Plant Anatomy Lecture 3 PDF

# Plant Anatomy ## Lecture 3 ### Dr. Mohamed Awis Badry ### Assistant Professor of Flowering Plants Taxonomy - Faculty of Science - South Valley University **Plant Anatomy** * **Dermal Tissue:** Epidermis, Cortex, Pith * **Vascular Tissue:** Xylem, Phloem * **Ground Tissue:** Cambium ### Col...

# Plant Anatomy ## Lecture 3 ### Dr. Mohamed Awis Badry ### Assistant Professor of Flowering Plants Taxonomy - Faculty of Science - South Valley University **Plant Anatomy** * **Dermal Tissue:** Epidermis, Cortex, Pith * **Vascular Tissue:** Xylem, Phloem * **Ground Tissue:** Cambium ### College Vision Excellence in basic science education and scientific research to contribute to sustainable development. ### College Mission To provide distinguished education in the fields of basic sciences and the production of applied scientific research to contribute to sustainable development by preparing distinguished graduates according to the national academic standards, developing skills and capabilities of human resources, and providing community and environmental services that meet the aspirations of the South Valley community, and building effective community partnerships. ### Cell Structure #### Protoplasm * **Living Contents:** Nucleus, Nucleolus, chromatin network, cytoplasm, vacuoles, cell organelles (plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts - mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies) * **Non-Living Contents:** Cell sap, starch grains, fats and oils, crystals, pigments, other organic materials. #### Cell Wall Composed mainly of Cellulose and other materials ### Non-Protoplasmic components #### 1. Vacuole * It is a large fluid-filled sac enclosed by a semi-permeable membrane, the tonoplast. * It is found in mature plant cells and contains cell sap, which is mainly water but also includes dissolved nutrients, waste products, and pigments. * Vacuoles play important roles in: * Maintaining cell turgor and shape * Storing nutrients and waste products * Regulating cell pH * Transporting substances * Protecting the cell from harmful substances. #### 2. Non-living contents other than vacuoles These are byproducts of cellular metabolism and may appear or disappear at different stages of cell life. They are either stored materials or secretions arising from cellular activity. The most important of these materials are: * **Carbohydrates** * **Soluble:** Sugars like glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Inulin * **Insoluble:** Starch granules * **Proteins:** Form Aleurone grains * **Organic Acids:** Such as citric, malic, tartaric * **Calcium Oxalate:** May exist in the form of: * **Solitary crystals:** Rhombic or polygonal * **Raphide crystals:** Needle-shaped, found in bundles * **Druses crystals:** Star-shaped, composed of many smaller crystals * **Calcium Carbonates:** Found in the form of cystoliths, usually in the epidermis of plants, like figs. * **Other components:** Tannins, anthocyanins, glycosides, mucilage, latex ## Starch Grains * Starch grains are the most important forms of stored carbohydrates in plants. * They are found in chloroplasts and leucoplasts. * Under the microscope, they appear as layered structures with a point marked as the hilum, which may be: * **Central** * **Eccentric** * **Simple:** Single hilum * **Compound:** More than one hilum, but composed of separate simple grains * **Semi-Compound:** Two or more simple grains enclosed by a common layer * Starch grains are insoluble in cold water, but give a blue colour with iodine solution. ## Aleurone Grains * Found in the cytoplasm of cells in the endosperm of oily seeds, like castor seeds. * Under the microscope, they appear as: * **Crystalloid:** A large, angular, protein body * **Globoid:** A smaller, round body composed of proteins fused with phosphates ## End of Lecture ### **Thank you** ### **See you in the next lecture** The document includes a detailed explanation of plant anatomy, focusing on non-living cellular components. It covers: - **Vacuoles:** their structure, formation, and functions - **Carbohydrates:** soluble and insoluble forms, including starch granules - **Proteins:** Aleurone grains - **Organic acids** - **Calcium oxalate:** different types of crystals - **Calcium carbonates:** Cystoliths - **Other components:** Tannins, anthocyanins, glycosides, mucilage, latex The document explains the characteristics and functions of each component and includes illustrative diagrams and images for better understanding.