM BELIEF THAT THE ONLY THING WE HAVE TO FEAR IS FEAR ITSELF.”  Franklin Roosevelt Background on FDR Born wealthy; 5th cousin of Theodore Roosevelt Graduated from Harvard 1913 – 1920 – assistant secretary of the navy 1921 – at age 39, contracted polio Paralyzed from waste down Disease made him more compassionate and strong Served in NY legislature and was nominated to vice presidency in 1920 1928 – 1932 – Served as governor of New York Condemned by conservatives as a “traitor to his class”  FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT Eleanor Roosevelt Strong woman who traveled and campaigned for her husband Franklin called her “his legs” “Conscience of the New Deal” Championed causes of poor and dispossessed President Roosevelt with Eleanor Roosevelt  Franklin Roosevelt Election of 1932 – Democratic Platform Nominated Roosevelt Repealed prohibition Alcohol sales become legal, taxable, and profitable. Blamed Hoover for Depression Balance the budget Sweeping social and economic reforms E l e c t i o n o f 1932  Hoover’s Humiliation in 1932 November 1932 – March 4, 1933 – Hoover’s lame duck period Hoover could not take any long-range action without FDR Republicans argued (now and then) that Roosevelt deliberately allowed the Depression to worsen to give himself more glory  FDR and the Three R’s: Relief, Recovery, and Reform New Deal’s goals Roosevelt’s management style Short-range – relief and New Congress willing to pass immediate recovery almost anything Roosevelt Long-range – permanent asked for recovery and reform of abuses Much legislation was written by that had produced the boom- the “Brain-Trust” – group of and-bust cycle academics brought in by Roosevelt Public was willing to support any action (ev