Alexis Speier - Modern World History Final Exam Study Guide PDF

MODERN WORLD HISTORY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 1. Time period of the Renaissance? (538) - 1300 to 1600 2. Identify Machiavelli and the advice he gave to rulers in his book “The Prince.” (550) - Machiavelli was the center of arts and philosophy and his book “the prince” gave advice...

MODERN WORLD HISTORY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 1. Time period of the Renaissance? (538) - 1300 to 1600 2. Identify Machiavelli and the advice he gave to rulers in his book “The Prince.” (550) - Machiavelli was the center of arts and philosophy and his book “the prince” gave advice to rulers like how they must be trustworthy, but lie or mislead the people for the better. 3. Definition of Skepticism and know how it eventually led to the Scientific Method. (565) - Skepticism meant to doubt everything. It led to the scientific method because they more often would practice experiments and needed a particular way to examine and hypothesise. 4. Reasons the Reformation occurred after the Renaissance. (570-571) - Printing press, humanism, resentful of paying taxes, monarchs challenged the church, sale of indulgences was unacceptable, and secularism. 5. Martin Luther, the Protestant Reformation, and his main complaints about the Catholic Church? - The church was making people pay for indulgences. 6. The 3 principles that Martin Luther’s teachings rested on? (572) - No good works were needed to “impress” God or get into heaven. - All teachings should be taught straight from the bible. - All people with faith were equal. 7. King Henry VIII, the Reformation in England, and creation of the Church of England. - King Henry VIII was a devout catholic. He had 5 wives because he needed a male heir to the English throne. When he went to parliament, he ended the pope's power. 8. What were the three motives for European exploration? (608-609) - God, glory, and gold. 9. When was the Age of Discovery? - Early 1400s 10. What inventions of technology made the exploration of Europeans possible in the 15th and 16th centuries? (609) - Astrolabe, the caravel, and wind rose. 11. Why did European countries want to begin exploration? - Raw materials and wealth. Some were also looking for more trade routes. 12. Identify Prince Henry and how and why Portugal took the lead in early exploration. - Strong Government investment. 13. Significance and effects of Christopher Columbus and Spanish exploration in the Americas. - His voyage increased tensions between Spain and Portugal. 14. Explain the Columbian Exchange. Make sure to know the items that were sent to Europe from the Americas and the items sent from Europe to the Americas. (658-659) - Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic is known as the Columbian Exchange. 15. Significance and effects of France exploration in the Americas.  - The French were primarily interested in establishing commercially viable colonial outposts, so they created extensive trading networks throughout New France. 16. Absolutism and divine right of kings during the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe. 17. What was the main goal of absolute monarchs in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries? (674) - Their goal was to control every aspect of society. 18. What was the mixed legacy that King Louis XIV left after he died? (684) - On the positive side, France ranked above all European nations in art, literature, and statesmanship. Also, a military leader of europe. However, He realized that his wars were ruining France, he regretted the bad he had done to the people too. 19. Identify King Phillip II of Spain. - He was the catholic absolute monarch. He inherited spain and the netherlands, he also built a large army of 50,000 people. 20. Discuss the ways that Peter the Great westernized Russia? - He brought the russian orthodox church under state control and made a group called the holy synod, heavy taxes, modernized his army to 200,000 by his death. 21. What was the ultimate goal of nations under the concept of mercantilism? - To become self-sufficient under a favorable balance of trade. 22. Definition of capitalism. (661) - An economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit. 23. The Glorious Revolution in Great Britain and what was created as a result of it? (704) - This was the overthrow of King James II and this resulted in a constitutional monarchy. 24. Definition of a Constitutional Monarchy. (704) - Laws limited the ruler’s power. 25. Compare the geocentric and heliocentric theories and know who believed in them. (710-11) - Geocentric was the idea that earth was at the center of the universe, the church taught this. But, in the years of the scientific revolution, 26. Definition of the Scientific Revolution. (711) - The scientific revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. That way was based upon careful observation and questioning accepted beliefs. 27. Definition of the Scientific Method. (713) - A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. 28. Time period of the Enlightenment. (718) - took place during the 18th century and stressed reason, skepticism, secularism, and individualism. Enlightenment thinkers challenged religious orthodoxy, and many supported a belief called Deism, which maintained that God and nature were one in the same. 29. Definition and main ideas of the Enlightenment. (718) - Enlightenment thinkers wanted to reform society. They celebrated reason not only as the power by which human beings understand the universe but also as the means by which they improve the human condition. The goals of rational humans were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness. 30. Identify Thomas Hobbes and the social contract theory. (718) - Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. According to Hobbes’ theory, humans are driven by self-interest and live in a state of nature characterized by perpetual conflict. 31. Identify John Locke and the rights that he believed all people are born with. (719) - Locke is remembered today largely as a political philosopher. He preached the doctrine that people naturally possess certain large rights, the chief being life, liberty, and property. Rulers, he said, derived their power only from the consent of the people. 32. Identify Voltaire and his famous quote that advocated freedom of speech. (720) - Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. He says “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” 33. The Enlightenment period made Europeans begin to openly question what? (732) - They began to challenge long-held popularized new theories. 34. Enlightenment thinking produced three long-term effects that helped shape Western civilization. What were they? (732-733) - A belief in progress; growth of scientific knowledge 35. What two countries fought in the French and Indian War? (735) 36. Explain how the United States government today is a federal republic. (739-740) - They create checks and balances and since there are three branches, they all support each other. We also have a president and this is all in the constitution. 37. Define the Bill of Rights. (741) - The first ten of the amendments, 38. Describe the 3 estates of the Old Regime in France in the 1770’s. (746) - 39. What event inspired the French Revolution? (748) 40. Who was the king of France during the French Revolution? (748) 41. Causes of the French Revolution. (748-750) 42. Why was the fall of the Bastille important? (751) 43. Describe what happened during the Great Fear and the effect it had on the king and queen. (752) 44. What rights were included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen? (753-754) 45. What type of government did the French Legislative Assembly create in the fall of 1791? (755) 46. Describe what the French Legislative Assembly did to the Constitution of 1791. (756) 47. What did the new governing body, the National Convention do to the monarchy, and what did it declare the new government of France to be? (756) 48. Make a list of Napoleon’s costly mistakes. (767-769) - The continental system - The peninsular war - Invasion of russia 49. Label these events in order: (750-770) a. _1 Reign of Terror b. _4 Battle of Waterloo  c. _2 Napoleon leads a coup d. _3 Formation of the national assembly 50. What happened to Napoleon in the end? (772) - Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died of stomach cancer in 1821 51. What were the 3 main goals of the Congress of Vienna? (773) - Economic troubles, anger over the Treaty of Versailles, and appeals to extreme nationalism (pride in one's country) 52. Identify when the Industrial Revolution began, and list at least 3 reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Britain. (818-820) - (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools - (2) the use of steam and later other kinds of power - (3) the adoption of the factory system. 53. What inventions spurred the Industrial Revolution? (820-823) 54. Define entrepreneur. (822) -a person who takes risks in business 55. Explain how the steam engine was invented and how it brought massive social, economic, and cultural changes to Great Britain. (823-825) - Changed transport of people and goods significantly. 56. What caused the population shift in Europe from rural to urban areas? What is this called? (826) -Urbanization was a result of the industrial revolution that brought more jobs to be needed in the factories. 57. What were living conditions like in England during the Industrial Revolution? (828) - No sanitary plans, no building codes, and no development plans. Lots of poverty and economic issues. 58. What were working conditions like in England during the Industrial Revolution? (829) - The average worker spent 14 hours a day in the factories with unsafe conditions and rats and it was dark and never cleaned. 59. Make a list of the positives that came from the Industrial Revolution. (831) - Created jobs, contributed to the wealth of the nation, technology progress and inventions, greatly increased production of goods, and raised the standard of living. 60. Read about the Mills of Manchester (in the book and handout) to see the working conditions and the number of hours worked per week by those at the mill. (832). - They also worked about 14 hours and they had dangerous machinery that injured children and the fluff from the machines filled lungs and made them cough. 61. Define mass production and explain how the assembly line worked. (838) - 62. Define corporations, and discuss the rise of corporations. (839-840) 63. Define laissez faire economic policy. (844) - This policy lets business owners decide their own working conditions without interference. It would be unregulated by the government. 64. Define Adam Smith’s philosophy concerning economic liberty. (844)  - He defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his book 1776 “The Wealth of Nations”. According to Smith, economic liberty granted economic progress and that the government should not interfere. 65. List Adam Smith’s 3 natural laws of economics. (844) - Law of self-interest; people work for their own good. - Law of competition. - Law of supply and demand 66. Explain Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of utilitarianism. (846) - People should judge ideas based on their usefulness and that everything should be done for the greater good. 67. Define Socialism. (846-847) - Socialists argue that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job. 68. Identify Karl Marx and define Communism. (847-848) - He was a German journalist and introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called marxism. 69. What role did unions play during the Industrial Revolution? (852) - A union was a group of people that could bargain for better working conditions and higher pay. If factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike. 70. Define imperialism, and describe the forces that drove imperialism. (898-899) 71. List the causes of World War I? (973-975) 72. Define militarism and nationalism. (972-973) 73. Define alliances and explain how they were a cause of World War I. (973-974) 74. Describe the assassination that was the spark that ignited World War I. (976-977) - Franz ferdinand 75. What years did World War I occur? (978) - 1914-1918 76. Who were the Central Powers in World War I? (978) - Ottoman empire, austria hungary, and germany 77. Who were the Allies in World War I? (978) 78. What was the Schlieffen Plan? (979) 79. Use two words to describe war on the Western Front. (980) 80. Describe why a stalemate in World War I led to trench warfare, and describe the conditions of trench warfare. (980-981) 81. What was Russia’s greatest weakness and strength in World War I? (983-984) 82. What new types of technology were used in World War I and what were their impacts? (983-985) 83. Describe the purpose and method of unrestricted warfare and identify the country that used it. (987-988) 84. Define war of attrition. - a military strategy consisting of belligerent attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel, materiel and morale 85. This was seen as the last straw for many Americans and eventually caused President Wilson and Congress to declare war on Germany. (988)  - 86. Explain how World War I became a total war. (989) 87. Define rationing, and list some items that governments rationed during World War I. (989) 88. What was the powerful and deadly new enemy that appeared in the spring of 1918 that killed millions of people in Europe, Russia, Asia, and the U.S.? (990) 89. When did the Communist Revolution occur in Russia and what was its effect on Russia in World War I? (990) 90. Label these events in chronological order: (976-991) a. 2__ Germany practices unrestricted submarine warfare b. 1___ Franz Ferdinand is assassinated c. 3___ America enters the war d. 4_ Armistice signed ending WWI 91. Describe the legacy of WWI. (991-992) - The treaty of Versailles made Germany cause tension with other countries in the league of nations. 92. Describe President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan for peace at the end of World War I. (993-994) - Create a league of nations 93. What policies did FDR enact to bring America out of the Great Depression, and what was his plan called? (1056) - The new deal 94. List one similarity and one difference between facism and communism. (1059-1060) 95. How did the League of Nations encourage the dictators of Europe to take greater risks leading up to World War II? (1068-1069) - Economic troubles, anger over the Treaty of Versailles, and appeals to extreme nationalism (pride in one's country) 96. Describe Germany’s blitzkrieg or “lightning war.” (1079) - Overwhelming small parts of territory to get more land more quickly. 97. Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? (1086) - They needed the materials 98. What event led to the United States entering World War II? (1086-1087) - Japan’s attack on pearl harbor 99. What was President Truman’s tough decision after America took Okinawa? (1107) - Invasion of japanese homeland 100. Describe Hitler’s plan called the Final Solution. (1095) - It referred to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. It brought an end to policies aimed at encouraging or forcing Jews to leave the German Reich and other parts of Europe. Those policies were replaced by systematic annihilation.