Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorship PDF

Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi Date Created @May 5, 2024 6:44 PM Source: Abinales and Amoroso — Marcos, 1965 - 1986 Why did a unified resistance movement take so long? Marcos had: 1. His cronies who controlled the economy 2. The AFP who incited fear 3. US Funding Critics and Enemies of Marcos...

Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi Date Created @May 5, 2024 6:44 PM Source: Abinales and Amoroso — Marcos, 1965 - 1986 Why did a unified resistance movement take so long? Marcos had: 1. His cronies who controlled the economy 2. The AFP who incited fear 3. US Funding Critics and Enemies of Marcos The worsening economic conditions due to mismanagement and blatant corruption and cronyism in the government did not go uncriticized At one point, it was hard for the gov’t to mask that they also had a say in the economic condition Groups violently opposing Marcos grew larger as the corruption and human rights abuses became more frequent and alarming Resistance in Southern Mindanao Violent clashes over land ownership occurred frequently in Southern Mindanao This exploded due to the long displacement and migration to Mindanao There were classes because you had Christian migrants and IPs in Mindanao as well Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 1 Muslim students educated in Egypt and Libya or in UP denounced the politician’s accommodation of Manila and its Christian ways So they would come home to their provinces radicalized The students and politicians allied to form the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) to create the Bangsa Moro Republik (Moro National Republic) The MNLF received international support for weapons and military training from international Muslim communities Marcos response was to militarize the region The Bangsamoro Republic throwing off all their funds with the oppressive government of the PH The conclusion of the rebellion of the Bangsamoro region was The Moro leaders were not all agreeing to the recession Some Moro leaders did not agree to the proposal so they found that this would be the way to win Marcos’ favor The leaders themselves were not a united front so the MNLF rebellion does not succeed By the time, resistance was growing elsewhere, the resistance in Mindanao was already suppressed That henceforth the Bangsa Moro people and revolution, having established their Bangsa Moro Republik, are throwing of all their political, economic and other bonds with the oppressive government of the Philippines under the dictatorial regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos to secure a free and independent state for the Bangsa Moro people. Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 2 — Done in the Bangsa Moro homeland, this 28th day of April 1974, signed Hajji Nur Misuari, Chairman, Central Committee Moro National Liberation Front Resistance in the Cordilleras Since the early 1970s in the Cordillera region the people of Kalinga and Bontok organized themselves in protest of the building of the Chico Dam as a development project of the Cellophil Resources Corporation The dam threatened to displace thousands of families as it will submerge several villages and hectares of rice fields The villagers, led by Macli-ing Dulag, signed numerous petitions to protest the construction of the dam, but they were met with threats and bribery They were being bragged with imported chocolates and you had a few elders falling for the bribe but these elders would be ostracized from the community The gov’t would insult the people telling them they were opposed to development To the villagers it was just a matter of threatening them Such arrogance to say that you own the land, when you are owned by it! - Macli-ing Dulag He and the villagers does not want the building of the dam As the gov’t sought to divide the tribes on the issue, the villagers of Kalinga and Bontok organized peace pacts among the tribes to protest the construction and tore down work camps aimed at building the project Their resistance caught the attention of opposition senators and of the international media Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 3 The World Bank withdrew their funding of the Chico Dam project and revised its policies on projects that affect IPs This was a huge blow in the administration Marcos made the province more militarized but it was just a testament to the IPs that working together works Macli-ing Dulag was gunned down by military troops (April 24, 1980) Yet despite this, Cordillera leaders would stand firm with their decision even when Dulag was killed Dulag’s murderers were imprisoned but the NPA took it upon themselves to take justice upon the killers of Dulag Resistance against Marcos was pretty much widespread “Four of Macliing’s killers were charged and in 1983 tried before a military tribunal. An army lieutenant and a sergeant were subsequently found guilty of murder and frustrated murder. The lieutenant was later reinstated in the army, rose to become a major, and then himself was killed in 2000 by the New People’s Army.” (Bantayog ng mga Bayani) Resistance by the Communist Party of the PH This was the re-branded PKP “Centralized command, decentralized operations” expanded the strength of the CCP One organization but different regional leaders and it would be the regional leaders to decide what to do best Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 4 “As Sison had predicted, Marcos “fascist rule” made him the movement’s top recruiter” The CCP was growing in membership and Marcos had to match that so Marcos hired more military The CPP-NPA recruits joined to liberate themselves from Marcos’ oppressive regime and knew what they were fighting for The recruits joined the army voluntarily, their fight was personal, they weren’t hired and paid to do it Above ground organizations In the cities, the party consolidated support coming from schools through aboveground organizations such as the League of Filipino Students and through labor unions under the federation Kilusang Mayo Uno They were just in the border of doing things legitimately League of Filipino Students Kilusang Mayo Uno Archimedes Trajano Raised the question to Imee Marcos “What makes you an SK chair?” He was then killed in bunch of different people Resistance by Non-Communist The CPP gained credibility with support from anti-imperialist politicians Jose Diokno and Lorenzo Tanada In some way, they can see that there is merit even when they don’t agree with communism The Church, though anti-communist, held a policy of “critical collaboration” with the gov’t They were anti-communist, but they would also claim that they weren’t pro-gov’t Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 5 Priests working in rural parishes and nuns leaving school-teaching became radicalized by the dictatorship’s impact on the poor Church recruits eventually formed the Christians for National Liberation Church authorities turned a blind eye because they don’t want to stop the priests and the nuns because it would look like they’re supporting the gov’t Jose Diokno message Not directed only to the Filipinos but also the international community It calls out the US despite the human rights abuses but continuously supports Marcos Marcos finds it critical to silence his political opponents because they have the capacity to put this in the international arena Growing Resistance Resistance by the MNLF and the CPP encouraged the resistance of more groups: Social democrats, moderate student groups, and anti-Marcos reactionaries; The latter were politicians who had not prospered under martial law (through the loss of patronage funds, for example) but were not open opponents of the regime. In the late 1970s, when Marcos reintroduced elections, these politicians discovered a way back into the limelight by calling for a “restoration of democracy” They were politicians who were not part of Marcos’ inner circle, so they felt like they were not benefiting much from this regime as they used to so they started thinking about their long-term political future Armed resistance cost Marcos heavily in terms of manpower and financial resources Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 6 It over-extended the military and meant that funds were being diverted to the military The human rights abuses and EJKs became harder to ignore. Rallying for human rights attracted more moderate groups against Marcos: The Church, student moderates, professionals, and elites Resistance and response to Marcos was growing Because it happened so frequently and explosively, the gov’t find it a hard time to find a scapegoat Even the US withdrew part of its military aid due to human rights abuses Little by little they are finding chips in Marcos’ armor Abinales and Amoroso would state that despite rising numbers of a lot of antiMarcos, the president would continue to dictate the political rhythm The people were not allied when it comes to their purpose Marcos presented the communists as the real problem, Marcos was able to stop the opposition from uniting because he can show that he is more reasonable, he is the lesser evil based on what he was presenting so that he could stop the opposition from truly uniting The AFP are there for economic reasons and not necessarily because they follow the ideals of Marcos It would be a mistake to conclude from this survey, however, that the dictatorship was rapidly waning in strength. Despite rising numbers of CPP members, social democrats, human rights activists, and anti-Marcos politicians, the president continued to dictate the political rhythm. He kept the opposition divided by allowing the moderates some provincial electoral victories, admitting some mistakes to the Catholic bishops, and maintaining a hardline stance against the radicals. The CPP Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 7 leadership also played a role by refusing to “hasten the struggle” or pool its resources in a united front that would give “parity” to the smaller opposition forces. (Abinales and Amoroso 2017, 221) Resistance to the Marcos Dictatorshi 8