Plant Pigments PDF

PLANT PIGMENTS  MODES OF NUTRITION Heterotrophs are Autotrophs are CONSUMERS. PRODUCERS. PHOTOSYNTHESIS A metabolic process wherein light energy (sunlight) is transformed into chemical energy (food). ...

PLANT PIGMENTS  MODES OF NUTRITION Heterotrophs are Autotrophs are CONSUMERS. PRODUCERS. PHOTOSYNTHESIS A metabolic process wherein light energy (sunlight) is transformed into chemical energy (food).  What are the double- membraned, pigment- containing organelles LTORAPLSCOSH found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that serves as the site of photosynthesis? CHLOROPLASTS Pigment-containing plastids where photosynthesis happens. Found in green tissues of plants. STRUCTURE OF A CHLOROPLAST 1. OUTER MEMBRANE - Freely permeable to small molecules. 2. INNER MEMBRANE - Highly selective and contains transporters such as integral proteins. STRUCTURE OF A CHLOROPLAST 3. STROMA - Protein-rich ground substance - Contains enzymes, starch granules, DNA and ribosomes. - Provides support STRUCTURE OF A CHLOROPLAST 4. THYLAKOID - Membrane-bound flattened disks - GRANA - stacks of thylakoid (singular is GRANUM) - STROMA LAMELLAE - connects granum together STRUCTURE OF A CHLOROPLAST PLANT PIGMENTS BIOCHROMES  PLANT PIGMENTS BIOCHROMES FUNCTIONS: 1. Give colors to flowers, leaves and fruits. 2. Play a KEY ROLE in photosynthesis. 3. Controls growth and development.  PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS These are pigments that can absorb energy from sunlight that in turn would be utilized during photosynthesis.  WHAT MAKES LEAVES APPEAR GREEN? CHLOROPHYLL One of the main pigments needed by the plants to manufacture their own food. TYPES : 1. Chlorophyll A 2. Chlorophyll B 3. Chlorophyll C 4. Chlorophyll D  STRUCTURE: Central Magnesium Ion Porphyrin Ring Phytol Chain Chlorophyll REFLECTS GREEN LIGHT which is why plants looks GREEN.  TYPES of CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPHYLL - A CHLOROPHYLL - B CHLOROPHYLL - C CHLOROPHYLL - D  CAROTENOID § They absorb light from violet to the greenish-blue range. § They appear in various shades of yellow or yellow-orange to our eyes. § They cluster next to chlorophyll A molecules to efficiently hand off absorbed photons.  CAROTENOID § Carotenoids are accessory pigments that protect the plant from damage by excessive light, absorbing light energy and preventing photooxidative damage. They also assist in photosynthesis by capturing light in wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot absorb. 2 TYPES: 1. XANTHOPHYLLS. Usually yellow in color. This plays a special role in protecting plants from excess light by dissipating extra energy to prevent damage (photoprotection). 2. CAROTENES. Typically orange or red (pigment in carrots). Primarily help capture light for photosynthesis and protect plants by neutralizing harmful molecules like reactive oxygen species (ROS). ANTHOCYANINS Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments responsible for red, purple, and blue colors in flowers, fruits, and leaves. Their main roles are to attract pollinators and seed dispersers and to provide protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. BETALAINS Betalains are pigments that replace anthocyanins in certain plant families, like cacti and beets. They play roles in attracting pollinators and protecting the plant from environmental stress. 2 CATEGORIES: 1. BETACYANINS. Produce RED to VIOLET COLORS. 2. BETAXANTHINS. Produce YELLOW to ORANGE COLORS. Both betacyanins and betaxanthins are found in plants that do not have anthocyanins (another class of pigments), and they often occur together, giving plants their vibrant colors.