A_MedMic. Overview of Medical Microbiology.pdf

Overview of Medical Microbiology Agenda Introduction to Medical Microbiology Viruses and Bacteria Fungi and Parasites Good versus Bad Microbes Conclusion Introduction to Medical Microbiology What is Medical Types of Microorgani...

Overview of Medical Microbiology Agenda Introduction to Medical Microbiology Viruses and Bacteria Fungi and Parasites Good versus Bad Microbes Conclusion Introduction to Medical Microbiology What is Medical Types of Microorganisms Microbiology? Importance in Healthcare Studied Medical microbiology is the Understanding medical Medical microbiologists focus study of microorganisms that microbiology is crucial for on a range of microorganisms, cause diseases in humans. It diagnosing, treating, and including bacteria, viruses, encompasses various pathogens preventing infectious diseases. fungi, and parasites, each of including bacteria, viruses, It helps in developing vaccines which has distinct fungi, and parasites. and antibiotics to combat characteristics and impacts on pathogens. health.  General Characteristics of Microorganisms Three basic cell lines appeared during evolutionary history differing in complexity, contents, and function. Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria The majority of microorganisms are single-celled: All bacteria and archaea and some eukaryotes Some microorganisms are multicellular: Helminths and some fungi Pioneers in Medical Microbiology First observations of microbes in the 1600s. Published 'Micrographia' with detailed Robert Hooke illustrations of his observations. Using a microscope he designed, Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe Antonie van Leeuwenhoek microorganisms, including bacteria and protozoa. His observations marked the beginning of microbiology. Pioneered the germ theory of disease, developed pasteurization, and created vaccines Louis Pasteur for rabies and anthrax. Formulated Koch's postulates, which are used to establish the causative Robert Koch relationship between a microbe and a disease. Identified the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and cholera. Pioneers in Medical Microbiology Introduced antiseptic techniques in surgery, reducing infections and improving surgical Joseph Lister outcomes. Developed the smallpox vaccine, which laid the foundation for the practice of Edward Jenner vaccination. Discovered penicillin, the first widely used antibiotic, revolutionizing the treatment of Alexander Fleming bacterial infections. Found that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance, leading to the John Tyndall discovery of heat-resistant bacterial endospores. Recent advances Recent discoveries have led to the identification of new antibiotic classes capable of New Antibiotic Classes overcoming resistant bacterial strains, including teixobactin and malacidin. Advancements in CRISPR-Cas technology are enabling precise genetic modifications that CRISPR-Cas Systems can target and eradicate specific pathogens, offering potential cures for various infections. Studies on the human microbiome have uncovered its significant role in health and Microbiome Research disease, leading to new probiotic treatments and microbiome-based therapies. Innovations in diagnostic technology, such as next-generation sequencing and Rapid Diagnostic Tools point-of-care PCR tests, allow for faster and more accurate detection of infectious agents. Koch's Postulates Microorganism Presence Isolation and Cultivation Cause Reproduction The microorganism must be found in all The microorganism must be isolated from a The cultured microorganism should cause organisms suffering from the disease, but not diseased organism and grown in pure culture. disease when introduced into a healthy in healthy organisms. organism. Re-isolation Consistency Specific Pathogen The microorganism must be re-isolated from The microorganism must be consistently The microorganism should be shown to be the the experimentally infected host and associated with the disease in multiple cases. specific pathogen that causes the disease, identified as being identical to the original excluding other factors. specific causative agent. Louis Pasteur: Swan Neck Flask Experiment Key Points Conducted by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. Used flasks with long, curved necks (swan necks) to allow air in but prevent microbial contamination. Boiled nutrient broth in the flasks to kill existing microbes and left them exposed to air. No microbial growth was observed in the broth, proving that microorganisms come from other microorganisms, not spontaneously. The experiment demonstrated the importance of sterilization and laid the groundwork for germ theory. Cellular Organization Bacterial and Archaeal cells: About 10× smaller than eukaryotic cells Lack organelles: small, double-membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions Eukaryotic cells: Contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts Acellular Microorganisms Viruses: Composed of a small amount of hereditary material (either DNA or RNA but never both) wrapped up in a protein covering that is sometimes enveloped by a protein-containing lipid membrane Prions: Small proteins folded in intricate ways which sometimes behave like microorganisms and are transmitted from one human to another Viruses and Bacteria Characteristics and Differences Examples and Roles in Diseases Viruses are acellular and require a host to Influenza virus leads to respiratory illness. replicate. Escherichia coli is a common bacterium that can Bacteria are unicellular organisms that can live cause food poisoning. independently. HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. Viruses have a protein coat and genetic Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that can material; bacteria have a cell wall and cellular cause pneumonia. machinery. Viruses cause diseases like influenza; bacteria can cause infections such as strep throat. Fungi and Parasites Characteristics and Examples of Fungi Characteristics and Examples of Parasites Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with a cell wall Parasites depend on a host for survival and made of chitin. reproduction. Examples include yeast, mold, and mushrooms. Examples include protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites like lice. They can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce via spores. They can cause diseases such as malaria and giardiasis. Microbial Classifications Microbial Classifications Definition of terms Key Definitions Normal Flora Microbiome: The collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that reside on and within the human body, typically without causing harm. These organisms play a crucial role in maintaining health by preventing the colonization of pathogenic microbes. Endogenous Infection: An infection caused by microorganisms already present within the body. These infections occur when the normal flora is disrupted or when the immune system is compromised, allowing these microbes to invade sterile areas of the body. Exogenous Microorganisms: Microorganisms that originate from outside the body. These can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that enter the body through various routes such as inhalation, ingestion, or breaks in the skin. Good versus Bad Microbes Beneficial microbes, like Lactobacillus, help in Pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus, can cause digestion and produce vitamins in the gut. infections and diseases like strep throat. Fungi like Penicillium are used in antibiotic Conversely, fungi like Aspergillus can cause respiratory production, showcasing beneficial roles in medicine. issues and are harmful to health. Conclusion Medical microbiology Understanding the roles of Continued research in medical encompasses the study of good and bad microbes is microbiology is essential for various microorganisms, crucial for disease prevention advancing healthcare and including viruses, bacteria, and treatment. combating infectious diseases. fungi, and parasites. Activity: List down 20 disease-causing agents (bacteria, fungi, parasite, virus) and determine their respective physiology, disease caused, epidemiology and additional facts about the agent of disease. Agent of Disease Disease Cell Physiology/ Epidemiology Additional Facts Gross morphology in plate 1. 2. 3. 4.