Advanced Financial Accounting I Lecture Note 2022 PDF

CHAPTER ONE =========== ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME TAXES =========================== Income tax is type of direct tax levied by a government on businesses. Income tax due in a period is calculated by applying the applicable tax percentage to the taxable income of the business. Income tax is **a type o...

CHAPTER ONE =========== ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME TAXES =========================== Income tax is type of direct tax levied by a government on businesses. Income tax due in a period is calculated by applying the applicable tax percentage to the taxable income of the business. Income tax is **a type of tax that governments impose on income generated by businesses and individuals within their jurisdiction**. Income tax is used to fund public services, pay government obligations, and provide goods for citizens. ***TAX BASE CONCEPTT*** *Tax base refers to the total income (including salary, income from investments, assets, etc.) that can be taxed by a taxing authority and is thus used to calculate tax liabilities owed by the individual or the corporation. It serves as a total base on which the tax can be charged.* A** tax base** is the total amount of assets or [[revenue]](https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/r/revenue) that a government can tax. **Tax Base Formula = Tax Liability / Tax Rate** ### Example Mrs. Lucia, a businesswoman, happened to earn \$20000 last year. Out of this amount, \$15000 was subject to tax. Assuming a tax rate is 10%, Determine **tax base** **Solution** **Tax Liability = Tax Base \* Tax Rate** Total income 20,000 Taxable income 15,000 Tax rate 10% Tax liability 15,000\*0.1=1500 Tax base= **Tax Liability / Tax Rate** **Tax base=1500/0.1=15,000** MEANING OF DEFERRED TAX ----------------------- *Deferred tax (DT) refers to the difference between tax amount arrived at from the book profits recorded by a company and the taxable income. The effect arises when taxes are either not paid or overpaid. Companies calculate book profits using a particular accounting method; tax authorities charge taxes based on tax laws, and the two often differ.* Note: **Book income is used by companies to report their income and expenses to shareholders.** **Taxable income is used by businesses to report earnings and tax liability to tax authorities**. - Deferred tax is the gap between income tax determined by the company accounting methods and the tax payable determined by tax authorities. - Deferred tax arises when there is a difference in the treatment of income, expenses, assets, and a liability under the company's accounting procedure and the tax provision. - It is the difference between income tax paid and income tax accrued. The difference results in a surplus or deficit. ### TYPES OF DEFERRED TAXES DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES ------------------------ - A *deferred tax liability* is a liability recognized when tax paid in current period is lower that tax that would be payable if calculated under accrual basis. It arises when tax accounting rules defer recognition of income or advance recognition of an expense resulting in a decrease in taxable income in current period that would reverse in future. Financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting standards but income tax payable is worked out based on income tax rules of the tax authorities such as IRS. - *Deferred Tax Liabilities is the liability that arises to the company due to the timing difference between the tax accrual and the date when the taxes are paid to the tax authorities, i.e., taxes get due in one accounting period but are not paid in that period.* - In simple words, deferred tax liabilities are created when income tax expense (income statement item) is higher than taxes payable (tax return), and the difference is expected to reverse. DTL is the amount of income taxes payable in future periods due to temporary taxable differences. - As opposed to deferred tax assets, the deferred tax liability is the underpaid amount that a company has recorded in the filing of its taxes. This is the tax payment that the company is liable to pay in the future. The taxes are applied to the income of the current year, while the tax record for the filing that occurs in the next calendar year must happen now, which gives rise to deferred tax liabilities. - **Corporations must file income tax returns following the guidelines developed by the appropriate tax authority.** Because IFRS and tax regulations differ in a number of ways, frequently the amounts reported for the following will differ: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Income tax expense (IFRS) ------------------------- - Income taxes payable (Tax Authority) ------------------------------------ Deferred Tax Liability #### Deferred Tax Asset (DTA) - A deferred tax asset is an asset to the Company that usually arises when the Company has overpaid taxes or paid advance tax. Such taxes are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and are eventually paid back to the Company or deducted from future taxes. These are created because of the timing difference between the book and taxable profits. - Deferred tax asset is an asset recognized when taxable income and tax paid in current period is higher than the tax amount worked out based on accrual basis or where loss carry forward is available. - **Deferred tax asset represents the increase in taxes** **refundable (or saved) in future years as a result of deductible temporary differences existing at the end of the current year**. There can be the following scenario of deferred tax asset: 1. If book profit is lesser than taxable profit. Then deferred tax assets get created. 2. If, as per books, there is a loss in accounts, but as per income tax rules, the company shows a profit, and then the tax has to be paid and will come under deferred tax assets that can be used for future year tax payment. 1. **RECOGNITION OF DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES AND ASSETS** Recognition of deferred tax liabilities --------------------------------------- A deferred tax liability represents the increase in taxes payable in future years as a result of taxable temporary differences existing at the end of the current year. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences, with some exceptions and [Investments in subsidiaries, branches and associates, and interests in joint ventures](https://library.croneri.co.uk/cch_uk/niffs/ifs17-3a-2). Taxable temporary differences are temporary differences that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled. Deferred tax liabilities are typically recognized when: - The carrying amount of an asset is higher than its tax base, or - The carrying amount of a liability is lower than its tax base. Taxable temporary differences arise, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized, when, for example: - Reporting entity recognizes receivable and related revenue which will not be taxable until cash receipt. - An item of property, plant and equipment (PP&E) is depreciated faster for tax purposes than for accounting purposes. - Expenditure is recognized as an item of PP&E or an intangible asset for accounting purposes, but treated as revenue expenditure for tax purposes. - The identifiable assets acquired in a business combination are recognized at their fair values in accordance with [IFRS 3](https://library.croneri.co.uk/cch_uk/iast/ifrs3-200801) *Business Combinations *(IFRS 3), but no equivalent adjustment is made for tax purposes. - Assets are revalued upwards, but this revaluation does not affect taxable profit in the current period. To illustrate how differences in IFRS and tax rules affect financial reporting and taxable income, assume that ABC Company reported revenues of \$130,000 and expenses of \$60,000 in each of its first three years of operations. **For** tax purposes (following the tax rules), If ABC company reported the same expenses to the tax authority in each of the years But, Assume ABC Company reported taxable revenues of \$100,000 in 2015, \$150,000 in 2016, and \$140,000 in 2017 **Question 1**: Assuming tax rate is 40% shows the income statement over these three years for Financial Reporting purpose. **Solution** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **ABC | | | | | | COMPANY.** | | | | | | | | | | | | **IFRS | | | | | | REPORTING** | | | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Total | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Revenues | 130,000 | 130,000 | 130,000 | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Expenses | [60,000]{.u | [60,000]{.u | [60,000]{.u | | | | nderline} | nderline} | nderline} | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Pretax | 70,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 210,000 | | financial | | | | | | income | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Income tax | 28,000 | 28,000 | 28,000 | 84,000 | | expense | | | | | | (40%) | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Question 2** show income statement over these three years for Tax reporting purpose **Solution** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **ABC | | | | | | COMPANY.** | | | | | | | | | | | | **Tax | | | | | | REPORTING** | | | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Total | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Revenues | 100,000 | 150,000 | 140,000 | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Expenses | [60,000]{.u | [60,000]{.u | [60,000]{.u | | | | nderline} | nderline} | nderline} | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Taxable | 40,000 | 90,000 | 80,000 | 210,000 | | income | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Income tax | 16,000 | 36,000 | 32,000 | 84,000 | | payable | | | | | | (40%) | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ ### **Question 3:** Compare Income Tax Expense to Income Taxes Payable Income tax expense and income taxes payable differed over the three years but were equal **in total**, as shows. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **ABC | | | | | | COMPANY** | | | | | | | | | | | | **INCOME | | | | | | TAX EXPENSE | | | | | | ANDINCOME | | | | | | TAXES | | | | | | PAYABLE** | | | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Total | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Income tax | 28,000 | 28,000 | 28,000 | 84,000 | | expense | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Income | 16,000 | 36,000 | 32,000 | 84,000 | | payable | | | | | | (40%) | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Difference | 12,000 | (8,000) | (4,000) | \- | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ The differences between income tax expense and income taxes payable in this example arise due to the following simple reason. 1. For financial reporting, companies use the full accrual method to report revenues. 2. For tax purposes, they generally use a modified cash basis. 2015 **Deferred tax liability account increased to \$12,000** 2016 **Deferred tax liability account reduced by \$8,000** 2017 **Deferred tax liability account reduced by \$4,000** As indicates above, for ABC company the \$12,000 (\$28,000- \$16,000) difference between income tax expense and income taxes payable in 2015 reflects taxes that it will pay in future periods. This \$12,000 difference is often referred to as a **deferred tax** **amount**. In this case, it is a **deferred tax liability**. In cases where taxes will be lower in the future, ABC Company records a **deferred tax asset** **1.2 Future Taxable and Deductible Amounts** A **temporary difference** is the difference between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported (carrying or book) amount in the financial statements that will result in **taxable amounts** or **deductible amounts** in future years. A temporary difference is the difference between the tax basis and book basis of an asset or liability, which will result in taxable amounts or deductible amounts in future years. - Taxable amounts increase taxable income in future years. - Deductible amounts decrease taxable income in future years. ***In ABC Company's situation, the only difference between the book basis and tax basis of the assets and liabilities relates to accounts receivable that arose from revenue recognized for book purposes***. **Example:** Assume that ABC Company reports accounts receivable at Br 30,000 in the December 31, 2014. However, the receivables have a zero tax basis **Per Book 12/31/2014 Per tax basis 12/31/2014** Account receivable Br 30000 Account receivable 0 Assuming that ABC Company expects to collect Br 20,000 of the receivables in 2015 and Br10,000 in 2016, this collection results in future taxable amounts of Br 20,000 in 2015 and Br10,000 in 2016. 1. **Compute Deferred tax liability at the end of 2014** 2. **Income tax expense for 2014** 3. **Make a necessary journal entry for 2014 end** 4. **Income tax expense for 2015** 5. **Make a necessary journal entry for 2015 end** 6. **Journal entry for 2016** **Solution** A deferred tax liability represents the increase in taxes payable in future years as a result of taxable temporary differences existing at the end of the current year. 1. **Computation of Deferred tax liability at the end of 2014** Book basis of A/R Br 30000 Tax basis of A/R Cumulative temporary difference 2014 30000 Tax Rate [40%] Deferred tax liability at the end of 2014 **Br12000** Or Companies may also compute the deferred tax liability by preparing a schedule that indicates the future taxable amounts due to existing temporary differences: [Future Years ] **2015 2016 Total** Future taxable amount Br 20000 10000 30000 Tate Rate [40%] [40%] [40%] Deferred tax liability at the end of 2014 **8000 4000 12000** 2. **Computation of Income tax expense for 2014** **Income tax expense=** current tax expenses (the amount of income taxes payable for the period) + current deferred tax expense. Deferred tax liability at end of 2014 Br 12,000\ Deferred tax liability at beginning of 2014 [--0--]\ Deferred tax expense for 2014 12,000\ + Current tax expense for 2014 (income taxes payable) [16,000]\ **Income tax expense (total) for 2014 end Br 28,000** This computation indicates that income tax expense has two components; current tax expenses (the amount of income taxes payable for the period) and deferred tax expense. Deferred tax expense is the increase in the deferred tax liability balance from the beginning to the end of the accounting period. 3. **Journal entry for 2014 end** Income Tax Expense 28,000 ------------------------------- Income Taxes Payable 16,000 Deferred Tax Liability 12,000 4. **Computation of Income tax expense for 2015** At the end of 2015 (the second year), the difference between the book basis and the\ tax basis of the accounts receivable is Br10, 000. ABC company multiplies this difference by the\ applicable tax rate to arrive at the deferred tax liability of Br 4,000 (Br 10,000 x 40%), which\ it reports at the end of 2015. Income taxes payable for 2015 is Br 36,000. Deferred tax liability at end of 2015 Br 4,000\ Deferred tax liability at beginning of 2015 [12,000]\ Deferred tax expense (benefit) for 2015 (8,000)\ Current tax expense for 2015 (income taxes payable) [36,000]\ Income tax expense (total) for 2015 end Br 28,000 5. **Journal entry for 2015 end** ABC Company records income tax expense, the change in the deferred tax liability, and income taxes payable for 2015 as follows. The entry to record income taxes at the end of 2016 reduces the Deferred Tax Liability by Br 4,000. The Deferred Tax Liability account appears as follows at the end of 2016. 6. **Journal entry for 2016** Deferred tax liability for2015 Br 8000 Deferred tax liability for2016 Br 4000 Deferred tax liability for 2014 Br 12,000 Deferred tax liability 2015 Br 8000 2014 Br 12000 2016 4000 \- 0- The Deferred Tax Liability account has a zero balance at the end of 2016 Exercise -------- **Problem 1.** Starfleet Corporation has one temporary difference at the end of 2018 that will reverse and cause taxable amounts of \$55,000 in 2019, \$60,000 in 2020, and \$75,000 in 2021. Starfleet's pretax financial income for 2018 is \$400,000, and the tax rate is 30% for all years. There are no deferred taxes at the beginning of 2018. **Instructions** a. Compute taxable income and income taxes payable for 2018. b. Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2018 **Problem** 2: Your Company's EBITDA is \$25 million, tax-exempt interest income is \$1 million and depreciation expense under straight-line method is \$3 million. EBITDA worked out using tax laws is also \$25 million. However, it allows depreciation expense of \$5 million as a deduction. Assume a tax rate of 40%. a. Compute taxable income and income taxes payable. b. Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable. **Prepare Necessary journal entry** Your income before tax under financial accounting rules is \$23 million (i.e. EBITDA of \$25 million + tax-exempt interest expense of \$1 million -- depreciation of \$3 million). Your financial accounting income on which income tax shall apply is \$22 million i.e. after removal of exempt income. If you apply the 40% tax rate, your income tax obligation under matching concept and accrual basis equal \$8.8 million (i.e. \$22 million multiplied by 40%). Your taxable income i.e. the amount at which you have to pay the corporate tax is \$20 million (i.e. EBITDA of \$25 million - \$5 million of MACRS depreciation). Your income tax payable worked out using tax rules amounts to \$8 million (i.e. \$20 million multiplied by 40%). Journal entries --------------- Income tax expense \$8,800,000 ------------------------ ------------- ------------- Income tax payable \$8,000,000 Deferred tax liability \$800,000 In future periods, when the deferred tax liability would be used up, the following journal entry needs to be posted: Deferred tax liability \$800,000 ------------------------ ----------- ----------- Income tax expense \$800,000 Deferred tax liability would be recognized using the following journal entry: RECOGNITION OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS ---------------------------------- Deferred tax assets are typically recognized when: - The carrying amount of an asset is lower than its tax base, or - The carrying amount of a liability is higher than its tax base. Deductible temporary differences arise and deferred tax assets are recognized, when, for example: - a provision is recognized under [IAS 37](https://library.croneri.co.uk/cch_uk/iast/ias37-199809) *Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets* which will be tax deductible in future periods when actual cash outflow takes place - Liabilities for long-term employee benefits are recognized under [IAS 19](https://library.croneri.co.uk/cch_uk/iast/ias19-201106) *Employee Benefits* which will be tax deductible in future periods when actual cash outflow takes place (. - Research and development costs are recognized as an expense in determining accounting profit in the period in which they are incurred but may not be permitted as a deduction in determining taxable profit until a later period. - The identifiable liabilities assumed in a business combination are recognized at their fair values in accordance with [IFRS 3](https://library.croneri.co.uk/cch_uk/iast/ifrs3-200801), but no equivalent adjustment is made for tax purposes - Assets are revalued downwards or impaired, but this does not affect taxable profit in the current period **Illustration:** Hunt Company has revenues of \$900,000 for both 2019 and 2020. It also has operating expenses of \$400,000 for each of these years. In addition, Hunt accrues a loss and related liability of \$50,000 for financial reporting purposes because of pending litigation. Hunt cannot deduct this amount for tax purposes **until it pays the liability, expected in 2020.** As a result, a deductible amount will occur in 2020 when Hunt settles the liability, causing taxable income to be lower than pretax financial information. Assuming tax rate is 40% Required: a. Shows the IFRS reporting and tax reporting over the two years b. Compute Deferred Tax Asset, End of 2019 c. Compute and Record income tax expense for 2019 d. Compute and Record income tax expense for 2020 e. Record entry at end of 2020 **Solution a)**  a. Or  b. **Prepare the entry at the end of 2019 to record income taxes** **Income Tax Expense 180,000** ---------------------------------- **Deferred Tax Asset 20,000** **Income Taxes Payable 200,000** **D)**  **Prepare the entry at the end of 2020 to record income taxes.** **Income Tax Expense 200,000** ---------------------------------- **Deferred Tax Asset 20,000** **Income Taxes Payable 180,000** **E)** EXERCISE -------- **Problem 1**: Columbia Corporation has one temporary difference at the end of 2018 that will reverse and cause deductible amounts of \$50,000 in 2019, \$65,000 in 2020, and \$40,000 in 2021. Columbia's pretax financial income for 2018 is \$200,000 and the tax rate is 34% for all years. There are no deferred taxes at the beginning of 2018. Columbia expects to be profitable in the future. **Instructions** a. **Compute taxable income and income taxes payable for 2018.** b. **Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2018.** **Problem 2**: Let's consider a company that has earnings before income taxes (EBT) of \$30 million. During the period, an amount of \$4 million was received on a 2-year rental contract in **advance half** of which is included in the EBT. For tax purpose, the whole \$2 million is included in current period income, resulting in a taxable income of \$32 million. If the statutory tax rate is 40%, income tax payable works out to \$12.8 million (=\$32 million × 40%). However, on accrual basis, tax ought to be \$12 million (=\$30 million × 40%). The excess tax paid in current year of \$0.8 million must be moved to future periods. a. **Compute and record taxable income and income taxes payable.** **Account** **Dr** **Cr** ------------------------------------------ -------- -------- Current tax expense (\$30 million × 0.4) 12.00 Deferred tax asset 0.80 Income tax payable (\$32 million × 0.4) 12.80 Temporary difference is Differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its tax bases. Taxable temporary is a temporary difference that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled. Taxable temporary differences are **those on which tax will be charged in the future when the asset (or liability) is recovered (or settled)**. Deductable temporary difference is the temporary differences that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled. Deductible temporary differences are those which will result in tax deductions or savings in the future when the asset (or liability) is recovered (or settled). Taxable temporary differences give rise to recording deferred tax liabilities. Deductible temporary differences give rise to recording deferred tax assets. ACCOUNTING FOR NET OPERATING LOSS (NOL) --------------------------------------- **Net operating loss** is the operating loss i.e., the expenses in a period that are more than that of the revenues for that company in a specific period, which goes into the accounting books in the period where the company has allowable tax deductions which are greater than the current taxable income. Net operating losses (\"NOL\") are a tax credit created when a company\'s expenses exceed its revenues, generating negative taxable income as computed for tax purposes. NOL can be used to offset positive taxable income, reducing cash taxes payable. A net operating loss (NOL) for income tax purposes is when a company's allowable deductions exceed the taxable income in a tax period. When a company's deductibles are greater than its actual income, the [Internal Revenue Service (IRS)](https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/how-to-use-the-irs-gov-website/) allows the company to use the loss to reduce previous years' taxes or to carry it forward to offset future years' profits. It is a benefit that helps reduce the tax liability of the business. ### Common Reasons for Net Operating Loss One of the most common periods for incurring net operating losses occurs when companies are in their start-up phase. Such companies often are spending more money than they are taking in, in order to generate future sales or income. An example is a mining business, where they may generate large profits in one period, incur an NOL in the next, but make back the profit again in the following period. In this case, they can carry forward the second year NOL to offset taxes in the third year. When companies report an NOL, three common things can happen: 1. The company does not owe any taxes for the current period; 2. The company can get a refund for previously paid taxes; and 3. The company can carry forward its business losses to lower future taxable income. **CARRY BACKS & CARRY FORWARDS OF NET OPERATING LOSS** #### Rule of set-off of net operating losses in order to maximize the savings: 1. First, set off the NOL by carrying it back to the preceding 2 years to recover past taxes paid,. If any losses are still available for set-off then, 2. Set off the NOL in next year and carry forward it for the next 20 years 3. Any remaining NOL expires after 20 years and has no value. After 20 years, any remaining NOL expire and are no longer available for use and pending set off expires 4. NOL carried forward are recorded on the balance sheet as deferred tax assets (\"DTA\").  **LOSS CARRY BACK EXAMPLE** To illustrate the accounting procedures for a net operating loss carry back, assume that Groh Inc. has no temporary or permanent differences. Groh experiences the following. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | #### Year | Taxable Income | #### Tax Rate T | #### Tax paid | | | or Loss | ax Paid | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | #### 2011 | #### 50,000 | #### 35% | #### 17,500 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | #### 2012 | #### 100,000 | #### 30% | #### 30,000 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | #### 2013 | #### 200,000 | #### 40% | #### 80,000 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | #### 2014 | #### (500,000) | #### - | #### 0 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 1. Compute and record Income-tax refund receivable 2. Compute and records the tax effect carry forward as a deferred tax asset assuming that the enacted future tax rate is 40 percent. 3. How many Net losses would be forwarded? **SOLUTION** Under the law, Groh must apply the carry back first to the **second year preceding the loss year**. Therefore, it carries the loss back first to 2012. Then, Groh carries back any unused loss to 2013. Accordingly, Groh files amended tax returns for 2012 and 2013 2012 100,000\*0.3=30,000 2013 200,000\*0.4=[80,000] Total tax refund 110,000 1. **Income-tax refund receivable** = \$110,000 (\$30,000 + \$80,000) of taxes paid in those years. Groh makes the following journal entry for 2014. Income Tax Refund Receivable.................................................110, 000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Benefit Due to Loss Carry back (Income Tax Expense)...................110, 000 Groh reports the account debited, **Income Tax Refund Receivable,** on the balance sheet as a current asset at December 31, 2014 It reports the account credited on the income statement for 2014 as shown below +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **GROH INC.** | | | | #### INCOME STATEMENT (PARTIAL) FOR 2014 | +=======================================================================+ | Operating loss before income taxes | | \$\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.. | |..(500,000) | | | | Income tax benefit | | | | Benefit due to loss carry back | |..........................................110,000 | | | | #### Net loss....................................................... | |...................\$(390,000) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ #### Groh should recognize the associated tax benefit in this loss period. **Computation of tax effect** Tax effect accounting is **the procedure to adjust the difference between profits/loss in business accounting and taxable income**.  In above example Net loss is 500,000 and taxable income for 2012 and 2013 is 300,000, the the adjustment amount is 200,000 at future that rate. Thus, Groh Inc. records the tax effect of the \$200,000 loss carry forward as a deferred tax asset of \$80,000 Deferred Tax Asset (200,000\*.4) 80,000 Benefit Due to Loss Carry forward (Income Tax Expense) 80,000 3\. Since the \$500,000 net operating loss for 2014 exceeds the \$300,000 total taxable income from the 2 preceding years, Groh carries forward the remaining \$200,000 loss. #### TAX CARRY BACK EXERCISE **Prblem1**: Iron and Steel Company reports a pretax operating loss of \$90,000 in 2007 for both financial reporting and income tax purposes, Financial income and taxable income for the previous 2 years is as per below.  1. **What is the Income-tax refund receivable?** Carrybacks Example **Problem2**: Let's say XYX Company incurred a net operating loss of \$40 million in 2017. XYZ company taxable income for 2015 and 2016 were \$10 million and \$5 million. Assume a tax rate of 40% is applicable to 2015, 2016 and 2017. 1. What is the Income-tax refund receivable **SOLUTION** XYZ can use the \$40 million NOL in 2017 to revise the tax return for 2015. This would result in a tax refundable of \$4 million (=\$10 million × 40%). You are left with NOL of \$30 million, \$5 million of which you can set-off by retrospectively adjusting tax return for 2016 and claiming a tax refund related to 2016 of \$2 million (=\$5 million × 40%). After exhausting the 2-year carry back option, you are still left with NOL of \$25 million which you must carry forward to future period i.e. tax year 2018 onwards. You will need to pass the following journal entry to recognize the tax carry back: **Account** **Dr** **Cr** --------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- Income tax refund receivable (\$4 million +\$2 million) \$6 million Income tax expense (benefit) \$6 million This would result in a negative income tax year for 2017 i.e. a tax benefit and your net income will be higher than earnings before income taxes. **LOSS CARRY FORWARD EXAMPLE** If a carry back fails to fully absorb a net operating loss, or if the company decides not to carry the loss back, then it can carry forward the loss for up to 20 years. Because companies use carry forwards to offset future taxable income, the **tax effect of a loss carry forward** represents **future tax savings**. Realization of the future tax benefit depends on future earnings, an uncertain prospect. The key accounting issue is whether there should be different requirements for recognition of a deferred tax asset for (a) deductible temporary differences, and (b) operating loss carry forwards. The FASB's position is that in substance these items are the same---both are tax-deductible amounts in future years. As a result, the Board concluded that there **should not be different requirements** for recognition of a deferred tax asset from deductible temporary differences and operating loss carry forwards. **Example** To illustrate the accounting for an operating loss carry forward, return to the Groh example from the preceding section. In 2014, the company records the tax effect of the \$200,000 loss carry forward as a deferred tax asset of \$80,000 (\$200,000\*40%), assuming that the enacted future tax rate is 40 percent. Groh records the benefits of the carry back and the carry forward in 2014 as follows. **To recognize benefit of loss carry back** Income Tax Refund Receivable................................................. 110,000 Benefit Due to Loss Carry back (Income Tax Expense)............................ 110,000 **To recognize benefit of loss carry forward** Deferred Tax Asset..................................................................80,000 Benefit Due to Loss Carry forward (Income Tax Expense).................................\...80,000 Groh realizes the income tax refund receivable of \$110,000 immediately as a refund of taxes paid in the past. It establishes a Deferred Tax Asset account for the benefits of future tax savings. The two accounts credited are contra income tax expense items, which Groh presents on the 2014 income statement shown as shown below. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **GROH INC.** | | | | #### INCOME STATEMENT (PARTIAL) FOR 2014 | +=======================================================================+ | Operating loss before income taxes | | \$\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.. | |.\...\...\...\....(500,000) | | | | Income tax benefit | | | | Benefit due to loss carry back........................110,000 | | | | Benefit due to loss carry forward................... | | [80,000.............................190,000] | | | | #### Net loss....................................................... | |.....................................\$(310,000 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ The **current tax benefit** of \$110,000 is the income tax refundable for the year. Groh determines this amount by applying the carry back provisions of the tax law to the taxable loss for 2014. The \$80,000 is the **deferred tax benefit** for the year, which results from an increase in the deferred tax asset. **Required:** computes the income taxes payable for 2015 assume that Groh returns to profitable operations and has taxable income of \$250,000 (prior to adjustment for the NOL carry forward), subject to a 40 percent tax rate. Solution +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Taxable income prior to loss carry forward..................... \$ | | 250,000 | | | | Loss carry forward deduction..................................... | | (200,000) | | | | Taxable income for 2015 | |............................................50,000 | | | | Tax rate 40% \*0.4 | | | | Income taxes payable for | | 2015....................................................... \$ 20,000 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Groh records income taxes in 2015 as follows. Income Tax Expense.......................................100,000 Deferred Tax Asset....................................................80, 000 Income Taxes Payable................................................ 20,000 The benefits of the NOL carry forward, realized in 2015, reduce the Deferred Tax Asset account to zero. The 2015 income statement that appears in Illustration above does **not report** the tax effects of either the loss carry back or the loss carry forward because Groh had reported both previously. **GROH INC.** **INCOME STATEMENT (PARTIAL) FOR 2015** Income before income taxes................................\$250,000 Income tax expense Current \$20,000 Deferred [80,000]................................................100,000 Net income...................................................... \$150,000 **EXERCISE** **Problem 1:** Forward Company reports a pretax operating loss of \$60,000 in 2007 for both financial reporting and income tax purposes. The income tax rate is 30%, and no change in the tax rate has been enacted for future years. **What is the deferred tax asset created?**  Problem 2 : Assume \$25 million of net operating loss related to 2017 couldn't be carried back because the corporation ran out of available taxable income. The remainder of the NOL which can't be carried back can be carried back for 20 years. If we expect enough taxable income to be available in future periods, a deferred tax asset must be recognized based on the statutory tax rates expected in future periods. Let's assume expected taxable income is 2018, 2019 and 2020 is \$8 million, \$10 million and \$20 million and the associated tax rates are 40%, 35% and 30%. Compute and record deferred tax asset that can be recognized in 2017: Solution **USD in million** **Calculation** **2018** **2019** **2020** -------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Taxable income TI 8 10 20 NOL balance at the start of the year BNOL 25 17 7 NOL adjusted A 8 10 7 NOL balance at the end of the year ENOL = BNOL - A 17 7 \- Tax rate R 40% 35% 30% Deferred tax asset DTA = A × R 3.20 3.50 2.10 Total deferred tax asset is \$8.8 million. Please note that this is lower than the product of NOL balance at the start of the tax year 2018 and the 2017 tax rate because statutory tax rate has decreased in future periods thereby reducing the value of the tax loss carry forward. The following journal entry would recognize the deferred tax asset arising from the tax loss carry forward: **Account** **Dr** **Cr** ------------------------------ --------------- --------------- Deferred tax asset \$8.8 million Income tax expense (benefit) \$8.8 million **Disclosure of Income tax related Financial Statement Presentations** a. **Balance Sheet** Deferred tax accounts are reported on the balance sheet as assets and liabilities. Companies should classify these accounts as a net current amount and a net noncurrent amount. An individual deferred tax liability or asset is classified as current or noncurrent based on the classification of the related asset or liability for financial reporting purposes. A company considers a deferred tax asset or liability to be related to an asset or liability if reduction of the asset or liability causes the temporary difference to reverse or turn around. A company should classify a deferred tax liability or asset that is unrelated to an asset or liability for financial reporting; including a deferred tax asset related to a loss carry forward, according to the expected reversal date of the temporary difference. b. **Income Statement** Companies should allocate income tax expense (or benefit) to continuing operations, discontinued operations, extraordinary items, and prior period adjustments. This approach is referred to as intra period tax allocation. In addition, companies should disclose the significant components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations: 1. Current tax expense or benefit. 2. Deferred tax expense or benefit, exclusive of other components listed below. 3. Investment tax credits. 4. Government grants (if recognized as a reduction of income tax expense). 5. The benefits of operating loss carry forwards (resulting in a reduction of income tax expense). 6. Adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of a company. 7. Adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balance of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. **Taxes Which Are Not Included Under Income Tax** The following are types of taxes that would not be accounted for as income tax because they are not based on taxable profits: - **Sales taxes,** because they are based on sales value (a gross amount) rather than on taxable profits (eg tax based on total sales value from sale of alcohol or cigarettes). - **Consumption taxes** such as value added tax (VAT), or goods and services tax (GST), which are taxes levied on any value that is added to a product. - **Some production taxes** may not meet the definition of income tax depending upon the specific terms (eg a tax imposed on mining companies for each unit mined (based on an individual item)). - **Taxes payable on employee benefits** paid (eg social security taxes payable based on a percentage of employee's wages). - **Stamp duty,** a form of tax that is levied on documents.