ADMS 2400 OB Session 6 Stress & Well-being PDF

ADMS 2400: Organizational Behaviour Session 6 Stress & Well-Being Victoria Daniel  Well-Being Overall sense that one perceives their life is going well Fluctuates with the ebb-and-flow of life, but also tend to have a global evaluation Many factor...

ADMS 2400: Organizational Behaviour Session 6 Stress & Well-Being Victoria Daniel  Well-Being Overall sense that one perceives their life is going well Fluctuates with the ebb-and-flow of life, but also tend to have a global evaluation Many factors contribute to well-being, such as o Basic needs being meet (via stable living conditions, employment) o Physical health o Quality of relationships o Positive emotions and resilience; mental health o Satisfaction and fulfillment  Overview: The Model of Stress Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions  Model of Stress Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions Part 1: What is stress?  What is Stress? A psychological reaction to the demands inherent in a stressor that have the potential to make a person feel tense or anxious Stress can be experienced for varying amounts of time o Acute: a short, single event o Episodic: a delineated period of time o Chronic: non-stop, consistent stress  Activation of Stress Mechanism From an evolutionary perspective, stress is an important adaptive function to keep us alive in the face of threat (largely physical vulnerability) Physiology of stress o Hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) signals release of two hormones  cortisol (glucocorticoids) and adrenaline (epinephrine) o Heart rate and respiration rate rises to send more oxygen through your body o Body shifts its resources away from “non-essential” functions This temporarily throws body off homeostasis (balance) to address perceived threat/stressor Yet perceived threat in the modern world also driven by psychosocial factors and often work-related stressors that may perpetually keep people in this heightened state *NOT ON EXAM (Sapolsky, 2010  Model of Stress Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions Part 2: What causes stress?  What are Stressors? Environmental events or conditions that have the potential to induce stress Sources of stress (general), e.g., extreme temperatures, social isolation, injury, poverty Different types of stressors (how they may be perceived) Challenge Stressor Hindrance Stressor Has a positive impact Has a negative impact Inspires learning, motivation Limits performance, overwhelming  EXAMPLES: Job Stressors What kind of stressors can you think of in the workplace?  Conservation of Resources Theory COR Theory suggests people inherently want to build, save up, and protect personal resources o “Resources”: anything of value that facilitates individual goal attainment Why do stressors —> stress? Stressors can evoke: o Actual loss of personal resources o Perceived loss (threat) of personal resources o Lack of personal resource replenishment (Hofboll, 1989  Stressor & Stress Appraisals Differ People can interpret stressors and react to stress in different ways… Depending on stable factors (individual differences) o Personality traits such as negative affectivity or neuroticism, Type A behaviour pattern, locus of control Depending on variable factors (fluctuations in individual state) Productivit o Resources such as mood, emotions, energy, self-efficacy beliefs y o Downward resource spirals (COR Theory): 0 20 40 60 80 Weekly Hours  E.g., the less energy you have, the more it takes (Pencavel, 2014)  Model of Stress Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions Part 3: What are the consequences of experiencing stress?  What are Stress Reactions? The behavioural, psychological, and physiological consequences of stress Reactions will differ and become more pronounced the longer and more intense stress one is under Stress Exposure ACUTE CHRONIC  EXAMPLES: Reactions to Acute Stress What reactions to acute stress may you experience?  What about at Work? BURNOUT ENGAGEMENT Emotional exhaustion Vigor Cynicism Dedication Lowered self-efficacy Absorption  How Does Burnout Happen? Combination of demands and resources explains whether people will experience job burnout or engagement Job-Demands Resources Model (Demerouti et al., 2001) Work-Home Resources Model (ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012) “job demands” are features of a job that require sustained physical or Demands psychological effort Resources “job resources” are features of a job that are functional in helping to achieve goals, stimulate growth, etc. Outcomes of Chronic Stress at Work Impact of Burnout for Impact of Burnout for Employees Organizations Detrimental to well-being Harms functioning, Hinders job performance; effectiveness may engage in Expensive counterproductive work Difficult to manage behaviours Poor decision-making skills Lower creativity BREAK  Model of Stress Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions Part 4: What mitigates stress and/or stress reactions?  Types of Mitigating Factors STRESS CHANGE MANAGEME STRESSOR NT Stress Stressor Stress Reactions What are the pros and cons of each?  Mitigating Factors: Organizations “Stress Management” Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions Part 4: What mitigates stress and/or stress outcomes?  How can organizations intervene? Stress Management Training Wellness Programs Benefit programs that cover related services (e.g., insurance)  Mitigating Factors: Organizations “Change Stressor” Mitigating Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions Part 4: What mitigates stress and/or stress outcomes?  How can organizations intervene? Mitigating Stressors by: Real-World Examples Redesigning jobs to minimize Flextime with core hours stressors (i.e., think JCM) “No Meetings Allowed” time Addressing lack of resources blocking o E.g., budget or staffing issues No emails/contact Organizational/Supervisor afterhours support “Grey days” Family-friendly policies and “Sludge” Eradication practices Choosing shifts Flexible work arrangements  Mitigating Factors: Individuals Problem Focused Coping Emotion Focused Coping Mitigating Mitigating Factors Factors Stress Stressor Stress Reactions What individuals do in response to stress—how they cope.  Keys to Individual Well-Being Ongoing stress management and proactive maintenance Sleep Personal Interests Social connection *DETAILS OF EACH NOT ON EXAM  Sleep Not just the body “shutting down” Serves many critical functions, such as: o Regulation and regeneration of vital systems (e.g., immune system; physical healing) o Restructuring; restoring executive function needed for attention, reasoning, decision-making, etc. o Emotional processing o Consolidating memories to sort through the relevant and redundant information; integrating new memories from short- to long-term Good sleep is a question of quantity and quality… (Walker,  Impacts of Sleep Debt Perpetual under-sleeping over lifetime linked to increased likelihood of: o heart attack o stroke o dementia o mental health conditions like depression But even one night can have significant consequences… Like stress, lack of sleep before and after learning affects the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus—making it harder to maintain attention as well as form, store, and retain new information (Walker, 2017  Non-Work Activities Bolsters Resources Need a combination of passive rest (get back to 0) and active rest (to become +) Enrichment Theory (Greenhaus & Powell, 2006): Role A generates resources  apply to Role B skills, knowledge, recovery experiences perspectives (psych. detachment, relaxation, mastery, control) energy, vigor positive self-evaluatio (self-efficacy, optimism social support positive mood and emotions social capital (networking)  Social Connection Closeness to friends and The importance of this is connected to work… family and perhaps even Strength of colleagues belongingness/relatedness Support from people at needs home and work Value of altruism; prosocial motivation Counselling from mental Significant role of supports health professionals Effectiveness of mentorship for various outcomes Detriments of interpersonal stressors  Societal & Organizational Influence Work is almost an Kicks back the onus of undeniable fact of life responsibility to individuals to deal with stress and What is valued as a blame for its consequences o E.g., “be more resilient” society shapes what we think it means to be “successful” Led to a stress-related public health crisis Creating norms around busyness and burnout that can be detrimental  Overview of Key Ideas Importance of Well-Being The Stress Model Symptoms of Stress Types of Stressors Consequences of Stress Relevant Theories COR Theory Demands-Resources Models Enrichment Theory Mitigating Factors  Summary TASK DETAILS DEADLINE Today’s Readings Chapter 13 (pp. 500-515) Catch up on today’s readings if you haven’t read them already Next Class Readings Chapter 10 Ideally before next class Class Activity Today “Applying the Model of Stress” Due: Today by 11:59pm Homework Activity / / Misc. Reminder: Upcoming Midterm /