Abiotic Factors 2022 Block Schedule Biology Unit 2

Biology Unit 2 Aquatic Ecology: Abiotic Factors Unit Deep Hope:As we begin to understand the life-giving qualities of physical water may we grow in love for Jesus, the living water, and walk in obedience by conserving, protecting, and improving water quality in God’s World. Long Term Learning Tar...

Biology Unit 2 Aquatic Ecology: Abiotic Factors Unit Deep Hope:As we begin to understand the life-giving qualities of physical water may we grow in love for Jesus, the living water, and walk in obedience by conserving, protecting, and improving water quality in God’s World. Long Term Learning Targets: I can seek the Truth by using the general revelation of the science of water to deepen my understanding of Jesus the living water. I can actively seek justice by practicing earth-keeping principles to conserve and protect water quality and love my neighbor well. Learning Targets I can explain how our study of ecology helps us fulfill God’s command to care for his creation. I can begin to understand the use of models as a tool for studying ecology. I can describe the levels of organization in ecology. I can begin to distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors. A. Introduction to Ecology 1. What is ecology? 2. Why study it? 2 interdependent economies: human and nature must learn to design human economies that are sustainable and resilient. God’s command and warning God’s warning to Israel can also serve as warning to us. God spoke: “Let us make human beings in our image, make them reflecting our nature “Woe to you who add So they can be responsible for the fish in the sea, house to house and the birds in the air, the cattle, join field to field till And, yes, Earth itself, and every animal that moves on the face of Earth.” no space is left and God created human beings; you live alone in the he created them godlike, Reflecting God’s nature. land.” Isaiah 5:8 He created them male and female. God blessed them: “Prosper! Reproduce! Fill Earth! Take charge! Be responsible for fish in the sea and birds in the air, for every living thing that moves on the face of Earth.” 3. What are the ecological levels? 1) Ecosystems 2) Communities 3) Populations 4) Species Habitat Biological Niche 4. What are abiotic and biotic that affect a bluegill in a lake ecosystem? a.Abiotic Factors: b.Biotic Factors: c. Give 2 examples of how abiotic factors are influenced by biotic factors. 5. Interpreting Scientific Models. Describe the four major global systems? What makes these global systems? What might be some causes of global change? What types of cycles or process would be a part of the ring “ How The Earth System Works’? List some examples of measurable changes in the earth systems that scientists monitor B. What are the biological indicators of water quality and health? Learning Target: I can evaluate the health of a freshwater system using biological indicators. 1) Biological indicators Benthic Macroinvertebrate-Insect LOW QUALITY MID QUALITY HIGH QUALITY Birds Beavers Metamorphosis C. Where is the water? C. Where is the Water? Oceans 97.3% Ice caps 2.05% Ground water.6% Lakes.1% Atmospheres.001% Rivers.00001% Do you recognize this place?  Learning Targets I can begin to understand how sin and human activity has impacted aquatic ecosystems in a negative way. I can describe various types of pollution and negative impact on living organisms and aquatic ecosystems.  Explore More: Iowa Water Quality Stop video at 11:03 D. How has sin impacted aquatic ecosystems? Pollution (indicators of un-health) 1) Types Sediment a) – Fields, construction, animal access Causes – Blocks sun, fills , carries pollutants Effects Nutrient b) – Nitrate , phosphate, fertilizers manure, decaying Causes matter, sewage Effects – Increase plant growth, decrease oxygen levels c) Chemical Causes Effects – Lead, arsenic, caffeine, chlorine, oil, herbicide, d) pesticide Causes – Toxic to animal and human health e) Pathogen f) Plastic -bacteria and viruses: sewage and animal waste Thermal – Industry – Decreased oxygen increased metabolic rate  Whose Book is it? Volume I- - Pay attention, Don’t Why is it important to care distort it or claim as for volume 1? mine. -provides us with a Volume 2 comfortable environment. -Honor, study, Don’t -reminds us God the distort its message. creator -points others to Him If we do not care for it and protect i and honor and preserve it, we distort its message and make it difficult or impossible for other to “read” it. Why should Christian Care about Creation? Disagreements? What does the Lord require of you? To act Surprises? justly, love mercy and to walk humbly with your God. Why Care? Caring for the planet is caring for our fellow human beings.  E. How does water move in the earth system? I can describe how water moves through the earth’s system. I can distinguish between point and nonpoint sources of pollution. I can begin to understand how humans can positively and negatively affect water quality. I can begin to understand the importance of watersheds in monitoring water quality.  1) Hydrology Cycle- movement of water involving atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere. – More than the simple water cycle of evaporations, condensation, precipitation, it also includes: - Runoff -Infiltration - Percolation -Seepage - Stream - Groundwater flow - Plant uptake -Evapotranspiration - Animal uptake/use -Sublimation - Human usage - Ground water storage - How might the water be negatively impacted as it moves? Which processes in the hydrological cycle? - How might the water be positively impacted as it moves? Which processes in the hydrological cycle? E. How does water move in the earth system? 2) Hydrology- is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and below the Earth's surface, as well as the impact of human activity on water availability and condition. Explore More: 11:03 up to 27:00 How has hydrology Changed? a. rural b. urban 3) Sources of pollution 1). 2). F. How do ecologists monitor water quality? PC Muchakinock Watershed 1. Watershed approach a. Watershed story b. Definition- c. PCHS Watershed(s) 2. Indicators of Water quality a. biological b. physical c. chemical What are the physical factors that affect water quality? Learning Targets: I can begin to understand how physical factors affect aquatic life and water quality. I can begin to understand how ecologists measure physical factors of a stream. G. Physical indicators of health 1. Transect: a Temperature/ thermal pollution fluctuations human activity impacts b. Transparency/sediment pollution definition types of suspended particles- impact for animals sources healthy levels below 20 cm =poor 20-40 cm= Fair 41-60 =Good 60+ =Excellent Source: Geologist Isaac Larsen stands at an erosional escarpment, a meeting point of farmland and prairie, in Stinson Prairie, Iowa. Studying these escarpments shows there’s been a startling amount of erosion in the U.S. Midwest since farming started there more than 150 years ago. Soil Erosion TODAY: Average Rate In Our Watershed is 6 Tons per acre/Year https://www.dailyerosion.org/map/#20230920//avg_loss/ -93.24/41.78/6.473333333333335//0/  c. Velocity d. Depth e. Width f. Changes to Iowa’s streams 1) Channelization Incisement Historical Look at one Iowa Stream H. What are the chemical factors that affect water quality? Learning Targets I can discover how the order and design of the water molecule allows for it to support life. I can diagram the structure of a water molecule, its polarity and hydrogen bonding and relate it to the properties of water. 1. Water: Why is water essential for life? How does the designed structure and order relate to its life giving properties? a. Chemical formula H2 O b. Lewis Structure  VSEPR Valence shell electron Pair Repulsion Theory d. Water is a polar molecule. Polarity- uneven sharing/distribution of electrons across a molecule-- making one side of molecule slightly negative and the other side positive Stop video at 2:22 1) Polarity of water molecule allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. 2). Hydrogen bonds- weak attractions between H atom in one molecule and a negatively charged region of another molecule. 3.Show the polarity of water molecule and hydrogen bonding by drawing 3 additional water molecules  Learning targets I can discover how the order and design of the water molecule allows for it to support life. I can diagram the structure of a water molecule, its polarity and hydrogen bonding and relate it to the properties of water. I can use scientific reasoning skills to gather data, make claims and support those claims with evidence and reasoning. I can describe and explain the life-giving properties and characteristics of water. f. What are the Properties of Water 1. Universal Solvent- because its strong polarity, water can break up other polar substances and dissolve them. 2. Cohesion-like substance sticking together.- – Surface tension- film or “shrinkage” of a liquid due to attraction of molecules – 3. Adhesion- different substance sticking together 4. Capillary action- upward movement of water and dissolved substances, involves adhesion and cohesion. Is Capillary action sufficient to get water to the leaves? What other “force” or properties of water must occur to pull water up to the leaves? 5. High heat of vaporization a. The energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance from a liquid into a gas b. Liquid water has high boiling point- vaporizes at 100 degrees Celsius 212 degrees Fahrenheit c. In order for water to evaporate, hydrogen bonds must first be broken. These bonds absorb a lot of the heat energy, preventing the water molecule from taking some of the heat. Water is called a heat sink. d. Water requires much more heat energy to boil than other liquids. Has high heat of vaporization. e. As water evaporates, it takes heat with it, keeping the liquid water relatively stable. 6. High specific heat a. Amt of heat needed to raise or lower a unit of mass of a substance 1 degree Celsius. b. Water resists temperature change because of strong hydrogen bonds, which absorb the heat. c. Takes more heat energy to heat up water than any other substance. Angle of covalent bonds helps it hold the heat. d. As water cools it releases heat forming hydrogen bonds Why is this good for aquatic systems? 7. One substance, three states of matter. a. Help regulate earth’s temperature making habitable. i. Water vapor is like a blanket around earth, trapping heat radiating from earth. b. Solid is less dense than liquid: ice floats c. Water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. Molecules at fixed distance Hydrogen bonds broken and reformed 8. Pure Water= neutral pH a)pH stands for potential hydrogen or hydrogen power. b) pH measures the acidity/basicity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions. c)Logarithm scale of 0-14 d). Measures the ratio of hydronium ions H3O+ / OH- hydroxide ions in the solution. 1. Less than 7 = acid H3O >OH- = “AH” 2. 7.0 =neutral H3O+ = OH- 3. Greater than 7 = basic H3O+< OH-=“BOH” e.Basis for the scale: Pure Distilled water at 25 degrees Celsius pH of 7 H3O+ = OH- All other aqueous solutions are compared to this! What can happen to some water molecules in a solution?  2. pH = logarithmic scale. Each step in the pH scale represents a factor of 10 pH of 4 is 10x more Hydronium ions,10x more acidic than a pH of 5 pH of 5 is 100x more Hydronium ions , 100x more acidic, than a pH of 7 Shift of one pH level to another is a significant change and can affect organic molecules. (Milk bath experiment) Living cells are very sensitive to changes in pH. Chemical indicators of health Learning targets: I can begin to understand the effects of pH on aquatic life. I can begin to understand what causes the pH of water to shift. I can begin to understand the importance of maintaining homeostatic pH levels PH: Explanation of IOWATER What influences the pH of a stream? What types of chemicals-3 combines with water to form acid rain making water acidic? What processes produce these chemicals? What are the healthy leveLs of pH in Iowa’s streams? Lakes? What else besides limestone bedrock can cause the pH of aquatic systems to become too basic?  PH continues What impact does acid rain have on soil erosion? How does acid rain affect plant life? Be specific, don’t just say die. How does acid rain affect animal life?Be specific, don’t just say die. How does pH affect the solubility of nutrients and metals? Blood pH is 7.35-7.45 normally If the pH of blood goes below 7.0 or above 7.8 death can occur Below 7 acidosis: CO2, Lactic Acid… other acids. Above 7.45 Alkalosis: dehydration  Learning Targets I can begin to understand how chemicals are measured. I can describe the sources for dissolved oxygen. I can analyze and describe fluctuations of dissolved oxygen in aquatic systems. I can interpret a model of carbon cycle.  3. Dissolved Oxygen a)Unit of measurement ppm or mg/L , ppb b) Dissolved oxygen - Sources? -- What organisms need it? --What are healthy levels Fish need at least 5 ppm c) How do Humans affect it? d)How does it fluctuate. Within 24 hours Temperature Depth -- Effect on pH? Why does pH often increase as DO increases? DO and pH often show positive correlation. DO does not affect pH directly. But as plants remove carbon dioxide pH and oxygen goes up.  4. Recycling in Nature: carbon dioxide Forms Sources Geological Biological Human Chemical Physical Carbon releasing activities-global change? Carbon absorbing process? Cyclic processes (next slides) Changes since 1960? Why? Healthy levels below 0.9 mg/L 1-6 mg/Ls lightly polluted Hard for fish to survive in anything over 12 ppm 21 mg/L severely polluted Effect on oceans and lakes? Combine with water make carbonic acid  Effect on pH Bicarbonate Carbonate Carbonic acid Acidification of oceans.  Learning targets I can explain why living things need nitrogen. I can identify sources of nitrogen for life. I can explain how excessive nitrogen is harmful. I can interpret models of nitrogen cycle. I can create a model of nitrogen cycle. I can use nitrogen cycle vocabulary to explain how nitrogen moves through an ecosystem. 5) nitrogen – Importance – Forms __ N2 N N triple covalent bond is _ hard to break Ammonia NH3 Ammonium NH4+ Nitrates NO3- Nitrites NO2- Waste & organic matter Amino Acids building block of Protein,DNA,RNA Sources Biological Human Chemical Physical  NH3/ NH4+ healthy levels – Small amounts are converted quickly – 0.1mg/L polluted – Large inputs=toxic over 2 mg/L – Algae blooms Nitrite NO2- – 0.1 ppm- 0.3 ppm healthy – 1 ppm in drinking water –blue baby syndrome Nitrogen is limiting - Nitrates NO3 factor in salt water. 1-20 mg/L healthy in streams Over 10 mg/L unsafe to drink Algae blooms decrease dissolved oxygen  Limiting Factor in salt water: Eutrophication- “highly nutritious” : Algae blooms--- can be toxic. Source water.usgs.gov Source water.usgs.gov 3,058 square miles 2023  6705 Square miles-- 2024 Lake Red Rock is 109 Square miles 61 Lake Red Rocks. What Factors make it look like Iowa is not making any progress.  What Factors make it look like we are not making any progress? Tiling Stats Key vocabulary Nitrogen fixation abiotic biotic Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation/ uptake/immobilization Ammonification/ mineralization/decomposition Importance of wetlands and slow moving streams Nitrogen cycle is God’s water purification plan. Best Practices: Reversing the Curse Grass waterways Buffer Strips Wetland Restoration Cover crops Saturated Buffers  Reversing the Curse Bioreactors: Denitrification.  Learning targets I can explain why living things need phosphorus. I can identify sources of phosphorus for life. I can explain how excessive phosphorus is harmful? I can interpret models of phosphorus cycle.  6) phosphates – Importance? – Where is it? – Sources Biological Human Geological – Cyclic- – Healthy levels 0.01-0.5mg/L healthy 0.6-mg/L and greater polluted—algae blooms Limiting nutrient in freshwater systems. Phospholipids-- cell membranes Hydrophobic & hydrophilic Cell membrane Waxes- protection Protective cuticle covering for plants.  DNA- and RNA Phosphorus cycle 7.Chlorine Commonly added to Dangerous because it drinking water– can easily combine with excellent disinfectant other substances in Recommended levels water- like ammonia below 99 mg/L and by products of Toxic to all aquatic life, decaying matter. These some more tolerant new substances are than others carcinogenic. God created fish, He created trees, and He created man. When God created the fish, He spoke to the sea. When God created the trees, He spoke to the earth. BUT, when He wanted to create man, He turned to Himself. That's when God said, "Let us make man in our own image." If you and I take a fish out of water, it will die. If you and I take a tree away from the soil, it too will die. In a similar way, you and I must choose to connect with God or we will die and be separated from God. Being in fellowship with God is our necessary environment. We were created to live in His presence. We have to be connected to Him because only in this relationship do we really exist. Our spirit was meant to be one with His.  John 7 Jesus stood and cried out, saying, “If anyone is thirsty, let him come to Me and drink. He who believes in Me, as the Scripture said, ‘From his innermost being will flow rivers of living water.’” F. What microscopic Plankton live in a stream and wetland?