Abdominal Physiology PDF

What boarders the abdomen superiorly and then inferiorly Inferior thoracic apature; Pelvic inlet Thoracic cavity; Abdominal wall Rib cage; Lumbar spine Sternum; Sacrum Intraperitoneal organs (9)→include the stomach, spleen, liver, first and fourth parts of the duodenum, jeju...

What boarders the abdomen superiorly and then inferiorly Inferior thoracic apature; Pelvic inlet Thoracic cavity; Abdominal wall Rib cage; Lumbar spine Sternum; Sacrum Intraperitoneal organs (9)→include the stomach, spleen, liver, first and fourth parts of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse, and sigmoid colon. Retroperitoneal organs (10)→ lie behind the posterior sheath of the peritoneum and include the aorta, esophagus, second and third parts of the duodenum, ascending and descending colon, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and adrenal glands You experience a patient that has recently had their parietal peritoneum removed for some reason. If this patient were to have a perforation then they would be at increased risk for Peritonitis (infection) Hemorrhage Gastroesophageal reflux Bowel obstruction Which of the following is not a intraperitoneal organ? Kidney Stomach Spleen Liver First and fourth part of duodenum Which of the following is not a intraperitoneal organ? Second and third part of duodenum Jejunum Illeum Transverse Sigmoid color Which of the following is not a retroperitoneal organ? Stomach Kidney Pancreas Aorta Esophagus Which of the following is not a retroperitoneal organ? Illeum Ureters Ascending and descending colon Adrenal glands What are two things that help protect the kidneys since they are retroperitoneal Ribs and perirenal fat Mesentery and peritoneum Diaphragm and abdominal wall Pelvic floor and iliac crest Which of the following is not intraperitoneal Bile duct Hepatic artery Portal vein Gastric vessels Ureters During a laparoscopic surgery what is inserted into the abdomen to blow the belly up with air (insufflation) Trocar Veress needle thorocotomy needle CO2 gas What is the double layered fold of perotoneum mixed with fat that is the first thing you see when you cut into the stomach Greater Omentum Mesentery Peritoneum Ligamentum What helps sequester infection and anchor the posterior liver/ lesser curvature of the stomach with ligaments Greater omentum Lesser omentum Mesentery Peritoneum The liver is ____________. compared to the stomach posterior Superior Lateral Anterior The ____________ is the most common sites of throat cancer due to repeated acid reflux Lesser curvature Pyloric canal Sphinchter of Odi GE junction The purpose of the pyloric sphincter is to Allows food to pass freely into the stomach Regulates bile flow into the small intestine Prevents stomach contents from entering the small intestine Controls the release of pancreatic enzymes What is the area where the greater omentom connects to the stomach Gastrosplenic ligament Greater curvature Hepatogastric ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Why is the pancreas connected to the duodenum? To absorb nutrients To regulate blood sugar To deliver digestive enzymes To produce bile What is chyme Semi-fluid mass of partially digested food Fully digested food Bile Gastric acid What is the only difference between the jujunum and the ileum? Length and location More plicae circulares Function and enzyme secretion Mucosal texture and pH level What is the point of mesentery Supports and stabilizes intestines Produces digestive enzymes Absorbs nutrients from food Connects liver to gallbladder What takes up the most of the small intestines Ileum Duodenum Jejunum Cecum What is the correct order of the digestive system Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus Mouth, Stomach, Esophagus, Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus Esophagus, Mouth, Stomach, Large Intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Rectum, Anus Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Mouth, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus What would cause some one to have uncommon pain (back pain instead of stomach pain) when having an appendicitis Ileocecal valve is not working properly appendix is enlarged appendix is orientated abnormally appendix is covered in fat Diverticulosis is commonly found where Sigmoid colon Ascending colon Rectum Duodenum What is the correct order of parts the large intestine Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum Cecum, Descending colon, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum Ascending colon, Cecum, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Rectum, Sigmoid colon Rectum, Sigmoid colon, Descending colon, Transverse colon, Ascending colon, Cecum What are some landmarks you look for on the large intestines Villi, Haustra, Taeniae coli Haustra, omental appendicies, taeniae coli Ileum, Omental appendicies Glomeruli, Haustra How does the taeniae coli create haustra of colon By secreting mucus to lubricate the colon By absorbing water from the intestinal contents By contracting and pulling the colon into pouches By facilitating peristalsis along the colon What would Dr. Lang consider "accesory organs" of digestion? Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Stomach, Gallbladder, Small intestines Small intestine, Rectum, Large intestines Esophagus, Pancreas, Liver What is not one of the lobes of the liver Coudé lobe Left lobe Right lobe Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe In the removal of a the gallbladder, what duct is supposed to be cut Cystic duct Gallbladder duct Hepatic duct Main hepatic duct What organ does not have an impression on the posterior side of the liver Gallbladder (gallbladder fossa) Right kidney (renal) Stomach (gastric) Large intestine (colic) Esophagus (esophageal) Spleen (splenic) What is process is bile made from in the liver and what is it purpose? Made from RBC breakdown; purpose is to emulsify fats Made from WBC; purpose is to store energy Made from amino acids; purpose is to transport lipids Made from triglycerides; purpose is to regulate blood ketones Bile salts (stones) are usually formed in what structure resulting in a cholecystectomy Gallbladder Pancreas Liver Duodenum Where do the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas release their products into the duodenum? Sphincter of oddi Minor duodenal papilla Pyloric sphincter Hepatopancreatic ampulla Sphincter of codi What is a common observance of a UTI seen in a CT once it hits the kidneys Perinephric fat stranding (inflammation) Renal bleeding Polynephritis (inflammation) Urethritis (inflammation) What is the correct order of urine excretion through the kidney Nephron → Collecting Duct → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra Nephron → Renal Cortex → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra Glomerulus → Renal Medulla → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra Nephron → Renal Capsule → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra If one of your patients has an infection and is hence using more oxygen to create ATP to fight the infection what would you expect there body to be producing? More CO2 and more H+ (acidic) Less CO2 and more H+ (acidic) More CO2 and more H+ (acidic) More CO2 and less H+ (basic) What are some alternate forms of energy that the body can use if it does not have glucose or can't use it? Fatty acids and Amino acids Lactic acid and Ketones Nucleotides and Amino acids Fatty acids and Enzymes What is not a telltale sign of DKA? Hypertension Kussmaul respirations Fruity breath Polyuria Polydypsia Where is the first point of mechanical digestion and the first point of chemical digestion Mouth and Mouth Stomach and Mouth Small intestine and Stomach Esophagus and Small intestine The stomach has the main goal of what Mechanical digestion of food Absorption of nutrients Storage of stomach acid Chemical digestion of food What structure helps the small intestine be the organ that has the biggest part in absorption? Microvilli Rugae Macrovilli Plicae circulares What organ can you not live without Large intestine Spleen Pancreas Small intestine Which of the digestive enzymes from the acinar cells of the pancreas are not matched with what they break down Amylase - carbohydrates Lipase - fats Protease - proteins Nuclease - proteins Someone you know has recently been diagnosed with Type I diabetes, this means what pancreatic cells are being destroyed due to autoimmune destruction Beta cells Alpha cells Delta cells Acinar cells What is the storage form of glucose in the liver and what is sent by the pancreas to allow its release? Glycogen ; Glucagon Glycogon ; Glucogen Glucagon ; Glucagen Glucagon ; Glycogen Pancreatic cancer used to be a death sentence until what procedure was invented? Whipple procedure Cholecystectomy Odi procedure Pancrectomy The reason why the "Keto" diet is so dangerous is because you are not eating cards which makes your body use fat for energy which produces what as a by product making your body acidic? Ketones Glucose Lactic acid Urea Is it possible for your body to down regulate all of you insulin receptors in type II diabetes? What is not a component of bile salts? Phospholipids Cholesterol Bilirubin electrolytes water What does the pancreas release to help the duodenum to regulate acidity Bicarbonate Insulin Glucagon Pepsin What hormone triggers the release of bile salts by stimulating gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of odi? Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secretin Dependent Kinin (SDK) Gastrin Dependent Kinin (GDK) Insulin Dependent Kinin (IDK) What part of the digestive system are 95% of bile salts reabsorbed to be used again? Ileum Duodenum Jejunum Colon What organ does all of the blood in the abdomen go through and a malfunction of this can cause ascites? Liver Spleen Stomach Kidney Which of the following is not a function of the liver Oxygen transport Production of cholesterol Storage of micronutrients Blood sugar balance Protein synthesis Which of the following is not a function of the liver Digestion Bile production Metabolism of nutrients Detoxification of harmful substances Immune system activity What is the First-pass mechanism Metabolism of drugs in the liver before systemic circulation Absorption of nutrients in the intestines Filtration of blood by the kidneys Transport of oxygen in the bloodstream Acetaminophen is contraindicated in those with ____________. while ibuprofen (NSAIDs) is contraindicated in those with ____________. liver disease; renal disease heart disease; liver disease renal disease; heart disease asthma; liver disease Which of the following is not one of the ways the liver is involved in protein synthesis? Blood clotting (prothrombin) Copper bioavailability (ceruloplasmin) Cholesterol transport (lipoproteins) Immune Function (globulin) Iron availability (Ironousplasmin) Which of the following is a way that the liver plays a roll in metabolism? Conversion of T4-T3 Conversion of glucose to glycogon Conversion of excess fatty acids to urea Conversion of amino acids to ketone bodies Which of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes make up 90% of the activity CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 If a Cytochrome P450 enzyme is inhibited what could happen to cause toxicity? Decreased drug metabolism Increased drug clearance Enhanced enzyme activity Increased protein synthesis You have a patient that state they haven't eaten since yesterday morning, what process would you expect to be happening glucagon being released by the pancreas and going to the liver to release glucose from glycogen gluconeogenesis occurring in the gallbladder ketogenesis occurring in the kidney lipolysis occurring in skeletal tissue Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by doing what? Facilitating glucose uptake by cells, and increasing glycogen production Increasing glucose production in the liver Inhibiting glycogenolysis Promoting fat breakdown in adipose tissue In diabetes type II, insulin receptors are being down regulated where Liver and tissues Liver and Pancreas Pancreas and tissues Adipose tissue and Liver