ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing PDF

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM not critical to an individual’s immediate ability to survive, problems with these organs might be ignored, minimized, or go unrecognized. Such disregard can permit a potentially treatable disorder Male Reproductive Organs Anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. scrotum testes epid...

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM not critical to an individual’s immediate ability to survive, problems with these organs might be ignored, minimized, or go unrecognized. Such disregard can permit a potentially treatable disorder Male Reproductive Organs Anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. scrotum testes epididymis prostate seminal vesicles Cowper’s glands urethra penis. spermatozoa. There are two scrotal compartments each containing a single testis. The smooth muscle is the dartos muscle that contracts with cold or sexual stimulation. which time they begin to produce viable sperm. Each testicle is divided into lobules. Within these Page 123 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing 1. while they mature. During sexual excitation, smooth muscle in the walls contract to propel 2. ejaculatory duct. 3. join with the urethra. 4. urethra (surrounded by erectile tissue), and the membranous urethra (surrounded by the external urethral sphincter). 1. seminal vesicles – small sacs that reside behind the bladder and empty into the ejaculatory duct. The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline substance that nourishes and protects sperm. 2. the urethra as it exits the bladder. It also secretes an alkaline substance that increases sperm 3. 1. root – the point at which the penis extends below the pubis 2. 3. Page 124 the pituitary/hypothalamic hormones. The principal testicular hormones are testosterone, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone. All three are involved in prenatal growth and 1. 2. male pattern hair distribution 3. voice 4. increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity 5. increased muscle and bone mass, metabolic activity, red blood cell mass, and increased Anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ovaries uterus cervix vagina vaginal openings, and the clitoris) 7. breasts. Page 125 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing and progesterone. 1. perimetrium (serosa) 2. myometrium (smooth muscle) 3. endometrium. 1. 2. 3. cervix – constricted neck that protrudes into the vagina. the vulva. with larger ducts that end just behind the nipple. The mammary glands are separated by dense connective tissue that supports the glands and attaches them to the chest wall. Page 126 climacteric). Menopause can also be caused surgically by removing the ovaries, or chemically depression, vaginal dryness, and emotional irritability. These symptoms have been treated Male Reproductive Disorders Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy condition experienced by males ages 45 years and over. There is a very low prevalence at younger glandular tissue thickens due to stimulation by testosterone, producing nonmalignant hyperplasia, ® ® ) and dutasteride (Avodart® ® ), doxazosin (Cardura®), ), and tamsulosin (Flomax® which must be considered when underwriting an individual taking Proscar® or Propecia® (the same ® Page 127 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing incontinence. Screening Using PSA considered borderline, and values greater than 10 ng/ml are high. a repeat biopsy is indicated, particularly when the PSA levels are between 4 and 10 ng/ml and a 1. 2. PSA bound to other proteins. Page 128 Prostatitis Acute indicates that it is an isolated occurrence, while chronic indicates recurrent or sustained prostatitis. medications. The medications that are prescribed should be appropriate to the pathogens that are and analgesics. Prostate Stones Page 129 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing breaks up stones into smaller pieces so that they can pass into the urine. Stones that do not respond to this treatment can be removed surgically. Solitary Prostate Nodule Prostate Cancer Testicular Cancer 1. 2. 3. radiation therapy. For individuals with seminoma (all stages combined), the cure rate exceeds 90%. carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma. Tumors that have seminoma histology but have elevated serum is approximately 80%. Those with bulky tumors or metastasis achieve remission in more than 75% chemotherapeutic agents such as vinblastine, actinomycin D, and bleomycin (VAB protocol), Page 130 metastasis. Distant Metastasis (M) Epididymitis and Orchitis and can require surgery. Page 131 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing Testicular Atrophy, Testicular Failure, and Cryptorchism adult males as well as the inability to produce sperm in the undescended testicle. Hydrocele, Spermatocele, Varicocele typically treated with surgery or aspiration. Varicocele is a swelling in the scrotum caused by varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by Erectile Dysfunction prevalence among those in their 70s. with diabetes, hypertension, or atherosclerosis. ED can also be due to neurological disorders such Common medications and substances that contribute to ED include alcohol, antidepressants, ® Page 132 ® ® ). unstable cardiac disorder treated with nitrates such as nitroglycerin. Males with stable ischemia, hypertension, and/or severe coronary artery disease treated with other medications, such as Fibrocystic Disease cysts. examination or during physical examination by a physician. Breast cysts can be diagnosed with a Fibroadenomas Ductal Papilloma (papillocarcinomas). Page 133 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing Paget’s Disease of the Breast Endometriosis ® ® Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 1. 2. 3. Page 134 ), and gonadotropin 4. polymenorrhea – menstrual periods occurring in cycles 21 days or less 5. menorrhagia – abnormally long menstrual periods or excessive bleeding during menstruation but occurring cyclically 6. metrorrhagia – bleeding between regular menstrual periods 7. 8. condyloma acuminata can cause cervical bleeding. atrophic endometrium, endometrial polyps, and endometrial hyperplasia. measuring endometrial thickness (i.e., the endometrial stripe) with transvaginal ultrasonography. 1. physical examination, including pelvic exam, reproductive history, and medication history 2. 3. 4. 5. ultrasound or CT scan. ), or hysterectomy ® Page 135 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome resistance that is associated strongly with metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis is made by symptom presentation, hormonal testing, and ultrasonography. ® chronic pelvic pain. drain abscesses or remove tissue that is too damaged to heal. Fibroids and adjoining structures. They can grow very large, causing bleeding, pelvic pain, and reproductive malignancy (i.e., leiomyosarcoma). Page 136 the blood supply with uterine artery embolization. With most malignancies, primary tumors that are treated when they are small and have not metastasized have much better prognoses than tumors that are large and have spread to other parts as well. 1. 2. or vaginal discharge, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis requires a pelvic examination Breast Cancer least common. Endometrial Cancer Page 137 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing prognostic indicators. 1. have had unopposed estrogen treatment (estrogen not combined with progestins) that 2. 3. are morbidly obese 4. are diabetic and hypertensive 5. 6. have a genetic predisposition. Type 1 cancers tend to be low grade, endometrioid type tumors that have progesterone receptor Page 138 1. younger age 2. good response to treatment 3. 4. cell type other than mucinous and clear cell 5. 6. Cervical Cancer Page 139 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing or vulvar cancers are at increased risk. Complications Associated with Pregnancy and hypertension. 1. increased blood and plasma volume, red blood cell mass, and decreased hematocrit (not 2. exogenous iron supplementation is recommended 3. increased total cholesterol in late pregnancy 4. increased alkaline phosphatase in late pregnancy 5. decreases 6. 7. 8. maternal immune system 9. 10. increased insulin release, but decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, particularly as pregnancy 11. third trimester). Page 140 Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia have anticonvulsant medication added to this treatment. delivery, or developmental abnormalities. Hyperemesis Gravidarum Liver Disorders Page 141 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy on bile transport. Intense itching (pruritus) develops in the second or third trimester, associated Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Peripartum and Postpartum Cardiomyopathy requires hospitalization and bed rest. During delivery, special attention by the obstetrician and anesthesiologist is required to monitor cardiac hemodynamics. multiple pregnancies. Ectopic Pregnancy implantation is the most common, but implantation can take place in the cervix, ovary, or abdominal massive internal bleeding, hypotension, and shock. abortion, or previous ectopic pregnancy. Symptoms include sudden abdominal pain and syncope. Page 142 Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common communicable diseases in associated with sexual transmission include hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, salmonellosis, giardiasis, amebiasis, shigellosis, and campylobacteriosis. Page 143 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing Several types can cause genital warts (i.e., condylomata acuminata, venereal warts) that are Aldara® Page 144 Syphilis untreated, it will heal within 4 to 8 weeks. anemia, jaundice, and albuminuria. Acute meningitis can also develop. In untreated disease, syphilis out in patches (alopecia areata). causing masses, ulcerations, and necrosis (gummas). The cardiovascular and nervous systems nonreactive over time. Page 145 ALU 201: Intermediate Medical Life Insurance Writing in the genital region, it is called herpes genitalis. ® (Famvir ). ® Chlamydia Chancroid Page 146 ), valacyclovir (Valtrex® can progress to lymphadenopathy, lymph node abscesses (buboes), and severe tissue destruction. Page 147