Agrón 005 General Physiology and Toxicology PDF

AGRON 005 General Physiology and Toxicology JOY PADILLA MERCADO, MS, RA BS Agriculture (Plant Pathology) MS Agriculture (Plant Pathology/Entomology)  General Physiology and Toxicology What is Physiology- is the scientific study of function and mechanisms in a living system. As a su...

AGRON 005 General Physiology and Toxicology JOY PADILLA MERCADO, MS, RA BS Agriculture (Plant Pathology) MS Agriculture (Plant Pathology/Entomology)  General Physiology and Toxicology What is Physiology- is the scientific study of function and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub- discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system, Hall (2011).  Insect physiology is a branch of biology that investigates how insects live and function. Insects are one of the most diverse groups of animals on Earth and have evolved adaptations that allow them to live in a variety of ecosystems. Insect physiology is the study of how insects live and reproduce. This is a historic area of research that continues today. The study of insect physiology is usually divided into a systems approach. These systems are the same required by all animals. Sir Vincent Brian Wigglesworth CBE FRS (17 April 1899 – 11 February 1994) was a British entomologist who made significant contributions to the field of insect physiology. He established the field in a textbook which was updated in a number of editions. Insect Physiology is the study of how insects live and reproduce. The study of insect physiology is usually divided into a systems approach: Digestive Excretory Circulatory Immune Muscular Nervous and reproductive system INSECTS INTERNAL ANATOMY Why is physiology related to toxicology? In order to understand how toxic substances cause harmful changes in organs, tissues, or cells, knowledge of normal physiology and anatomy is needed. WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY? Toxicology is a science and art that deals with the study of the nature and mechanism of toxic effects of substances on living organisms. is the branch of medical science that deals with the nature, properties, effects and the detection of poison the science of poisons” (Du Bois and Geiling, 1959). is a science that deals with the study of the effects of poisons. is the study of the adverse effects of chemical and physical agents on living organisms. is the study of how natural or man-made poisons produce undesirable effects in living organisms  Did you know that? 92% of all poisonings happen at home certain animals secrete a xenobiotic (substance foreign to the body or to an ecological system Some household plants are poisonous to humans and animals. Poisonous substances are produced by plants, animals, or bacteria like: -Phytotoxins -Zootoxins -Bacteriotoxins Swiss physician Paracelsus (1493-1541) the “ father of toxicology.” “All substances are poisons: there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.”  SCOPE OF INSECT TOXICOLOGY Industrial toxicology: It deals with the safety of industrial workers from the toxic effects of poisons. Environmental toxicology: It deals with the metabolism, transport, translocation and physicochemical transformation of poisons in all forms of biological systems. Medical toxicology: It deals with the effects of poisons in man. Veterinary toxicology: It deals with the effect of poisons on domesticated animals. Insect toxicology: It deals with such poisons which are used in killing the insects without appreciable effect on mammals.  Insect toxicology plays an important role in controlling insect pests in the field of agriculture, forestry and public health. Toxic chemicals so far are the main defense against pest attacks. No doubt there are a number of other control measures but none of them match in their efficacy, speed, stability and cost of operations with chemical control measures. In view of these facts, the science of insect toxicology promises a better and brighter scope Toxicant - the specific poisonous chemical. Xenobiotic - man-made substance and/or produced by but not normally found in the body. HISTORY 2700 B.C.Chinese journals: plant and fish poisons 1900-1200 B.C. - Egyptian documents that had directions for collection, preparation, and administration of more than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes 800 B.C. - India - Hindu medicine includes notes on poisons and antidotes 50-100 A.D. - Greek physicians classified over 600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons. 50- 400 A.D. - Romans used poisons for executions and assassinations. The philosopher, Socrates, was executed using hemlock for teaching radical ideas to youths. The active agent of the poison hemlock is the piperidine alkaloid Coniine. Coniine causes gradual paralysis of the spinal cord, finally stopping the breathing without any previous clouding of the consciousness  Avicenna (A.D. 980-1036) Islamic authority on poisons and antidotes 1200 A.D. - Spanish rabbi Maimonides writes first-aid book for poisonings, Poisons and Their Antidotes All parts of the poison hemlock plant contain poison alkaloids. If ingested, conium will cause paralysis of various body systems. Paralysis of the respiratory system is the usual cause of death Ibn Uthal: during region of Mu,awiyha. Skilled in the science of poisons Galen and Discorides (classify plants).Important in regard of poisons and antidotes Hippocrates Theophrastus Aristotle Demosthenes(poison in pen- mixture of 36 ingredients) Toffana(arsenic containing cosmetics) Catherine de Medici(provided poisons to female Lecture 2 Sept 6 2023 World population and food supply 8,057,342,932 8.1 Billion (current) The current world population is 8,057,342,932 as of Wednesday, August 30, 2023 according to the most recent United Nations estimates elaborated by Worldometer. The term "World Population" refers to the human population (the total number of humans currently living) of the world. World Population Clock: 8.1 Billion People (LIVE, 2023) Worldometer https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/  117,337,368 people The current population of the Philippines is 117,625,975 as of Wednesday, August 30, 2023, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data 1. the Philippines 2023 population is estimated at 117,337,368 people at mid year. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PESTS Animals as well as man depend on plant for food, clothing, shelter and medicine. When pests injure or kill the plants, all other forms are adversely affected. The destructiveness of plant pests is reflected in the reduced yield and vigor of crops and in the lower quality of their products. The reasons for insect success: 1. Presence of exoskeleton 2.Presence of wings 3. Small size 4. High rate of reproduction 5. Varied developmental stages 6. Ability to adapt varied environment 7. Highly varied habits and behaviors 8. High genetic plasticity Detail lecture on insects morphology external and internal Integuments external/internal Head internal/external Nervous Circulatory Digestive reproductive  INSECTICIDE USE PATTERN The general pattern of using insecticide is plagued with many problems: due to lack of adequate knowledge and inappropriate equipments for proper insecticide use. residue level in soil and water Indiscriminate use of insecticides in controlling insect pests of agricultural crops has been implicated in the development of resistance in disease vectors such as the Anopheles