ملخص + جوهر Ch(2) 🌸 PDF

+ - 101 - h2) (C.1.2.3.4.5 +.6 : ‫ء‬ : https://t.me/+HcQZm627OhMyOTQ8 https://t.me/ShathaChem2525/20...

+ - 101 - h2) (C.1.2.3.4.5 +.6 : ‫ء‬ : https://t.me/+HcQZm627OhMyOTQ8 https://t.me/ShathaChem2525/20 : : ‫ء‬ https://wtspee.com/966557457104 https://t.me/ShathaChem2525/878  + Ch(2) ( ) 0557457104  Daltons atonic Thesey 1 2 3 Element are composed small particles All atoms of given element are identical have The The atoms of one element different are called [atom] Same Size, mass, chemical properties From the atoms of all ather element 4 5 Compound - composed of atoms of more chemical reaction involves only thang in any compound The ratio of - One separation, Combination, rearrangement element The numbers of atoms of atoms / / 0557457104  Law Law of multiple proportions Law of Conservation of Mass = H 2O CO 16A+8B —> 8A2B 2-1 1-1 H2 O2 CO2 The mass can neither be created nor 2-2 1-2 destroyed. but is transformed From one [ When two elements combine to Form more than one Form to another. Compound, the different masses of the element combine are artio of small numbers ] Example : 1-The existence of ( cu2 o) and ( cuo) ( A)The law of conservation of mass (B) The law of multiplepropro tions (C) A+B 2-When mass of C react with 13,6g of O in [co] The gram of O would react with the Same mass in [co2 ] is A) 25,6 B)13,6 C)27,2 0557457104  Thomson Milikane 1. Measured mass of è 1. Discover è and containe negative Charge è è 2.Measured Charge of è 2.Measured mass/charge of è è α β y Postive charge negative charge 1. No charge 2. most have energy 0557457104  Thomsons Model Rutherford Experiment Chadwick 1. atom ( +) charge is concentrated in the nucleus discovery of neutron (n) and have The atom asuniForm + charge Sphere of matter in 2. Proton (P) has (+) ,( è) has (– )charge nutral charge =0 which(è) are embedded 3. Mass P is 1840 x mass è :.1 Size of nuclear Smaller than Size of atom è.2 mass of nuclear bigger than massof [large]atom 0557457104  Example: 1.Which of the following statements is true? (A) All particles in the nucleus of an atom are charged. B)The atom is best described as a uniform sphere of matter in which electrons are embedded. C)The mass of the nucleus is only a very small fraction of the mass of the entire atom. D)The volume of the nucleus is only a very small fraction of the total volume of the atom. E)The number of neutrons in a neutral atom must equal the number of electrons. 2.The gold foil experiment "Rutherford's experiment" confirmed A) atoms are composed of only electrons. B) atoms are composed of only protons. C) electrons are located in the atom nucleus. D) protons are located in the atom nucleus. 3.Which statement about the atom's nucleus is correct: A) Contains protons; neutrons and it is negatively charged. B) Contains electrons; neutrons and it is positively charged. 1 D C) Contains protons; electrons and it is neutral. 2 D D)Contains protons; neutrons and it is a positively charged. 3 D 0557457104  Particles In atoms: Ptotons ( p+) Nrutrons(n) ْ Electrons(e)- In nucleus ( has charge +1 ) In nucleus (no charge or nutral charge ) around the nucleus ( has charge ‫ــ‬1) 1+ ( ) ‫ــ‬1 … 1840 ‫ ـ‬e n P 0557457104  : è =P =.1 P+n =.2 P – =n.3 : è = P = - _ (‫)ــ‬ (+) + P= è ‫ ــ‬P= è ‫ــ‬ + * Cl 17 Na * 11 17 +1 = 18è 11‫ــ‬1= 10è 0557457104  Element Symbol... Mass nu X A Z Atomic nu : Example: give the number of protons , neutrons and electrons in each of the following species: 0557457104  Isotopes same Differnet Element ,protons , atomic nimber Mass number , netrouns ) ( are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.. 0557457104  Periodic Table Elements are arranged in order of incresing atomic number ( Z) Periods : Horizontal Rows in periodic table , there are 7 periods. Groups ( familied ) : vertical columns element have similar properties. ) there are 8 groups assigned as 1A to 8A & also 1B to 8B ( similar chemical properties ). 0557457104  Periodic Table Representative element ( ) : Assigned as 1A to 7A. Transition element : Assigned as 1b to 8B Inner Transition element : tow rows down periodic table. Lanthanides and Actinides Groups names ‫ء‬ 1A 2A 6A 7A 8A Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Chalcogens Halogens Noble gas or rare gas ( ) : (singl atom ) ( )H 0557457104  Periodic Table Matels: most element (aood conductors of heat and electricity. (‫ء‬ - ) Nonmatels : 17 element (are poor conductors of heat and electricity) (‫ء‬ - ١٧ ) Metalloids: 8 element (have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals ) ٨ ) 0557457104  Molecule ‫ء‬ Tow or more atom held together by chemical bond Mono atomic Di atomic poly atomic Contain only one atom Two atom More than two atoms + ‫ــ‬ +2 +3 O2 , H2 , HCl , N2 ,CO,Br2 H2 o , NH3 , O3 , CH4 Na , Cl , Fe , O , Al ‫ ــ‬2 : ( Di atomic ) : O2 HydroFloricaicd HF > Hydrogen Floride H2S > HydroSulfricacid H2S > Hydrogen Sulfide 0557457104  oxo anion : H3 Po4 Phosphoric acid CO3 Carbonate H2 CO3 Carbonic acid NO3 Nitrate HNO3 nitric acid SO4 Sulfate H2 SO4 sulfric acid XO3 Flourate ,Chlorate,... HXO3 Fluoric acid, chloric acid,..... PO4 Phosphate X= F,Cl,Br ,I 0557457104  : Per ( ) ate (ate) (ite) 2 Hypo ( ) ite.... 1. SO5 Persulfate 1. ClO 4 Perchlorate 2. SO 4 Sulfate 2. ClO 3 chlorate 3. SO 3 Sulfite 3. ClO 2 chlorite hypoSulfite 4. ClO hypochlorite 4. SO 2 0557457104  (O ‫ـ‬ ) : Per ( ) (Ous acid) 2 Hypo ( ) Ous acid.... 1. H3 PO 5 Per phosphric acid 1. HNO 4 Pernitric acid 2. H3 PO 4 phosphric acid 2. HNO 3 nitric acid 3. H3 PO 3 phosphrous acid 3. HNO 2 nitrous acid 4. H3 PO 2 hypophosphric acid phosphorous acid 4. HNO hyponitrous acid 0557457104  : H H (ous acid ) ‫ـ‬ (ic acid ) ‫ـ‬ : : ite ous acid ate ic acid : : : H3 PO3 Phosphorous acid H3 PO4 Phosphoric acid H2 PO O34 dihydrogen Phosphite H2 PO4 dihydrogen Phosphate HNO2 nitrous acid HNO3 nitric acid NO2 nitrite NO3 nitrate H2 SO3 Sulfrous acid H2 SO4 Sulfric acid HSO3 hydrogen sulfite HSO4 hydrogen sulfate 0557457104.: Hydrate compund Compound have nu of H2 O attached to them ‫ء‬ ‫ء‬ + hydride : :. :. CaH2 Calcium hydride BaCl2 2H2 O Barum Chloride di hydrate NaH sodium hydride MgSO4 7H2 O Magnesium sulfate hepta hydrate ( Base ) substance yields OH OH metal + hydroxide : :. KOH Potassiume hydroxide 0557457104  : Which of the following compounds are likely to be ionic? Which are likely to be molecular? SiCl4 , LiF, BaCl2 , B2 H6 , KCI, C2 H4 , CH4 , NaBr, BaF 2 , CCI 4 , ICI, CsC, NF 3 Ionic molecular LiF SiCl4 BaCl2 B2 H6 KCl C2 H4 NaBr CH4 BaF2 CCl4 CsCl ICI NF3 0557457104 : 0557457104 : 0557457104 : 0557457104  ‫ﺗﻌﺎل ﻧﺒﺪع‬ ‫)‪+ Ch(2‬‬ ‫‪0557457104‬‬ D C 17 90 91 A A O5 135- The correct formula of molybdenum (IV) 137- How many electrons and neutrons are hypochlorite is: in 24Cr ion? 52 3+ A) Mo(ClO3 )4 B) Mo(ClO2 )4 A) 27 e⁻, 28 n B) 21 e⁻, 28 n C) Mo(ClO4)4 D) Mo(ClO)4 C) 24 e⁻, 28 n D) 52 e⁻, 24 n 136- The formula of a salt is XCl 2. The X-ion 138- The correct name of “( NH4)3 PO4 “ is: in this salt has 36 electrons. The metal "X" is: A) Fe B) Kr A) tetrammonium phosphate B) nitrogen phosphate C) Sr D) Zr C) nitrogen hydrogen phosphate D) ammonium phosphate 135 D 136 C 137 B 138 D 139- A........ is a molecular compound, while........ is ionic compound, respectively: A) SO2 ;RbBr B) CS2 ; CCl4 C) NO2 ; NH3 D) CsCl; SiC 138- The correct name of “( NH4)3 PO4 “ is: 139 A ‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﺤﻤﺪﻟﻠﻪ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺷﺬﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫‪0557457104‬‬