Adulteration Of Crude Drugs PDF

ADULTERATION OF CRUDE DRUGS PHCG 202 Dr. U. S. Abubakar 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 1  Reasons for Adulteration Scarcity of the drug The high price of the drug in the market, e.g clove, cinnamon and carda...

ADULTERATION OF CRUDE DRUGS PHCG 202 Dr. U. S. Abubakar 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 1  Reasons for Adulteration Scarcity of the drug The high price of the drug in the market, e.g clove, cinnamon and cardamom It is very common with the contraband drugs e.g. opium 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 2 Ways of Crude Drug Adulteration 1-Unintentional Adulteration Unintentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons: i- Confusion in vernacular names between indigenous systems of medicine and local dialects ii- Lack of knowledge about the authentic plant iii- Non-availability of the authentic plant iv- Similarity in morphology and/or aroma v- Careless collection vi- Other unknown reasons 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 3  i- Confusion in Vernacular Names In Ayurveda medicine, ‘Parpatta’ refers to Fumaria parviflora, while in Siddha medicine, ‘Parpadagam’ refers to Mollugo pentaphylla Due to the similarity in the names in traditional systems of medicine, these 2 herbs are often interchanged Because of the popularity of Siddha medicine in some parts of south India, traders in these regions supply M. pentaphylla as Parpatta/Parpadagam and the north Indian traders supply F. parviflora 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 4  Also, Casuarina equisetifolia for Tamarix indica and Aerva lanata for Bergenia ciliata are some other examples of adulterations due to confusion in vernacular names 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 5 ii- Lack of Knowledge about Authentic Source Nagkesar is one of the important drugs in Ayurveda medicine The authentic source is Mesua ferrea, which is available throughout the Western Ghats and parts of the Himalayas, but the suppliers are unaware of it Thus, market samples are adulterated with flowers of Calophyllum inophyllum Also, there may be some restrictions in forest collection, and as such, C. inophyllum is sold as Nagkesar 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 6  iii- Similarity in Morphology Mucuna pruriens is the best example for unknown authentic plant and similarity in morphology It is adulterated with other similar Papilionaceae seeds which include Mucuna utilis and Mucuna deeringiana Mucuna utilis (sold as white variety) and M. deeringiana (sold as bigger variety) are popular adulterants Apart from this, Mucuna cochinchinensis, Canavalia virosa and Canavalia ensiformis are also sold in Indian markets 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 7  iv- Lack of Authentic Plant Hypericum perforatum is cultivated and sold in European markets In India, availability of this species is very limited However, the abundant Indo-Nepal species, Hypericum patulum is sold in the name of Hyperiucum perforatum Market sample is a whole plant with flowers, and it is easy to identify them taxonomically Anatomically, the transverse section of H. perforatum stem has compressed thin phloem, hollow pith and absence of calcium oxalate crystals On the other hand, H. patulum has broader phloem, partially hollow pith and presence of calcium oxalate crystals. 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 8  v- Careless Collections Some of the herbal adulterations are due to the carelessness of herbal collectors and suppliers Parmelia perlata is used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine Market samples showed it to be admixed with other species: Parmelia perforata and Permelia cirrhata Sometimes, Usnea species is also mixed with them Authentic plants can be identified by their thallus nature 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 9  vi- Unknown reasons Vidarikand is an important Ayurvedic plant which is obtained Pueraria tuberosa, and its substitute is Ipomoea digitata. However, Cycas circinalis is sold in plenty as Vidari, despite the fact that both the authentic plant and its substitute are available in plenty throughout India The reason why Cycas circinalis became a major source for this drug is still unknown. P. tuberosa can be easily identified by the presence of papery flake-like tubers, while Ipomoea digitata by the presence of its concentric rings of vascular bundles On the other hand, the adulterant, Cycas circinalis by its leaf scars and absence of vessel elements. 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 10 2- Direct or Intentional adulteration: i- Adulteration using manufactured substances ii- Substitution using inferior commercial varieties iii- Substitution using exhausted drugs iv- Substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substances v- Adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant vi- Addition of toxic materials vii- Adulteration of powders viii- Addition of synthetic principles 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 11  i- Adulteration using Manufactured Substances In this type of adulteration the original substances are adulterated by the materials that are artificially manufactured. The materials are prepared in a way that their general form and appearance resemble with various drugs. Few examples are cargo of ergot from Portugal was adulterated with small masses of flour dough moulded to the correct size and shape and coloured, first using red ink, and then into writing ink. Bass-wood is cut exactly the required shape of nutmegs and used to adulterate nutmegs. Compressed chicory is used in place of coffee berries. Paraffin wax is coloured yellow and is been substituted for beeswax, and artificial invert sugar is used in place of honey. 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 12  Original Drug: Bees wax Adulterant: Yellow coloured paraffin With artificially manufactured materials 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 13  ii- Substitution using Inferior Commercial Varieties In this case, the original drugs are substituted using inferior quality drugs that may be similar in morphological characters, chemical constituents or therapeutic activity. For example;  Hog gum or hog tragacanth for tragacanth gum  Arabian senna, obovate senna and Provence senna are used to adulterate senna  Ginger being adulterated with Cochin, African and Japanese ginger Capsicum annuum fruits and Japanese chillies are used for fruits of Capsicum minimum 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 14 7/23/2024 With inferior quality materials Dr. U.S. Abubakar 15  iii- Substitution using Exhausted Drugs In this type of substitution, the active constituents are extracted out and are used again. This could be done for the commodities that would retain its shape and appearance even after extraction, or the appearance and taste could be made to the required state by adding colouring or flavouring agents. This technique is frequently adopted for the drugs containing volatile oils, such as: clove, fennel etc. After extraction, saffron and red rose petals are recoloured by artificial dyes. Another example is balsam of tolu that does not contain cinnamic acid. The bitterness of exhausted gentian is restored by adding aloes. 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 16  With exhausted material 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 17  iv- Substitution of Superficially Similar Inferior Natural Substances The substituents used may be morphologically similar but will not be having any relation to the genuine article in their constituents or therapeutic activity. Examples of this type of adulteration are;  Ailanthus leaves are substituted for belladona, senna, etc.  Saffron admixed with saff flower  Peach kernels and apricot kernels for almonds  Clove stalks and mother cloves with cloves  Peach kernel oil used for olive oil  Chestnut leaves for hamamelis leaves  Japan wax for beeswax 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 18  v- Adulteration using the Vegetative Part of the same Plant The presence of vegetative parts of the same plant with the drug in excessive amount is also an adulteration For example;  Epiphytes, such as mosses, liverworts and lichens that grow over the barks also may occur in unusual amounts with the drugs, e.g. Cascara or Cinchona  Also, excessive amount of stems in drugs like Lobelia, Stramonium, Hamamelis leaves are few example for this type of adulteration 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 19  vi- Addition of Toxic Materials In this type of adulteration the materials used for adulteration would be toxic in nature Examples of this type of adulteration are;  A big mass of stone was found in the centre of a bale of liquorice root  Limestone pieces with asafetida  Lead shot in opium  Amber-coloured glass pieces in colophony  Barium sulphate to silvergrain cochineal  Manganese dioxide to blackgrain cochineal, are few examples in this adulteration 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 20  vii- Adulteration of Powders Powdered drugs are found to be adulterated very frequently. Adulterants used are generally powdered waste products of a suitable colour and density. For example;  Powdered olive stones for powdered gentian, liquorice or pepper  Brick powder for barks  Red sanders wood to chillies  Dextrin for powdered Ipecacuanha 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 21 viii- Addition of Synthetic Principles Synthetic pharmaceutical principles are used for market and therapeutic value For example;  Citral is added to lemon oil, whereas benzyl benzoate is added to balsam of Peru  Apart from these, the herbal products labelled to improve sexual performance in men, where found to contain sildenafil when analyzed  Brand names such as Actra-Rx, Yilishen, Hua Fo, Vinarol and Vasx, Sleeping Buddha containing estazolam Diabetes Angel containing glyburide and phenformin are few examples under 7/23/2024 Dr. U.S. Abubakar 22