Study Unit 8.1: Units Of Measurements PDF

STUDY UNIT 8.1:UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS MALATJI PM  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: 1. Explain the uses of the following System International (SI) units in Nursing - Mass - Time - Length ...

STUDY UNIT 8.1:UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS MALATJI PM  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: 1. Explain the uses of the following System International (SI) units in Nursing - Mass - Time - Length  1. MASS 1. Determine the weight of mass of a patient. 2. Calculate the intake per kg body mass. 3. Determine the quantity of a drug to be administered. 4. Calculate the quantity of a substance to be dissolved in a given volume of liquid to make up a solution of a certain strength. 5. To determine weight that can be used on a traction  2. TIME 1. Measurement of pulse rate, temperature and respiration. 2. Measurement of metabolic rate. 3. Determine X-ray exposure. 4. Determine the interval between administration of drugs.  3. LENGTH 1. Measuring the length of a patient. 2. Measurement of the thickness of a certain part of the body for X-Ray photographs or treatment. 3. Regulating the height of a douche Can in giving an enema or douche. 4. Regulating the height of the container in administering an intravenous infusion STUDY UNIT 8.2: ENERGY AND MATTER MALATJI PM  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the study unit the students should be able to: 1. Distinguish between compounds and mixtures. 2. Identify types of liquid mixtures. 3. Explain the general properties of solutions 4. Describe the uses of solutions in nursing. 5. Explain the effects of isotonic solution on the red blood cell. 6. Explain factors affecting solubility of a solute. 7. Explain the properties of suspensions 8. Bonus: explain the physical and chemical properties of matter.  1. COMPOUNDS Are substances that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means Characteristics of compounds: 1. They can be separated into their component substances by chemical means. 2. They are homogenous in composition. 3. They have a definite proportion by weight of the substances from which they were made. 4. They have a different properties from those of the substances from which they were made.  2. MIXTURES Are made of two or more substances Characteristics of mixtures: 1. They have no definite proportion or composition. 2. They can be separated into their component substances by physical means. 3. They retain the properties of the individual substances from which they were made. 4. Can either be homogenous or heterogeneous: Homogenous: means the same composition throughout Heterogeneous: means different composition throughout  TYPES OF LIQUID MIXTURES Solutions Suspensions Colloids Emulsions (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:162).  GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Consists of a soluble material or materials (the solute) dissolved in a liquid (solvent). Have a variable composition. Are clear and colourless Could be blue (if formed with copper sulfate). It appears to be homogenous The solute does not settle out Can be separated by physical means Pass through the filter paper unchanged (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:162).  USES OF SOLUTIONS During digestion Waste products of the body Plants obtain minerals from the ground-water in which minerals have dissolved. Many chemical reaction take place in solutions. Many medications are administered orally, subcutaneously, or intravenously as solutions. Drugs must be in solution before they can be absorbed from the GI tract. Drugs absorb more rapidly when they are taken in solution than in a solid form (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009: 164).  FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF A SOLUTE Temperature : most solid solutes are more soluble in hot water than in cold water. Pressure: a change in pressure has no noticeable effects on the solubility of a solid or liquid solute in a given solvent but will affect the solubility of a gaseous solute. The greater the pressure, the greater the solubility of a gas in a liquid. Surface area : the greater the amount of surface area, the quicker a solute will dissolve in a solvent. Stirring: the rate at which a solute dissolves can also be increased by stirring the mixture. Nature of solvent: polar liquids dissolve polar compounds and non polar liquids dissolve compounds. Water is a polar liquid ( Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:163).  HYPERTONIC, HYPOTONIC AND ISOTONIC SOLUTION SELF STUDY The effects of isotonic solution in the red blood cells Conditions to administer the above solutions (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:173).  PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSIONS The suspension will not be clear but it will be opaque. It will slowly settle. The composition will change as the clay settles out hence it is heterogeneous. Do not pass through the filter paper. Do not pass through membranes (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009: 176).  PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical properties : color, odor, taste, solubility in water, density, hardness, melting point and boiling point. Chemical properties: reacting and not reacting in air, reacting or not reacting with an acid, burning or not burning in a flame (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:32). THAT IS ALL…THANK YOU  STUDY UNIT 8.4 OXYGEN, WATER, ELECTROLYTES, ACID- BASE BALANCE AND SALTS MALATJI PM  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the presentation the students should be able to: 1. Explain the physical and chemical properties of oxygen. 2. Explain the medical uses of oxygen. 3. Describe the precautionary measures to be considered during oxygen therapy. 4. Explain the physical and chemical properties of water. 5. Explain the importance of water in the human body. 6. Describe the distribution of water in the body 7. List the eight mineral acids.  PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN Physical At room temperature oxygen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It is slightly heavier than air. It is slightly soluble in water. It does not dissolve appreciably in water. Small amount of oxygen does dissolve in water. The density of oxygen is 1.43g/dl. The density of air is 1.29g/L. When cooled sufficiently, oxygen forms a pale blue liquid that boils at -182.5 degrees Celsius. Further cooling produces a pale blue solid when the oxygen freezes at – 218.4 degrees Celsius (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:129).  PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES… Chemical : It is a moderately active element at room temperature but extremely active at higher temperatures. It combines with almost all elements to produce a class of compounds called oxides. The reaction between oxygen and some other substance is an example of oxidation. (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:129).  MEDICAL USES OF OXYGEN Patients suffering from certain types of hypoxia are given oxygen enriched air. Pneumonia: in which a part of lungs is ineffective. In new-born babies where normal methods of initiating breathing have proved ineffective. In premature babies with undeveloped respiratory systems. In patients with lung cancer to help them adjust to a decreased lung area. Fire fighters who breathe large quantities of smoke may suffer asphyxiation and are treated by breathing from oxygen mask.  MEDICAL USES OF OXYGEN… A person who has been under water for several minutes and becomes unconscious. Oxygen is also given to pilots and astronauts. Oxygen under pressure is administered in the treatment of cancerous tissues, gangrene and carbon monoxide poisoning (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:132).  PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO BE CONSIDERED DURING OXYGEN THERAPY Electrical devices such as radios, televisions, electric razors are banned because of the danger that a spark from the equipment could cause a fire. Electrical signal cords should be replaced by a hand bell because of the danger of a spark. Patients should not be given backrubs with alcohol or oil because of the danger of a fire instead lotion or powder should be used. Oil or grease should never be applied to any part of the oxygen equipment. Nurses should take care not to have oil on their hands when manipulating the regulator of the oxygen tank. Patients and others must not smoke or use matches in a room in which oxygen is in use (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:134).  PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Table 9-3 (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:153).  THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER The human body is approximately 50% water. It is essential in the process of digestion, circulation, elimination and regulation of body temperature. Every activity of every cell in the body takes place in a water environment. Normally in the body, water intake equals water output. Water is important as a solvent. It keeps most of the components of protoplasm in solution thus enabling the chemical changes which are essential to life to take place.  THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER… It maintains the correct degree of dilution of the interstitial fluid bathing the cells so that normal functioning many continue. In the blood it supplies the fluid medium for the transport of nutrients to and waste products away from the tissues. It is necessary for the excretion of waste products especially in the form of urine and sweat. It is mainly responsible for heat regulation of the body by the transport of heat in the body and by evaporation of sweat.  THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER… It is the chief constituent of the secretions of all glands in the body e.g. digestive juices. It is essential for the proper functioning of these fluids. It acts as a lubricant to prevent friction between mucous membranes and joints. It is one of the reagents in many chemical changes (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:147).  DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN THE BODY ❑It is distributed into two major areas which are extracellular fluid (55%) and intracellular (45%). ❑The extracellular is further divided into intravascular which is plasma, found in the heart and blood vessels which is 7.5.% ❑Interstitial fluid between the cells and lymph in the vessels which is 20% ❑Dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone which is 15% ❑Transcellular fluid collections, fluid in salivary glands, thyroid gland, gonads and mucous membranes of the respiratory and interstitial tracts, kidneys, liver, pancreas, cerebrospinal fluid and fluid in the spaces within the eyes is 2.5% (Sackheim & Lehman, 2009:541).  MINERAL ACIDS Hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, chloric acid, Perchloric acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulphide, phosphoric acid (Radue et al, 2011:210).  SELF – STUDY 1. The uses of water in nursing. 2. Ways in which the body looses water. 3. The importance of ions in the body. 4. The properties of bases, salts and acids. 5. The uses of acids, bases and salts. THE END…