A&P Midterm Study Guide PDF

‭A&P‬‭MIDTERM‬‭STUDY‬‭GUIDE‬ ‭Using‬‭previous‬‭notes/slides,‬‭fill‬‭out‬‭this‬‭s tudy‬‭guide.‬ ‭Intro,‬‭Part‬‭1‬ ‭ efine‬‭Anatomy:‬‭The‬‭study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭structure‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬ D ‭Define‬‭Physiology:‬‭The‬‭study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭function‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬ ‭C...

‭A&P‬‭MIDTERM‬‭STUDY‬‭GUIDE‬ ‭Using‬‭previous‬‭notes/slides,‬‭fill‬‭out‬‭this‬‭s tudy‬‭guide.‬ ‭Intro,‬‭Part‬‭1‬ ‭ efine‬‭Anatomy:‬‭The‬‭study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭structure‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬ D ‭Define‬‭Physiology:‬‭The‬‭study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭function‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬ ‭Cardiovascular‬‭System:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Vas/Vasc:‬ ‭vein‬‭and‬‭arteries‬ ‭-‬ ‭Hem/Hemo/Sangu:‬‭Blood‬ ‭-‬ ‭Angi/Angio:‬‭Blood‬‭vessels‬ ‭-‬ ‭Aort:‬‭aorta‬ ‭-‬ ‭Ateri/Arterio:‬‭arteries‬ ‭Parts‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Head:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Enceph:‬‭Brain‬ ‭-‬ ‭Rhino:‬‭Nose‬ ‭-‬ ‭Crani:‬‭Skull‬ ‭-‬ ‭Opthalm/Oculo:‬‭eye‬ ‭-‬ ‭Oto:‬‭Ear‬ ‭Digestive‬‭System:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Hepat/Hepato:‬‭Liver‬ ‭-‬ ‭Cholecyst:‬‭Gallbladder‬ ‭-‬ ‭Esoph/Esopha:‬‭esophagus‬ ‭-‬ ‭Colo:‬‭large‬‭intestine‬ ‭-‬ ‭Gastro/Gastro:‬‭Stomach‬ ‭-‬ ‭Ileo/Duodeno/Jejuno:‬‭Small‬‭intestine‬ ‭Muscles‬‭and‬‭Bones:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Scapula:‬‭shoulders‬ ‭-‬ ‭Brachi/Brachio:‬‭arm‬ ‭-‬ ‭Carp/Carpo:‬‭wrist‬ ‭-‬ ‭Dorsa:‬‭Back‬ ‭-‬ ‭Oste/Osteo:‬‭bones‬ ‭-‬ ‭Pod/Podo/Ped/Pedo:‬‭Foot‬ ‭Rest‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Body:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Thorac/Thoraco:‬‭Chest‬ ‭-‬ ‭Pneumo/Pleura:‬‭Lung‬ ‭-‬ ‭Mamm/Mammo:‬‭Breast‬ ‭-‬ ‭Thromb/Thrombo:‬‭Blood‬‭clot‬ ‭-‬ ‭Neph:‬‭Kidney‬  ‭Intro,‬‭Part‬‭3‬ ‭ rontal‬‭Plane:‬‭vertical‬‭plane‬‭which‬‭separates‬‭the‬‭human‬‭body‬‭into‬‭anterior‬‭and‬‭posterior‬ F ‭portions‬ ‭Midsagittal‬‭Plane:‬‭vertical‬‭plane‬‭which‬‭separates‬‭the‬‭left‬‭side‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬‭from‬‭the‬‭right‬ ‭Sagittal‬‭Plane:‬‭Sagittal‬‭Plane:‬‭goes‬‭from‬‭the‬‭anterior‬‭to‬‭the‬‭posterior,‬‭while‬‭separating‬ ‭the‬‭body‬‭into‬‭left‬‭and‬‭right‬‭portions‬ ‭Transverse‬‭Plane:‬‭crosswise‬‭plane‬‭parallel‬‭to‬‭the‬‭ground,‬‭separating‬‭the‬‭upper‬‭half‬‭of‬ ‭the‬‭human‬‭body‬‭from‬‭the‬‭lower‬‭half‬ ‭Anatomical‬‭Position:‬‭human‬‭body‬‭standing‬‭upright,‬‭arms‬‭at‬‭each‬‭side‬‭with‬‭palms‬‭facing‬ ‭forward.‬‭Feet‬‭side‬‭by‬‭side,‬‭toes‬‭pointing‬‭forward‬ ‭Erect:‬‭subject‬‭is‬‭standing‬‭upright‬ ‭Prone:‬‭Patient‬‭lying‬‭face‬‭down,‬‭flat‬‭on‬‭the‬‭abdomen‬ ‭Supine:‬‭lying‬‭flat‬‭on‬‭back,‬‭facing‬‭up‬ ‭Anterior:‬‭in‬‭front‬‭of‬ ‭Posterior:‬ ‭Behind‬ ‭Superior:‬‭above‬ ‭Inferior:‬‭Below‬ ‭Medial:‬ ‭Closer‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Middle‬ ‭Lateral:‬‭further‬‭from‬‭the‬ ‭middle‬ ‭Proximal:‬‭Close‬‭to‬‭the‬‭attachment‬‭point‬ ‭Distal:‬‭further‬‭from‬‭the‬‭attachment‬‭part‬ ‭Superficial‬‭Closer‬‭to‬‭the‬‭body‬‭surface‬ ‭Deep:‬‭further‬‭from‬‭the‬‭body‬‭surface‬ ‭Chapter‬‭2,‬‭Part‬‭1‬‭Notes‬ ‭Atom‬‭→‬‭molecule‬ ‭→‬‭organelle‬‭→‬‭Cell‬ ‭Human‬‭organism‬‭←‬‭Organ‬‭system‬‭←‬‭Organs‬‭←‬‭Tissue‬  ‭System:‬ ‭Consists‬‭of:‬ ‭Key‬‭Functions:‬ ‭Skin,‬‭hair,‬‭nails‬ ‭ rotection‬ P ‭Temperature‬‭regulation‬ ‭Integumentary‬ ‭Water‬‭retention‬ ‭Sensation‬ ‭Bones,‬‭cartilage,‬‭ligaments‬ P ‭ rotection‬‭of‬‭body‬‭organs‬ ‭Support‬ ‭Skeletal‬‭System‬ ‭Movement‬ ‭Blood‬‭formation‬ ‭Primarily‬‭skeletal‬‭muscles‬ ‭ ovement‬ M ‭Posture‬ ‭Heat‬‭production‬ ‭Muscular‬‭System‬ ‭ ymph‬‭nodes,‬‭lymphatic‬ L ‭ ole‬‭in‬‭fluid‬‭balance‬ R ‭Lymphatic‬‭System‬ ‭vessels,‬‭lymph‬‭thymus,‬ ‭Production‬‭of‬‭immune‬‭cells‬ ‭spleen,‬‭tonsils‬ ‭Defense‬‭against‬‭disease‬ ‭ ose,‬‭pharynx,‬‭larynx,‬ N ‭ bsorption‬‭of‬‭oxygen‬ A ‭Respiratory‬‭System‬ ‭trachea,‬‭bronchi,‬‭lungs‬ ‭Discharge‬‭of‬‭carbon‬ ‭dioxide‬ ‭Acid-base‬‭balance‬ ‭Speech‬ ‭ idneys,‬‭ureters,‬‭urinary‬ K ‭ xcretion‬‭of‬‭wastes‬ E ‭Urinary‬‭System‬ ‭bladder,‬‭urethra‬ ‭Regulation‬‭of‬‭blood‬ ‭volume‬‭and‬‭pressure‬ ‭Control‬‭of‬‭fluid,‬‭electrolyte,‬  ‭and‬‭acid-base‬‭balance‬ ‭ rain,‬‭spinal‬‭cord,‬‭nerves,‬ B ‭ ontrol,‬‭regulation,‬‭and‬ C ‭Nervous‬‭System‬ ‭sense‬‭organs‬ ‭coordination‬‭of‬‭other‬ ‭systems‬ ‭Sensation‬ ‭Memory‬ ‭ ituitary‬‭gland,‬‭adrenals,‬ p ‭ ormone‬‭production‬ H ‭Endocrine‬‭System‬ ‭pancreas,‬‭thyroid,‬ ‭Control‬‭and‬‭regulation‬‭of‬ ‭parathyroids,‬‭other‬‭organs‬ ‭other‬‭systems‬ ‭Circulatory‬‭System‬ ‭ eart,‬‭arteries,‬‭veins,‬ H ‭ istribution‬‭of‬‭oxygen,‬ D ‭capillaries‬ ‭nutrients,‬‭wastes,‬ ‭hormones,‬‭electrolytes,‬ ‭immune‬‭cells,‬‭and‬ ‭antibodies‬ ‭Fluid,‬‭electrolyte,‬‭and‬ ‭acid-base‬‭balance‬ ‭ tomach,‬‭small‬‭and‬‭large‬ S ‭ reakdown‬‭and‬‭absorption‬ B ‭intestines,‬‭esophagus,‬ ‭of‬‭nutrients‬ ‭Digestive‬‭System‬ ‭liver,‬‭mouth,‬‭pancreas‬ ‭Elimination‬‭of‬‭wastes‬ ‭ varies,‬‭fallopian‬‭tubes,‬ O ‭ roduction‬‭of‬‭eggs‬ P ‭uterus,‬‭vagina,‬‭breasts‬ ‭Site‬‭of‬‭fertilization‬‭and‬‭fetal‬ ‭development‬ ‭ eproductive‬ R ‭Birth‬ ‭System(Female)‬ ‭Lactation‬ ‭Secretion‬‭of‬‭sex‬‭hormones‬  ‭ estes,‬‭vas‬‭deferens,‬ T ‭ roduction‬‭and‬‭delivery‬‭of‬ P ‭prostate,‬‭seminal‬‭vesicles,‬ ‭sperm‬ ‭ eproductive‬ R ‭penis‬ ‭Secretion‬‭of‬‭sex‬‭hormones‬ ‭System(male)‬  ‭Chapter‬‭2,‬‭Part‬‭3‬ ‭ omeostasis:‬‭the‬‭state‬‭of‬‭dynamic‬‭equilibrium‬‭of‬‭the‬‭internal‬‭environment‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬ H ‭What‬‭happens‬‭if‬‭the‬‭body‬‭loses‬‭homeostasis?‬‭illness‬‭or‬‭death‬‭will‬‭occur‬ ‭Homeostatic‬‭regulation‬‭involves:‬ ‭-‬ ‭A‬‭receptor:‬ ‭(receives‬‭information‬‭about‬‭a‬‭change‬‭in‬‭environment)‬ ‭-‬ ‭A‬‭control‬‭center:‬‭(receives‬‭and‬‭processes‬‭information‬‭from‬‭the‬‭receptor)‬ ‭-‬ ‭An‬‭effector:‬‭(responds‬‭to‬‭signals‬‭from‬‭the‬‭control‬‭center‬‭by‬‭either‬‭opposing‬‭or‬ ‭enhancing‬‭the‬‭stimulus)‬ ‭ egative‬‭feedback:‬‭when‬‭the‬‭effector‬‭opposes‬‭the‬‭stimulus‬‭and‬‭reverses‬‭the‬‭direction‬‭of‬ N ‭change‬ ‭Positive‬‭feedback:‬‭the‬‭effector‬‭reinforces‬‭the‬‭stimulus‬‭and‬‭amplifies‬‭the‬‭direction‬‭of‬ ‭change‬ ‭Chapter‬‭3‬ ‭ hat‬‭are‬‭the‬‭main‬‭four‬‭elements‬‭that‬‭the‬‭body‬‭consists‬‭of?‬‭Oxygen‬‭(65%)‬ W ‭Carbon‬‭(18%)‬ ‭Hydrogen‬‭(10%)‬ ‭Nitrogen‬‭(3%)‬ ‭What‬‭makes‬‭up‬‭most‬‭of‬‭our‬‭body?‬‭Water‬ ‭Nucleus:‬‭center‬‭of‬‭the‬‭atom‬ ‭Protons:‬‭positive‬‭charge‬ ‭Neutrons:electrically‬‭neutral‬ ‭Electrons:‬‭are‬‭tiny‬‭particles‬‭with‬‭a‬‭negative‬‭charge‬ ‭Energy:‬‭Energy‬‭is‬‭the‬‭capacity‬‭to‬‭do‬‭work:‬‭to‬‭put‬‭matter‬‭into‬‭motion‬ ‭Potential‬‭energy:‬ ‭energy‬‭stored‬‭in‬‭the‬‭bonds‬‭of‬‭molecules‬ ‭Kinetic‬‭energy:‬‭energy‬‭in‬‭motion‬ ‭Metabolism:‬‭the‬‭sum‬‭of‬‭all‬‭the‬‭chemical‬‭reactions‬‭in‬‭the‬‭body‬ ‭Two‬‭types‬‭of‬‭metabolic‬‭activity‬‭:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Catabolism:Breaking‬‭down‬‭complex‬‭compounds‬‭into‬‭simpler‬‭ones‬ ‭-‬ ‭Anabolism:‬‭Involves‬‭building‬‭larger‬‭and‬‭more‬‭complex‬‭chemical‬‭molecules‬ ‭(carbs,‬‭lipids,‬‭proteins)‬‭from‬‭smaller‬‭subunits‬ ‭Chapter‬‭4‬ ‭ erve‬‭cells:‬ N ‭Muscle‬‭cells:‬ ‭Red‬‭blood‬‭cells:‬ ‭Gland‬‭cells:‬ ‭Immune‬‭cells:‬ ‭Plasma‬‭membrane:‬ ‭Nucleus:‬ ‭What‬‭regulates‬‭the‬‭passage‬‭of‬‭substances‬‭into‬‭and‬‭out‬‭of‬‭the‬‭cell?‬ ‭Chapter‬‭5‬ ‭Stages‬‭of‬‭Microbiome‬‭Development:‬ ‭-‬ ‭Intrauterine:‬‭microbes‬‭pass‬‭through‬‭the‬‭placenta‬‭from‬‭mother‬‭to‬‭fetus‬ ‭-‬ ‭Birth:‬‭passage‬‭through‬‭the‬‭birth‬‭canal‬‭coats‬‭the‬‭newborn‬‭with‬‭the‬‭mother’s‬ ‭vaginal‬‭and‬‭fecal‬‭bacteria‬ ‭-‬ ‭First‬‭year‬‭of‬‭life:‬‭breastfeeding‬‭exposes‬‭infants‬‭to‬‭more‬‭than‬‭700‬‭species‬‭of‬ ‭bacteria‬‭and‬‭is‬‭crucial‬‭for‬‭establishing‬‭long-term‬‭health‬ ‭-‬ ‭Second‬‭year:‬ ‭introduction‬‭of‬‭solid‬‭foods‬‭boosts‬‭microbial‬‭diversity‬ ‭-‬ ‭Age‬‭2-5:‬ ‭intestinal‬‭microbiome‬‭resembles‬‭that‬‭of‬‭an‬‭adult‬‭in‬‭terms‬‭of‬‭composition‬ ‭and‬‭diversity‬ ‭-‬ ‭Adulthood:‬‭changes‬‭in‬‭diet,‬‭environment,‬‭and‬‭antibiotic‬‭administration‬‭can‬‭alter‬ ‭composition‬‭of‬‭the‬‭microbiome‬ ‭-‬ ‭After‬‭65:‬‭broad‬‭shift‬‭in‬‭gut‬‭microbe‬‭populations,‬‭and‬‭number‬‭of‬‭microbial‬‭species‬ ‭decreases‬ ‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭4‬‭components‬‭of‬‭the‬‭microbiome?‬ ‭Bacteria‬‭(make‬‭up‬‭the‬‭bulk)‬ ‭Viruses‬ ‭Fungi‬ ‭Archaea‬ ‭Chapter‬‭6‬ ‭ issues:‬‭groups‬‭of‬‭s imilar‬‭c ells‬‭that‬‭perform‬‭a‬‭c ommon‬‭function‬ T ‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭4‬‭c ategories‬‭of‬‭tissues:‬‭Epithelial‬‭tissue‬ ‭Connective‬‭tissue‬ ‭Nervous‬‭tissue‬ ‭M uscular‬‭tissue‬ ‭ pithelial‬‭tissue:a‬‭c ontinuous‬‭s heet‬‭of‬‭tightly‬‭packed‬‭c ells‬ E ‭Covers‬‭the‬‭body’s‬‭s urface,‬‭lines‬‭body‬‭c avities‬‭and‬‭m any‬‭organs,‬‭and‬‭forms‬‭c ertain‬‭glands‬ -‭ ‬ ‭Covers:‬‭The‬ ‭body‬‭c erface‬ ‭-‬ ‭Key‬‭functions:‬‭protection,‬‭absorption,‬‭filtration,‬‭and‬‭s ecretion‬ ‭G land:‬‭a‬‭c ollection‬‭of‬‭epithelial‬‭c ells‬‭the‬‭s pecializes‬‭in‬‭s ecretion‬‭of‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭s ubstance‬ ‭Exocrine‬‭glands:‬‭Secrete‬‭their‬‭products‬‭into‬‭ducts‬‭(tears,‬‭s weat,‬‭gastric‬‭juices)‬ ‭Endocrine‬‭glands:‬‭Secrete‬‭their‬‭products‬‭(hormones)‬‭directly‬‭into‬‭the‬‭blood‬ ‭ hat‬‭is‬‭the‬‭m ost‬‭widespread‬‭and‬‭the‬‭m ost‬‭v aried‬‭of‬‭all‬‭the‬‭tissues?‬ W ‭Connective‬‭Tissue‬ ‭ ollagenous‬‭fibers:‬ ‭s trong‬‭and‬‭flexible‬‭but‬‭resist‬‭s tretching.‬‭These‬‭are‬‭the‬‭m ost‬‭abundant‬ C ‭Reticular‬‭fibers:‬‭occur‬‭in‬‭networks‬‭and‬‭s upport‬‭s mall‬‭s tructures‬‭s uch‬‭as‬‭c apillaries‬‭and‬‭nerve‬ ‭fibers‬ ‭Elastic‬‭fibers:‬‭m ade‬‭of‬‭protein‬‭c alled‬‭elastin,‬‭c an‬‭s tretch‬‭and‬‭recoil‬‭like‬‭a‬‭rubber‬‭band‬ ‭Tendons:‬‭c ord-‬‭like‬‭s tructures‬‭c harged‬‭with‬‭attaching‬‭m uscles‬‭to‬‭bones‬ ‭Ligaments:‬‭c ord-‬‭like‬‭s tructures‬‭c harged‬‭with‬‭attaching‬‭bones‬‭to‬‭bones‬ ‭Hyaline‬‭c artilage:‬‭Found‬‭at‬‭the‬‭ends‬‭of‬‭m ovable‬‭joints‬‭(called‬‭articular‬‭c artilage),‬‭where‬‭ribs‬ ‭attached‬‭to‬‭the‬‭breastbone,‬‭the‬‭larynx,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭s upportive‬‭rings‬‭around‬‭the‬‭trachea‬ ‭Elastic‬‭c artilage:Provides‬‭flexible‬‭s upport‬‭to‬‭the‬‭external‬‭ear‬‭and‬‭the‬‭epiglottis‬‭(tissue‬‭beneath‬ ‭the‬‭tongue‬‭at‬‭the‬‭back‬‭of‬‭the‬‭throat)‬ ‭ ibrocartilage:‬‭Forms‬‭the‬‭discs‬‭between‬‭the‬‭v ertebrae‬‭and‬‭in‬‭the‬‭k nee‬‭joint‬‭because‬‭it‬‭resists‬ F ‭c ompression‬‭and‬‭absorbs‬‭s hock‬ ‭ hat‬‭does‬‭s keletal‬‭tissue‬‭allow?‬‭M akes‬‭body‬‭m ovement‬‭possible,‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭breathing,‬ W ‭s peech,‬‭c ontrol‬‭of‬‭urination,‬‭and‬‭facial‬‭expression‬ ‭Where‬‭is‬‭c ardiac‬‭tissue‬‭found?‬‭Found‬‭only‬‭in‬‭the‬‭heart‬ ‭What‬‭does‬‭s mooth‬‭m uscle‬‭line?‬‭Lines‬‭the‬‭wall‬‭of‬‭m any‬‭organs‬ ‭ egeneration:‬‭Regeneration:‬‭damaged‬‭c ells‬‭are‬‭replaced‬‭with‬‭the‬‭s ame‬‭type‬‭of‬‭c ells,‬‭resulting‬ R ‭in‬‭functional‬‭new‬‭tissue‬ ‭Fibrosis:‬‭Fibrosis:‬‭replaced‬‭with‬‭s car‬‭tissue,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭c omposed‬‭m ainly‬‭of‬‭c ollagen‬ ‭M ucous‬‭m embrane:‬ ‭Line‬‭body‬‭s urfaces‬‭that‬‭open‬‭directly‬‭to‬‭the‬‭body's‬‭exterior‬ ‭Cutaneous‬‭m embrane:‬‭the‬‭s kin.‬‭The‬‭body’s‬‭largest‬‭m embrane‬ ‭Serous‬‭m embrane:‬‭line‬‭s ome‬‭of‬‭the‬‭c losed‬‭body‬‭c avities‬‭and‬‭also‬‭c over‬‭m any‬‭of‬‭the‬‭organs‬‭in‬ ‭those‬‭c avities‬ ‭Chapter‬‭7‬ ‭ pidermis:‬‭outermost‬‭layer‬‭of‬‭s kin‬‭and‬ E ‭Contains‬‭no‬‭blood‬‭v essels‬ ‭Dermis:‬‭inner‬‭layer‬‭of‬‭the‬‭s kin‬ ‭Composed‬‭of‬‭c onnective‬‭tissue‬ ‭Contains‬‭blood‬‭v essels,‬‭s weat‬‭glands,‬‭and‬‭nerve‬‭endings‬ ‭ tratum‬‭basale:‬‭base‬‭layer‬‭where‬‭c ells‬‭undergo‬‭m itosis,‬‭producing‬‭new‬‭c ells‬‭that‬‭push‬‭the‬‭older‬ S ‭ones‬‭upward‬ ‭ s‬‭c ells‬‭push‬‭up,‬‭they‬‭s top‬‭dividing‬‭and‬‭produce‬‭k eratin.‬‭Keratin‬‭replaces‬‭the‬‭c ytoplasm‬‭and‬ A ‭nucleus.‬‭Cells‬‭flatten‬‭and‬‭die‬‭as‬‭they‬‭m ove‬‭further‬‭from‬‭blood‬‭s upply‬ ‭ tratum‬‭c orneum:‬‭outermost‬‭layer‬‭where‬‭newly‬‭arrived‬‭flattened‬‭c ells‬‭replace‬‭the‬‭dead‬‭c ells‬ S ‭that‬‭flake‬‭away‬‭with‬‭daily‬‭wear‬ ‭ ‬‭functions‬‭of‬‭the‬‭s kin:‬‭Protection‬ 5 ‭Barrier‬ ‭Vitamin‬‭D‬‭production‬ ‭Sensory‬‭perception‬ ‭Thermoregulation‬ ‭ haft:‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭hair‬‭that‬‭extends‬‭above‬‭the‬‭s kin's‬‭s urface‬ S ‭Follicle:‬‭s heath‬‭of‬‭epidermis‬‭where‬‭the‬‭hair‬‭lies‬ ‭Rich‬‭nerve‬‭and‬‭blood‬‭s upply‬ ‭Root:lowest‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭hair‬‭and‬‭where‬‭growth‬‭occurs‬ ‭Cuticle:fold‬‭of‬‭s kin‬‭that‬‭s urrounds‬‭the‬‭nail‬‭body‬ ‭Body:‬ ‭the‬‭v isible‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭nail‬ ‭Lunula:‬‭c rescent‬‭s haped‬‭white‬‭area‬‭at‬‭the‬‭base‬‭of‬‭the‬‭nail‬ ‭Bed:‬‭layer‬‭of‬‭epithelium‬‭under‬‭the‬‭nail‬‭that‬‭normally‬‭appears‬‭pink‬ ‭Root:‬‭proximal‬‭end‬‭of‬‭the‬‭nail‬ ‭Eccrine:‬ ‭produce‬‭s weat.‬‭Especially‬‭found‬‭on‬‭palms,‬‭s oles,‬‭forehead,‬‭and‬‭upper‬‭torso‬ ‭Apocrine:‬‭s cent‬‭glands‬‭responding‬‭to‬‭s tress‬‭and‬‭s exual‬‭s timulation.‬‭Begin‬‭functioning‬‭at‬‭puberty‬ ‭Sebaceous:‬‭Secrete‬‭oily‬‭s ubstance‬‭c alled‬‭s ebum‬ ‭Sebum‬‭helps‬‭k eep‬‭the‬‭s kin‬‭and‬‭hair‬‭from‬‭drying‬‭out‬‭and‬‭becoming‬‭brittle‬ ‭When‬‭excess‬‭s ebum‬‭builds‬‭up,‬‭pimples‬‭and‬ ‭blackheads‬‭c an‬‭form‬ ‭ irst‬‭degree‬‭burn:‬‭O nly‬‭epidermis‬ F ‭Redness,‬‭s light‬‭s welling,‬‭pain‬ ‭O ften‬‭from‬‭s unlight‬ ‭ econd‬‭degree‬‭burn:‬‭Epidermis‬‭and‬‭part‬‭of‬‭dermis‬ S ‭Blisters,‬‭s evere‬‭pain,‬‭s welling‬ ‭M ay‬‭s car‬‭and‬‭appear‬‭red,‬‭white,‬‭or‬‭tan‬ ‭ hird‬‭degree‬‭burn:‬‭Extends‬‭from‬‭epidermis‬‭to‬‭s ubcutaneous‬‭layer‬ T ‭Nerve‬‭endings‬‭destroyed,‬‭s o‬‭not‬‭m uch‬‭initial‬‭pain‬ ‭White,‬‭black,‬‭or‬‭leathery‬ ‭O ften‬‭requires‬‭s kin‬‭grafts‬