Science Reviewer PDF

Science Reviewer Reviewer by Rhian Diwata LESSON 1: TYPES OF WAVES Phusis- nature Phusike- knowledge in nature Physics - branch of science that deals with matter, energy, motion and force. Types of Waves: Mechanical Waves, Electromagnetic Waves Mechanical Wave - Travel only through matter (so...

Science Reviewer Reviewer by Rhian Diwata LESSON 1: TYPES OF WAVES Phusis- nature Phusike- knowledge in nature Physics - branch of science that deals with matter, energy, motion and force. Types of Waves: Mechanical Waves, Electromagnetic Waves Mechanical Wave - Travel only through matter (solid, liquid, gas) Types of Mechanical Waves: Transverse Wave, Longitudinal Wave Parts of a Transverse Wave Crest(Peak) - the topmost parts, as high as the wave goes. Trough - is the lowest part, as low as the wave goes. Amplitude - vertical distance between the center line and a peak, or the center line and a trough Wavelength - distance from two similar parts of a wave Longitudinal Wave - Waves vibrating in the direction of **propagation** (the way a wave travels). Parts of a Longitudinal Wave Compression - the particles are closest together. Rarefaction - particles are furthest apart. Electromagnetic Waves \- produced without a medium. \- transverse wave \- moving wave that consists of **oscillations** occurring (Oscillation is the repetitive variation) perpendicular (or right angled) to the direction of energy transfer. \- travels at 300,00 km per second (speed of light) \- can go around the world 8 times in one second. \- slows down in medium Frequency - passing through a given point in one second Period - one complete cycle As wavelength increases, frequency also increases - Wave is Inversely related to Frequency - Wave is Inversely related to Energy - Energy is directly related to Frequency Electromagnetic Spectrum - arranged in an electromagnetic spectrum based on their frequency (f) and wavelength (ג) Mnemonic Randy (Radiowaves), Mandy (Microwaves), In (Infrared), Velvet (Visible Light), Underwear (UV Rays/Waves), X-rated (X-ray), Gameshow (Gamma Rays) Radio waves - used to transmit television and radio programs (television uses higher frequencies than radio) Microwaves - used in satellite communications, radar signals, phones, and navigational applications. Infrared radiation - absorbed by the skin and we feel it as heat. Visible Light - allows us to see different objects. Ultraviolet Waves - found naturally in sunlight. X-rays - pass through skin and soft tissue Gamma Rays - very high frequency LESSON 2: REFLECTIONS AND MIRRORS Optics - involves the behavior and properties of light. Light - both particle (Isaac Newton) and a wave (Christiaan Huygens) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | Ray - an idealized model of light | | | propagation in a specific | | | direction. | | | | | | Wave front - an imaginary surface | | | that represents corresponding | | | points of a wave that vibrates in | | | unison. | | | | | | Incident light - falls on the | | | surface of a material. | | | | | | Reflected light - bounces off the | | | surface of a material. | | | | | | Normal line (broken lines) - | | | perpendicular to the tangent | | | line. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Law of Reflection - the angle that a reflected ray makes with a normal line (perpendicular) to a surface (angle of reflection, Ꝋr) is equal to the angle that the incident ray makes with same normal line (angle of incidence, Ꝋi) Types of Reflection Diffuse - spread out Specular - mirror-like reflection Mirror - object that reflects light Images - are formed when light strikes Plane mirrors- the common, everyday flat mirrors that we see everyday. Spherical mirror - second class of mirror in the form of a slice of a spherical surface. Ray Diagram - diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to view a point on the image of an object. Descriptions of Image SIZE (larger, same, smaller) ORIENTATION (upright, inverted) POSITION (real, virtual) Real - light arrives at the location of the image (in front) Virtual - light does not arrive at the location of the image (behind) Law of Plane Mirrors - the image is always the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. -- ----------------------- --  -- ----------------------- -- Concave - curving in or hollowed. Convex - curving out or extending outward Concave Mirror - converging Concave Lens (nearsighted/myopia)- diverging Convex Mirror - diverging Convex Lens (farsighted/hyperopia) - converging Features of a concave and convex mirror a. Principal axis- a line drawn through the vertex, focus and the center of the curvature of the mirror upon which the object rests. b. Vertex (V) - the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis. c. Focal point/ focus (F) - the point where parallel light rays converge; the focus is always found on the inner part of the circle of which the mirror is a small arc; the focus of a mirror is one half the radius. d. Center of curvature (C) - the circle's center of which the mirror represents a small arc e. Focal length (f) - the distance from the focus to the vertex of the mirror. f\. Radius of curvature- the distance from the center of curvature to the vertex of the mirror; it corresponds to the radius of the circle. Rules for Ray Diagramming on Concave Mirror First Rule; Any ray through the focal point will reflect parallel to the principal axis. Second Rule; Any parallel to the principal axis will reflect so that it passes through the focal point. Third Rule; Any ray that passes through the center will reflect back through the center. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Location | Size | Orientation | Type | | | | | | | Beyond the C | Smaller | Inverted | Real | | | | | | | At C | Same | Inverted | Real | | | | | | | Between C and F | Larger | Inverted | Real | | | | | | | Focus | No Image | No Image | No Image | | | | | | | Between V and F | Larger | Upright | Virtual | | | | | | | Between F and | Larger | Upright | Virtual | | Mirror | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Convex: virtual, upright, smaller LESSON 3: Refraction and Lenses Optically denser - towards the normal Optically rarer - away from the normal Refracted Ray - Optical Density When the incident ray travels from a less optically dense medium (low n) to a more optically dense medium (higher n) then the refracted ray bends towards the normal.  -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Laws of Refraction - incident ray, refracted ray, and the normal line at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Snell's Law \- observed by Willebrord Snellius (Snell), a Dutch physicist \- described the relationship of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction \- speed of light in the material/medium is inversely proportional to its index of refraction higher the index of refraction, the slower the velocity of light. As a result, the light will bend toward the normal line, because it is moving slowly \- If the index of refraction of the material is smaller, then the velocity of light is faster. As a result, the light tends to move away from the normal line. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Refractive Index | Speed of Light | | | | | Vacuum - 1.00 | Air (0◦C and 1 atm ) - 2.9970 x | | | 10^8^ | | Air - 1.003 | | | | Hydrogen (0◦C and 1 atm ) - | | Water - 1.33 | 2.9975 x 10^8^ Ethyl Alcohol (20 | | | ◦C ) - 2.203 x 10^8^ | | Ethanol - 1.36 | | | | Water ( 20◦C ) - 2.249 x 10^8^ | | Glycerin - 1.47 | | | | Table Salt ( 20◦C ) - 2.00 x | | Crown Glass - 1.52 | 10^8^ | | | | | Quartz - 1.54 | Glass - ( dense flint, 20◦C) - | | | 1.81 x 10^8^ | | Fine Glass - 1.61 | | | | | | Diamond - 2.42 | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Law of Refraction: n=c/v n - index of refraction c - speed of light in vacuum V - speed of light in the material Snell's Law formula: n~1~sinθ~1~=n~1~ sinθ~2~ Optical Phenomena: mirage, camera, rainbow, eyeglasses Biconvex: L-left side of the concave lens -Upright S-Smaller T-Virtual