Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1 Sure, here are some questions based on the text: **.1What is hypertrophy**? - Increased heart weight or ventricular thickness - Enlarged chamber size - Atrial cardiomyocytes with cytoplasmic storage granules - B-type natriuretic peptide in ventricular myocytes **.2What does dilation...

Chapter 1 Sure, here are some questions based on the text: **.1What is hypertrophy**? - Increased heart weight or ventricular thickness - Enlarged chamber size - Atrial cardiomyocytes with cytoplasmic storage granules - B-type natriuretic peptide in ventricular myocytes **.2What does dilation refer to**? - Enlarged chamber size - Increased heart weight or ventricular thickness - Cytoplasmic storage granules in atrial cardiomyocytes - Atrial natriuretic peptide in ventricular myocytes **.3Where is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stored**? - In cytoplasmic storage granules of atrial cardiomyocytes - In ventricular myocytes - In the sinoatrial (SA) node - In the Bundle of His (AV bundle) **.4Which type of natriuretic peptide is found in ventricular myocytes **? - B-type natriuretic peptide - Atrial natriuretic peptide - Sinoatrial (SA) node - Right bundle branch division **.5Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located**? - At the junction of the right atrial appendage and superior vena cava - In the right atrium along the interatrial septum - In the ventricular septum - In the Purkinje network **.6Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located**? - In the right atrium along the interatrial septum - At the junction of the right atrial appendage and superior vena cava - In the ventricular septum - In the Purkinje network **.7What does the Bundle of His (AV bundle) connect**? - The right atrium to the ventricular septum - The right atrial appendage to the superior vena cava - The right and left bundle branches - The sinoatrial (SA) node to the atrioventricular (AV) node **.8What do the right and left bundle branch divisions stimulate**? - Their respective ventricles via further arborization into the Purkinje network - The sinoatrial (SA) node - The atrioventricular (AV) node - The Bundle of His (AV bundle) Chapter 2 Sure, here are some questions based on the text:.1What are fatty streaks primarily composed of? - Lipid-filled foamy macrophages - Collagen fibers - Smooth muscle cells - Elastic fibers.2How do fatty streaks appear in terms of their shape and effect on blood flow ? - Elongated streaks 1 cm long or longer that are not particularly raised and do not cause significant flow disturbance - Small, raised lesions causing significant flow disturbance - Round patches causing significant flow disturbance - Elongated streaks with significant flow disturbance.3What is the appearance of atheromatous plaques? - Yellow-tan and raised above the surrounding vessel wall - Red and flat against the vessel wall - Green and recessed below the vessel wall - White and level with the vessel wall.4Which of the following is NOT one of the principal components of atherosclerotic plaques? - Platelets - Cells (SMCs, macrophages, T lymphocytes) - ECM (collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans) - Intracellular and extracellular lipids.5In what order are the vessels most extensively involved in atherosclerosis ? - Lower abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, coronary arteries, popliteal arteries, internal carotid arteries, vessels of the circle of Willis - Coronary arteries, lower abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, internal carotid arteries, popliteal arteries, vessels of the circle of Willis - Internal carotid arteries, popliteal arteries, lower abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, vessels of the circle of Willis, coronary arteries - Vessels of the circle of Willis, internal carotid arteries, coronary arteries, lower abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, popliteal arteries.6What are some major consequences of atherosclerotic disease? - Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, aortic aneurysms, peripheral vascular disease - Diabetes, hypertension, renal failure, pulmonary embolism - Osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, chronic kidney disease - Asthma, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema.7What is atherosclerosis primarily driven by? - An interplay of vessel wall injury and inflammation - High blood pressure and smoking - Genetic factors alone - Low cholesterol levels and physical inactivity.8How do stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques differ? - Stable plaques cause symptoms related to chronic ischemia by narrowing vessel lumens, while unstable plaques can cause dramatic and potentially fatal ischemic complications - Stable plaques are associated with acute ischemic complications, while unstable plaques are symptom-free - Both stable and unstable plaques cause significant flow disturbance and acute ischemic complications - Stable plaques are more prone to calcification, while unstable plaques develop over years.9What are some components found in the constituents of an atherosclerotic plaque ? - Smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, inflammatory cells, calcifications, lipids, and necrotic debris - Only smooth muscle cells and lipids - Only extracellular matrix and calcifications - Only lipids and inflammatory cells chapter 3 Here are several questions with options based on the text provided: **.1What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia in 90% of cases **? - Obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the epicardial coronary arteries - Coronary emboli - Myocardial vessel inflammation - Vascular spasm **.2Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is also known as what**? - Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Myocardial infarction - Angina pectoris - Sudden cardiac death **.3Which condition results from ischemia causing frank cardiac necrosis**? - Myocardial infarction (MI) - Stable angina - Prinzmetal variant angina - Unstable angina **.4What percentage of cases of IHD is caused by coronary atherosclerosis**? - Greater than 90% %70 - %50 - %10 - **.5What does critical stenosis refer to**? - Fixed lesion obstructing greater than 70% of the vascular cross-sectional area - Acute plaque change - Myocardial vessel inflammation - Variable degrees of thrombosis **.6Which coronary arteries are typically affected by Ischemic Heart Disease**? - LAD, LCX, RCA - Coronary emboli - Myocardial vessels - Vascular spasm **.7What characterizes stable (typical) angina**? - No plaque disruption; caused by chronic stenosing coronary atherosclerosis - Associated with plaque disruption and thrombosis - Caused by coronary artery spasm - Occurs at rest **.8What type of angina is associated with plaque disruption and superimposed thrombosis**? - Unstable or crescendo angina - Stable angina - Prinzmetal variant angina - Chronic stable angina **.9Which form of angina is caused by coronary artery spasm**? - Prinzmetal variant angina - Stable angina - Unstable angina - Myocardial infarction **.10What pattern of angina is described as a crushing or squeezing substernal sensation that can radiate down the left arm or to the left jaw**? - Angina pectoris - Myocardial infarction - Stable angina - Unstable angina Chapter 4.1What color does Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride impart to intact, noninfarcted myocardium? - Brick-red - Pale - Blue - Green.2What appearance does an infarct have in the Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Test (TTC) ? - Unstained pale zone - Brick-red - Yellow - Dark blue.3What effect can ischemia-reperfusion injury have compared to initial damage? - Incite greater local damage - Reduce local damage - Have no effect on local damage - Improve recovery.4What is a common clinical feature of myocardial infarction (MI)? - Prolonged chest pain described as crushing, stabbing, or squeezing - Brief chest pain - Sharp, stabbing pain only - Mild, intermittent pain.5What are some symptoms associated with myocardial infarction aside from chest pain ? - Profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea - Only nausea and vomiting - Only sweating - Only dyspnea.6What percentage of MI patients may experience an entirely asymptomatic onset? %25 - %10 - %50 - %75 -.7What does a transmural infarct sometimes referred to as? - ST-elevation myocardial infarct (STEMI) - Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarct (NSTEMI) - Mild myocardial infarct - Partial myocardial infarct.8What is a subendocardial infarct referred to as? - Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarct (NSTEMI) - ST-elevation myocardial infarct (STEMI) - Transmural infarct - Complete myocardial infarct.9What are the most clinically useful biomarkers of myocardial damage? - Cardiac-specific troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI) - Blood glucose levels - Serum cholesterol levels - White blood cell count Chapter 5 **.1Which arrhythmias are higher in STEMIs compared to NSTEMIs**? - Arrhythmias - Heart murmurs - Bradycardias - Tachycardias **.2What terms describe focal or diffuse fibrosis in the myocardium**? - Accumulated ischemic myocardial damage and/or inadequate compensatory response - Myocardial hypertrophy - Subendocardial myocyte vacuolization - Coronary artery calcification **.3In chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD), what percentage of patients are cardiac transplant recipients**? %50 - %25 - %10 - %75 - **.4What is a characteristic feature of the gross morphology of chronic ischemic heart disease**? - Foci of grey-white fibrosis in brown myocardium - Normal coronary arteries - Healthy, unthickened valves - Absence of myocardial hypertrophy **.5Which feature is NOT typically seen in the gross morphology of chronic ischemic heart disease**? - Healthy valves - Healed scars of previous myocardial infarctions - Mural thrombi - Moderate to severe atherosclerosis **.6Which microscopic feature is commonly associated with chronic ischemic heart disease**? - Myocardial hypertrophy - Atherosclerosis - Mural thrombi - Valvular calcification **.7What is the most common definition of sudden cardiac death (SCD)**? - Unexpected death from cardiac causes, either without symptoms or within 1 to 24 hours of symptom onset - Death after a prolonged illness - Death from non-cardiac causes - Death following a stroke **.8What is the most common mechanism of sudden cardiac death **? - Lethal arrhythmia - Myocardial infarction - Stroke - Pulmonary embolism **.9What is a more common etiology for sudden cardiac death in young individuals**? - Nonatherosclerotic causes - Atherosclerosis - Chronic ischemic heart disease - Coronary artery bypass grafting Chapter 6 Here are some questions based on the provided text with options, with the correct answer listed first: 1**.What is a common cause of aortic stenosis**? - Calcification and sclerosis of anatomically normal or congenitally bicuspid aortic valves - Dilation of the ascending aorta - Myxomatous degeneration - Rheumatic heart disease 2**.Which condition is primarily associated with mitral stenosis **? - Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) - Aortic insufficiency - Myxomatous degeneration (MVP) - Left ventricular dilation 3**.What is the most frequent cause of aortic insufficiency**? - Dilation of the ascending aorta, often secondary to hypertension and/or aging - Calcification of aortic valves - Mitral stenosis - Myxomatous degeneration 4**.What are Aschoff bodies composed of**? - Foci of T lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells, and plump activated macrophages called Anitschkow cells - Fibrinoid necrosis - Small vegetations called verrucae - MacCallum plaques 5**.What characterizes rheumatic heart disease (RHD)**? - Deforming fibrotic valvular disease, particularly involving the mitral valve - Dilation of the ascending aorta - Calcification of the aortic valve - Myxomatous degeneration 6**.What is a key feature of chronic rheumatic heart disease affecting the mitral valve**? - Leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, and shortening - Verrucae overlying necrosis - Small vegetations - Focal inflammatory lesions 7**.What results from diffuse inflammation and Aschoff bodies in acute rheumatic fever (RF)**? - Pericarditis, myocarditis, or endocarditis (pancarditis) - Fibrinoid necrosis - MacCallum plaques - Mitral stenosis 8**.What type of necrosis is associated with acute rheumatic fever in the heart**? - Fibrinoid necrosis within the cusps or tendinous cords - Aschoff bodies - Verrucae - MacCallum plaques 9**.What are MacCallum plaques**? - Irregular thickenings usually found in the left atrium - Small vegetations on valve cusps - Foci of T lymphocytes and macrophages - Areas of fibrinoid necrosis 10**.What type of stenosis is caused by calcification and fibrous bridging across valvular commissures in chronic RHD**? “- Fish mouth” stenosis - Aortic stenosis - Mitral insufficiency - Myxomatous degeneration 11**.What occurs to the valve architecture in chronic rheumatic heart disease**? - Organization of acute inflammation, with post-inflammatory neovascularization and transmural fibrosis - Formation of Aschoff bodies - Presence of small vegetations - Development of MacCallum plaques 12**.What is a defining characteristic of acute rheumatic fever lesions in the heart**? - Aschoff bodies and diffuse inflammation - Leaflet thickening - Commissural fusion - MacCallum plaques Chapter 7 Here are multiple-choice questions based on the text provided: 1.What is a potential consequence of mitral annular calcification? - Regurgitation by interfering with physiologic contraction of the valve ring - Increased risk of myocardial infarction - Enhanced valve leaflet opening - Reduced risk of arrhythmias 2.What can calcific nodules in mitral annular calcification lead to ? - Thrombus formation - Reduced valve leaflets elasticity - Increased valve leaflet mobility - Decreased risk of embolic stroke 3.Mitral annular calcification is most commonly associated with which demographic factor? - Increased age - Male gender - High cholesterol levels - Young age 4.What is a key morphological feature of mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? - Ballooning (hooding) of the mitral leaflets - Thickening of the left ventricular endocardium - Decreased leaflet thickness - Calcification of the mitral annulus 5.What genetic condition is associated with MVP due to fibrillin-1 (FBN1) mutations? - Marfan syndrome - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - Turner syndrome - Down syndrome 6.What is a characteristic histologic change in mitral valve prolapse? - Marked myxomatous degeneration of the spongiosa layer - Reduced deposition of hydrophilic matrix - Increased collagen in the fibrosa layer - Decreased thickness of the valve leaflets 7.What secondary change can occur with mitral valve prolapse? - Fibrous thickening of the valve leaflets - Increased flexibility of the mitral leaflets - Reduced thickness of the mural endocardium - Absence of thrombi on the atrial surfaces 8.Which of the following is a potential serious complication of mitral valve prolapse ? - Infective endocarditis - Decreased risk of thromboembolism - Mitral valve stenosis - Increased risk of coronary artery disease 9.What is the typical clinical presentation of most individuals with mitral valve prolapse ? - Asymptomatic - Severe chest pain - Persistent cough - High fever 10.How is mitral valve prolapse often discovered? - Incidentally during auscultation of mid-systolic clicks - Through a routine blood test - By identifying elevated cholesterol levels - Through an electrocardiogram showing bradycardia Chapter 9 Certainly! Here are several questions based on the text, with the correct answer listed first : **.1What is a common clinical feature of aortic stenosis**? - Increasing pressure gradient across the calcified valve. - Decreased pressure gradient across the valve. - Decreased myocardial mass. - Reduced ventricular hypertrophy. **.2Which symptom of aortic stenosis is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary pressure**? - Exertional dyspnea. - Angina pectoris. - Syncope. - Coronary insufficiency. **.3What does aortic stenosis typically produce in the left ventricle**? - Concentric hypertrophy due to pressure overload. - Eccentric hypertrophy due to volume overload. - Decreased muscle mass. - Dilated cardiomyopathy. **.4Why is surgical valve replacement indicated for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis **? - Medical therapy is ineffective. - Medical therapy is effective. - It reduces ventricular volume overload. - It treats only mild cases of aortic stenosis. **.5Which of the following is a symptom of aortic stenosis related to the increased demand of hypertrophied myocardial mass**? - Angina pectoris. - Exertional dyspnea. - Syncope. - Coronary insufficiency. **.6What is a characteristic effect of aortic insufficiency**? - Massive cardiac enlargement. - Decreased cardiac size. - Normal cardiac size. - Increased cardiac output without enlargement. **.7How much can the heart weigh in cases of aortic insufficiency **? - As much as 1000 gm. - As much as 500 gm. - As much as 200 gm. - As much as 1500 gm. Chapter 10 Here are some multiple-choice questions based on the provided text about Marfan's Syndrome: **.1What is Marfan syndrome primarily a disorder of**? - Connective tissues - Muscles - Nerves - Blood cells **.2What are the principal manifestations of Marfan syndrome**? - Changes in the skeleton, eyes, and cardiovascular system - Changes in the digestive system, skin, and nervous system - Changes in the reproductive system, lungs, and liver - Changes in the kidneys, bladder, and thyroid **.3Marfan syndrome results from a defect in which extracellular glycoprotein**? - Fibrillin-1 - Collagen - Elastin - Laminin **.4Which of the following mechanisms leads to clinical manifestations of Marfan syndrome **? - Loss of structural support in microfibril-rich connective tissue - Increased production of collagen - Decreased blood flow to the heart - Excessive buildup of fatty tissue **.5What is the major component of microfibrils in the extracellular matrix**? - Fibrillin - Collagen - Elastin - Keratin **.6Where are microfibrils particularly abundant **? - Aorta, ligaments, and ciliary zonules - Liver, pancreas, and spleen - Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves - Skin, hair, and nails **.7Which mutation is associated with Marfan syndrome**? - Mutation of FBN1 - Mutation of BRCA1 - Mutation of TP53 - Mutation of CFTR **.8What role does fibrillin-1 play in relation to TGF-β?** - Controls its bioavailability - Increases its degradation - Inhibits its synthesis - Stabilizes its form **.9Which of the following is a skeletal abnormality associated with Marfan syndrome**? - Spinal deformities - Diabetes - Hearing loss - High blood pressure **.10What is a common ocular change in Marfan syndrome**? - Ectopia lentis - Glaucoma - Cataracts - Retinal detachment **.11Which cardiovascular lesion is considered the most life- threatening in Marfan syndrome **? - Dilation of the ascending aorta - Mitral valve prolapse - Aortic dissection - Aortic wall rupture **.12What happens to the mitral valve leaflets in Marfan syndrome**? - They become soft and billowy - They thicken and become rigid - They develop tumors - They calcify excessively **.13What is a common cause of death in individuals with Marfan syndrome**? - Rupture of aortic dissections and cardiac failure - Chronic kidney disease and diabetes - Stroke and pulmonary embolism - Liver failure and gastrointestinal bleeding Chapter 11 Sure, here are questions based on the provided text: **.1What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure**? - Systemic hypertension - Mitral or aortic valve disease - Ischaemic heart disease - Cardiomyopathies **.2Which condition is a major pathologic change resulting from left- sided heart failure**? - Pulmonary congestion and oedema - Systemic venous congestion - Portal venous congestion - Ascites **.3What is a common clinical manifestation of decreased left ventricular output**? - Hypoperfusion and diminished oxygenation of tissues - Muscular weakness and fatigue - Hypoxic encephalopathy - Ischaemic acute tubular necrosis **.4Which of the following is NOT a cause of right-sided heart failure**? - Cor pulmonale - Pulmonary or tricuspid valvular disease - Pulmonary thromboembolism - Systemic hypertension **.5What condition often results from right-sided heart failure**? - Systemic congestion - Decreased left ventricular output - Pulmonary congestion - Dyspnoea **.6Which clinical manifestation is associated with systemic venous congestion**? - Subcutaneous oedema on dependent parts - Hypoxic encephalopathy - Ascites - Cold extremities **.7Which symptom is indicative of reduced cardiac output in right- sided heart failure**? - Anoxia - Systemic congestion - Hydrothorax - Portal venous congestion **.8Which organ is affected by passive congestion in right-sided heart failure**? - Liver - Brain - Kidneys - Skeletal muscles **.9What can cause hypoxic encephalopathy in left-sided heart failure**? - Decreased left ventricular output - Systemic venous congestion - Pulmonary congestion - Ascites **.10What is a primary cause of right-sided heart failure related to lung diseases**? - Cor pulmonale - Mitral or aortic valve disease - Ischaemic heart disease - Cardiomyopathies Chapter 13 Chapter 13 **.1What genetic mutation is associated with 10% to 20% of DCM cases**? - Mutations in TTN, a gene that encodes titin - Mutations in MYH7, a gene encoding beta-myosin heavy chain - Mutations in LMNA, a gene encoding lamin A/C - Mutations in DMD, a gene encoding dystrophin **.2Which feature is NOT typical of the morphology of DCM**? - Normal heart size - Enlarged, heavy heart - Flabby due to dilation of all chambers - Presence of mural thrombi **.3To diagnose DCM, which of the following must be absent**? - Primary valvular alterations - Dilated heart chambers - Coronary artery narrowing - Histologic abnormalities **.4Which histologic abnormality is NOT associated with DCM**? - Interstitial and endocardial fibrosis - Small subendocardial scars - Hyperchromatic, highly distorted “Ninja star”-like nuclei - Large, well-defined nuclei **.5What is a characteristic feature of myocytes in DCM**? - Hyperchromatic, highly distorted “Ninja star”-like nuclei - Normal-sized, rounded nuclei - Absence of hypertrophy - Smaller and more regular nuclei **.6What is a common clinical feature of end-stage DCM**? - Cardiac ejection fraction less than 25% - Normal ejection fraction (50% to 65%) - Absence of secondary mitral regurgitation - Absence of abnormal cardiac rhythms **.7What can embolism in DCM result from**? - Intracardiac thrombi - Dilated heart chambers - Abnormal cardiac rhythms - Primary valvular alterations **.8What is NOT a common histologic feature of DCM**? - Well-defined large nuclei - Interstitial fibrosis - Subendocardial scars - Hypertrophied muscle cells with enlarged nuclei Chapter 14 Sure! Here are some multiple-choice questions based on the provided text: **.1What is the leading cause of left ventricular hypertrophy unexplained by other clinical or pathologic causes**? - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Ischemic Cardiomyopathy **.2What primarily causes diastolic dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)**? - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Ischemic Cardiomyopathy **.3Which gene mutations are most commonly associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy**? - Myosin-binding protein C (MYBP-C) - Cardiac TnI - α-tropomyosin - β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC/MYH7) **.4In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, which pattern of myocardial hypertrophy is characterized by disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum relative to the left ventricle free wall**? - Asymmetric septal hypertrophy - Concentric and symmetrical hypertrophy - Diffuse hypertrophy - Apical hypertrophy **.5What characteristic does the "banana-like" configuration of the ventricular septum describe in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy**? - Bulging of the ventricular septum into the lumen - Dilation of the left ventricle - Thickening of the anterior mitral leaflet - Fibrous endocardial plaque **.6What echocardiographic finding is associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy**? - Systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet - Diastolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet - Mitral valve prolapse - Ventricular dilation **.7What is a major clinical problem in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy**? - Sudden death - Mitral valve stenosis - Aortic regurgitation - Coronary artery disease **.8Which condition is one of the most common causes of sudden, otherwise unexplained death in young athletes**? - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Myocarditis **.9Which condition is characterized by restriction in ventricular filling due to a reduction in the volume of the ventricles**? - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Ischemic Cardiomyopathy **.10Which of the following is NOT an associated disorder of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy**? - Sarcoidosis - Metastatic tumors - Atrial fibrillation - Amyloidosis **.11What does endomyocardial biopsy help to suggest in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy**? - Specific etiology - Ventricular hypertrophy - Myocardial dilation - Left ventricular outflow obstruction **.12What is a common gross morphologic feature of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy**? - Bi-atrial dilation - Myocardial thickening - Ventricular dilation - Coronary artery narrowing **.13Which condition is characterized by patchy or diffuse interstitial fibrosis on microscopy**? - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Ischemic Cardiomyopathy **.14Which condition involves an accumulation of metabolites from inborn errors of metabolism**? - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Ischemic Cardiomyopathy **.15What type of fibrosis is commonly observed in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy**? - Interstitial fibrosis - Myofiber disarray - Myocardial infarction - Endocardial plaque Chapter 15 Here are several questions based on the provided text, each with the correct option listed first : **.1What type of pericarditis is caused by microbial invasion of the pericardial space **? - Purulent or suppurative pericarditis - Hemorrhagic pericarditis - Chronic pericarditis - Constrictive pericarditis **.2What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic pericarditis **? - Spread of a malignant neoplasm to the pericardial space - Infection by bacteria - Viral invasion - Autoimmune response **.3What condition often follows cardiac surgery and may require reoperation due to significant blood loss and tamponade **? - Hemorrhagic pericarditis - Acute pericarditis - Tuberculous pericarditis - Chronic adhesive pericarditis **.4What term is used to describe tuberculous pericarditis and the healed stage of acute pericarditis**? - Chronic or healed pericarditis - Acute pericarditis - Suppurative pericarditis - Fibrous pericarditis **.5What does chronic or healed pericarditis primarily produce **? - Unobtrusive plaque-like fibrous thickenings of the serosal membranes - Purulent exudate - Hemorrhagic effusion - Acute inflammation **.6Which form of chronic pericarditis involves adherence of the pericardial sac to surrounding structures**? - Adhesive mediastinopericarditis - Chronic constrictive pericarditis - Tuberculous pericarditis - Purulent pericarditis **.7What is a characteristic feature of constrictive pericarditis**? - Heart encased in a dense, fibrous, or fibrocalcific scar - Large amounts of pus accumulation - Thin delicate adhesions - Significant increase in pericardial fluid **.8In what type of pericarditis does the pericardium have time to remodel and accommodate a larger volume of fluid **? - Chronic effusions of less than 500 mL in volume - Purulent pericarditis - Acute pericarditis - Hemopericardium **.9What condition is described by "fibrous scar: 1 centimeter in thickness" and "resembles a plaster mold" in extreme cases **? - Constrictive pericarditis - Adhesive pericarditis - Tuberculous pericarditis - Hemorrhagic pericarditis **.10What is a key feature of adhesive pericarditis **? - Mesh-like stringy adhesions - Dense fibrous scarring - Suppurative exudate - Hemorrhagic effusion