Pompeii and Herculaneum Economy PDF

**[Syllabus point:]** **Focus of study, Investigating and interpreting the sources for Pompeii and Herculaneum** The economy: role of the forum, trade, commerce, industries, occupations **Industries** -------------- *Pompeii* - ### **Farming** - Villa Rustica (Farming villa) - 150+ have...

**[Syllabus point:]** **Focus of study, Investigating and interpreting the sources for Pompeii and Herculaneum** The economy: role of the forum, trade, commerce, industries, occupations **Industries** -------------- *Pompeii* - ### **Farming** - Villa Rustica (Farming villa) - 150+ have been found on the river Sarno plaine - Rustica → can refer to a norma form - Livestock - Grains - Vineyards - Farms form part of villas in the roman world - Villas can be used for relaxation or farming - In farming its called vila rustica - Holidays it\'s villa only - ### **Fishing** - Garum mosaic - Sea life mosaic - Harbour mosaic - Boat sheds at herculaneum - Prevalence of seafood imagery has been interpreted as evidence for a thriving fishing industry - ### **Wine and oil production** - Dolium/ Amphorae indicate commercial storage villa of Pisanella at Boscoreale - Had vineyards and olives and rearing of livestock - Evidence - Threshing floor - Barns - Presses (torcular) - Cellars with dolium buried into the floor for storage - ### **Wine** - Villa of mysteries - Had a wine press (torcular) - Villa Pisanella (50,000 litres) and Regina (10,000 litres) in Boscoreale had embedded Dolia - ### **Oil** - Villa of pisanella - Held enough storage for 5910 litres Tropeta olive press - ### **Textiles** - M Vecillius Verecundus → Workshop to manufacture cloth - ### **Laundry** - Total of 18 found - Fullonica of Stephanus - Has a number of rooms and has interconnected basins for washing and rinsing - ### **Bakery (pistrina)** - 30+ have been found - Indicating popularity - Carbonised Bread - - Fresco of a bread stall -  - Baker → N Popidius Priscus - 10 different types of loaves found - 81 loaves in the oven at the time of eruption - Indicates popularity - #### **House of Chaste lovers** - On Via Della abudanze - Example of a Pistrina - Has 4 flour mills - Dough preparation area - Brick oven - Evidence of multipurpose building - Shop - House - ### **Garum** - Aulus Umbricius Scaurus - Owned 6 workshops - Evidence of widespread industry - The entrails of sprats or sardines, the parts that could not be used for salting were mixed with finely chopped portions of fish and with roe and eggs and then pounded, crushed and stirred. The mixture was left in the sun or a warm room and beaten into a homogeneous pulp until it fermented. When this liquamen, as it was called, had been much reduced over a period of six weeks by evaporation, it was placed in a basket with perforated bottom through which the residue filtered slowly into a receptacle. The end product decanted into jars was the famous garum; the dregs left over were also regarded as edible and known as allec. - ### **Shops (Tabernae)** - Thermopolium (fast food) → hot food - - Evidence for commerce, leisure activities and everyday life - ### **Wine bars and Taverns (Cauponae)** - Found near amphitheatres and theatres - Can be sit in or take away - Wineskins are evidence of commerce and leisure activities, and everyday life - ### **Hotels** - Hostel of the muses - Hotel near forum with 50 rooms - Evidence of commerce, everyday life, leisure, and holidays - ### **Brothels (Lupanar)** - Only found in pompeii (none in Herculaneum) - Erotic paintings on walls and multiple rooms - Initially thought as a list of services - Now seen as standard decoration - ### **Other manufacturing industries** - There were workshops (officinae), some found still with their signs advertising their trades. - The evidence suggests around 50 different kinds. - builders - carpenters - street sign depicted chisels, trowels, mallets and plumb lines, and surveyors, one of whom had his measuring rods, stakes and a cross for laying out straight lines sculpted on his tombstone - potters and brick makers - metal workers, - Coppersmiths - Workers in bronze. - Goldsmiths - Silversmiths - gem cutters - glass makers - architects - painters - stone masons - Workers in marble - Ironmongers - wheel-makers - plumbers - weavers - perfume makers. **Business people** ------------------- - Garum manufacturer Aulus Umbricius Scaurus, - Lucius Caecilius Jucundus - Conducted auctions - Lent money to merchants - Rented and Sold land, properties, businesses and slaves - Collected local taxes on behalf of the city. - He was a characteristically Roman combination of auctioneer, middleman and money lender. He was... profiting from both sides of the auction process -- not only charging commission to the sellers, but also lending money at interest to the buyers to enable them to finance their purchases. - - Julia Felix - A wealthy widow - property owner - businesswoman. - She inherited her landholdings and money from her family (believed to have been freedmen) - owned a magnificent estate in Pompeii that took up a whole insula. - transformed parts of her home into privately-run commercial baths for prestige clients, shops, taverns and mezzanine lodgings and upper floor apartments, advertising them for rent to Pompeian residents who had lost their homes and businesses **Historiography** ================== **Dolium** ----------  **Amphorae** ------------ **Wine press (villa of mysteries) Torcula** -------------------------------------------  **Olive press** --------------- **Dolia** ---------