Biodiversity in Egypt PDF

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ResplendentColosseum

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Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology

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biodiversity ecosystem ecology environmental science

Summary

This document discusses the biodiversity in Egypt, highlighting the various species of plants, animals, and organisms found in the country. It also touches upon threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation.

Full Transcript

‫ﻠﻰ ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ا‬ ‫اءو‬ ‫ﻟدو‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎءو‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺳ‬ ‫ا‬‫اءو‬ ‫ًﻟ‬ ‫ﻠﻐذ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﺳ‬‫ًر‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟوﺟﻲﻣﺻدر‬...

‫ﻠﻰ ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ا‬ ‫اءو‬ ‫ﻟدو‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎءو‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺳ‬ ‫ا‬‫اءو‬ ‫ًﻟ‬ ‫ﻠﻐذ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﺳ‬‫ًر‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟوﺟﻲﻣﺻدر‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧوعا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻛلا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻲو‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺎدا‬ ‫ﺗﺻ‬‫ﻠﻰاﻷﻗلﻣناﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺎﺻﺔ ﻷن ‪ % 40‬ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺗوىا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ‪90%‬‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯾوﺟد ﺣو‬ ‫ﻟوﺟﻲ‪.‬و‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧوعا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اردا‬ ‫ﻠﻰﻣو‬ ‫ﺗﻣد ﻋ‬ ‫اءﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻘر‬ ‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﺎﺟ‬‫ﻣن ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ ‪30‬‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﻧﺻفﻓﻘطﻣ‬ ‫ﯾونو‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﻰﻣ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻠﻰاﻷر ض‪،‬ﺗموﺻف ﺣو‬ ‫ﯾونﻧوع ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫–ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﻲﻣن ‪750.000‬‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎتو‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎت‪250.000 ،‬ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎر‬ ‫ات‪41.000 ،‬ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺣﺷر‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ﻧو‬‫ﺗوﺟدﻣﻌظماﻷ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺔ‪.‬و‬ ‫ﻟدﻗ‬ ‫ﯾﺔا‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻛ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎتو‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﻔطر‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎتو‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﻘ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻧو‬‫ﻟﺟ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻲو‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺷﻣ‬ ‫ﯾنا‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟﻘط‬ ‫ﻟﻰا‬ ‫ﺎإ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﮭ‬ ‫ﺎا‬‫ﻠﮭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘلﻛ‬ ‫اءو‬ ‫ﺗو‬‫ﻟﻘربﻣن ﺧطاﻻﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻣرﺟ‬ ‫ﺎبا‬ ‫ﻟﺷﻌ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯾﺔو‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺗو‬‫ﺎتاﻻﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐ‬‫ﺗﮫﻓﻲا‬ ‫ﻟﺳﻼﻻتذرو‬ ‫ﻧوعا‬ ‫ﻠﻎﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫ﺋون ‬ ‫ﺎز ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾر ﺟﮭ‬ ‫ًﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻘر‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‪.‬وط‬ ‫او‬‫ﻟﺻﺣر‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔا‬ ‫ﻟﺟ‬‫ﺎا‬ ‫ﺗﮭ‬‫ﯾﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟوﺟﻲﻟط‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧوعا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﺔﺑ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾﺳت ﻏ‬ ‫وﻣﺻرﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ ‪35‬ﻧوع‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﯾﺔﻓﻲﻣﺻر ‪103‬ﻧوعﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺛد‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﻟﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﻣنا‬ ‫ﺋﺔ ‪،1996‬ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟﺔا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋﺔ ﻋن ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺧطط‬ ‫ﺑﻊا‬ ‫ﻟﺿ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑنآويو‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻣﺻريو‬ ‫الا‬ ‫ﻟﻐز‬ ‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﻟﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻣلھذها‬ ‫ا ض‪.‬و‬ ‫ﻧﻘر‬ ‫ﺎﻻ‬‫ﻣﮭددﺑ‬ ‫ًﻓﻲﻣﺻر‪.‬وھﻲﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﯾش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺗﺷ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺛد‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛرا‬ ‫ار ضﻣنأﻛ‬ ‫ﻟﻘو‬ ‫ﺗﻌدا‬ ‫ﺎ‪.‬و‬ ‫ﯾرھ‬ ‫ﻟبوﻏ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﻌ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾشو‬ ‫ﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻟﺧﻔ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺿﺣ‬ ‫ﺎها‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬ ‫اء‪،‬ا‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺣر‬ ‫ﻟوﻋرة‪،‬ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯾﺔو‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺧر‬ ‫ﺎطقا‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺋلھﻲا‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻣو‬ ‫ﯾزةﻣنا‬ ‫اعﻣﻣ‬ ‫ﻧو‬‫ﺗﺔأ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻣدرﺟﺔﺑ‬ ‫ﺎطبا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺻ‬ ‫اتا‬ ‫ﺗوﺳطذ‬ ‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ﺑﺣرا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑﺳﺔا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎهو‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬ ‫اولا‬ ‫ﯾل‪ ،‬ﺟد‬ ‫ﻧﺧ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾنا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬ﺑﺳ‬ ‫ﻠﺣ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑرﻣﮭددةﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ًﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ ‪16‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﯾورﻣ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ًﻣنا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ‪450‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯾﺔ‪.‬وﻓﻲﻣﺻر ﺣو‬ ‫او‬‫ﻟﺻﺣر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺻﻘور‬ ‫ﺗﻌر ضا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎم‪.‬و‬ ‫ﻧﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻔتﻓﻲﻣﺻرا‬ ‫ﺗﻲاﺧ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﺔا‬ ‫او‬‫ﻟﺻﺣر‬ ‫ﯾورا‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﯾنا‬ ‫ﯾد‪.‬وﻣنﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺻ‬‫ﺿﻐوطا‬ ‫اض‬ ‫ﻧﻘر‬ ‫ﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺎﯾﮭددھ‬ ‫ﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻠﺻﯾدﺑﻛﺛرةﻣﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺻﺔﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ا‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻰﻧﺣو ‪100‬‬ ‫ﺎتﻓﻲﻣﺻرإ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑرﻣ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣفو‬ ‫ﻟزو‬‫ﯾﺻل ﻋددا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎر‬‫ﻟﻼﻓﻘ‬‫ﯾنا‬‫ا ض‪.‬وﻣنﺑ‬ ‫ﻧﻘر‬‫ﺎﻻ‬‫ًﻣﮭددةﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎ ‪15‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬ ‫ﻧوعﻣ‬ ‫ً‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎكﻧﺣو ﻋﺷرةآﻻف ﺣﺷرةوﻓﻲﻣﺻر ظﮭر ‪755‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺗﻣل‬‫ﺗﺷ‬ ‫ً‪.‬و‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻰاﻵن ‪16‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﻧﻘر ضﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﺳﻣكا‬‫ﻣنا‬ ‫ﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫ﯾروﺳ‬‫ﻟﻔ‬‫ًﻣنا‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻠﻰ ‪44‬ﻧوﻋ‬‫ﯾﺔﻓﻲﻣﺻر ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧظﻣﺔا‬‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻟﻔطر‪1148 ،‬‬ ‫ًﻣنا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‪ 1260 ،‬نوﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺗر‬‫ﺑﻛ‬‫ًﻣنا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪238‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ﯾﺔ ﻏ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟوﻋ‬ ‫ﺎتا‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ًﻣنا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟب‪369 ،‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟطﺣ‬‫ًﻣنا‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ﻟكﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﻟﻣزھرة‪،‬ﻛذ‬ ‫ﺎتا‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ًﻣنا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻣزھرة‪2072 ،‬ﻧوﻋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﺣل‬ ‫ﻠﻰ ﺳ‬‫ﻠﻔﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫اﻗﻊﻣﺧ‬ ‫ﯾﺔﻓﻲﻣو‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎبﻣرﺟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻣﺻر ﺷﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﺣراﻷﺣﻣر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋل‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻣو‬ ‫ﯾرا‬ ‫ﻟوﺟﻲﻓﻲﻣﺻر‪:‬ﺗدﻣ‬‫ﯾو‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧوعا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻣلﺗﮭددا‬ ‫ﺎك ﻋدة ﻋو‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ وھ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﯾﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫اردا‬ ‫ﻠﻣو‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻔرطﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻼلا‬‫اﻻﺳ‬‫ﻠوث‪،‬و‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬ا‬ ‫ﯾﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻠص‬ ‫ﻟﻰﺗﻘ‬‫ﺎ(أديإ‬ ‫ﺛﮭ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻠو‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ)و‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻟد‬‫ﺎلا‬‫ات ﺷﻣ‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ﺑﺣ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اءﻣنا‬ ‫ﯾفأﺟز‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻔ‬‫ ﻓ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ًأوﻣوﺳﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋﻣ‬ ‫ا‬‫ًد‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬‫اتﻣو‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ﺑﺣ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺗﺧذﻣنھذها‬ ‫ﺗﻲﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾورا‬ ‫ﻟط‬ ‫ادا‬‫أﻋد‬ ‫ﺎب‬‫ﻠﺷﻌ‬‫ﯾرﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠفﻛ‬ ‫ﻟﻰﺗ‬ ‫ًإ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺔﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺳ‬‫ﯾرا‬‫ﯾﺔ ﻏ‬‫ﺎﺣ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﺳ‬‫ﯾﺔا‬‫ﻧﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟكأدتا‬ ‫ ﻛذ‬ ‫ﺑﺣراﻷﺣﻣر‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎطقﺑ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾﺔﻓﻲ ﻋدةﻣ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻣرﺟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﯾﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟط‬‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺣﻣ‬‫ﺄنا‬ ‫ﻧﺔ ‪1983‬ﻓﻲ ﺷ‬ ‫ﻧون ‪102‬ﻟﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻟﻘد ﺻدرا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﻟﻣﺣﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﯾﻌرفﺑ‬ ‫اﺧلﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺔد‬ ‫ﯾﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟط‬‫اردا‬‫ﻟﻣو‬‫ﻠﻰا‬ ‫ﺎظ ﻋ‬‫ﻟﺣﻔ‬ ‫ﻠوبا‬ ‫ﻧظمأﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﻠ‬‫اﺧ‬ ‫ﻟد‬‫ﯾﺔأوا‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺎﺣ‬‫ﻟﺳ‬‫ﺎها‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ﺎﺣﺔﻣناﻷر ضأوا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬وھﻲأيﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﯾﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎكأو‬ ‫ﺎتأوأﺳﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯾو‬‫ﺎتأو ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾﺔ‪:‬ﻧ‬‫ﺎت ﺣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﺗﺿﻣﮫﻣنﻛ‬ ‫ﯾزﺑﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻣ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧص‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﯾﺔ‪.‬و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﺔأو ﺟﻣ‬‫ﺎﺣ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﺔأو ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠﻣ‬‫ﯾﺔأو ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎﻓ‬‫ﯾﻣﺔﺛﻘ‬‫اتﻗ‬ ‫ﯾﺔذ‬‫ﯾﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اھر ط‬ ‫ظو‬ ‫ات‬ ‫اء‬‫ﻧﺷطﺔأوإﺟر‬ ‫ﺎتأوأ‬ ‫ﺎلأوﺗﺻرﻓ‬ ‫ﺄﻋﻣ‬ ‫ﺎمﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻠﻰ ﺣظرا‬ ‫ﻧون ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎة‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﺣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ارﺑ‬ ‫ﯾﺔأواﻹﺿر‬ ‫ﯾﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﺋﺔا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺗﻼفأوﺗدھورا‬ ‫ﯾرأوإ‬‫ﺎﺗدﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣن ﺷ‬ ‫ﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻲﺑﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺟﻣ‬‫ﺎا‬‫اھ‬ ‫ﺗو‬‫ﺎسﺑﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺳ‬‫ﯾﺔأوا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﺔأوا‬‫ﺑﺣر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﺔأوا‬ ‫ﺑر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺣﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲا‬ ‫ﺎما‬ ‫ﻠﻧظ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔﻟ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﻣﺻدرا‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬‫ﻧوناﻷول ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻧ صا‬ ‫ﯾثﯾ‬‫ﯾﺔ ﺣ‬‫ار‬‫ﻟﺣر‬‫ﺎا‬ ‫ﯾﻛ‬‫ﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟد‬ ‫ﯾنا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎﻗﺔﺑﻘو‬ ‫ﻟط‬ ‫ﺑطا‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺗر‬‫ ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺗﺟدد)ﻓﻲأي ﻋﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﻲوﻻﺗ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔ‬‫ﯾو‬‫ﯾﺔأو ﺣ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﯾز‬‫ﯾﺔﻓ‬‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻣ‬‫ﻟط‬‫أنا‬ ‫ﻟﻰآﺧر‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾرﻣن ﺷﻛلإ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬‫ﺎﺗ‬‫ﻧﻣ‬‫إ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ(و‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﯾﺔأو ﺣ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﯾﻣ‬‫ﯾﺔأوﻛ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﯾز‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﺣول‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﺔا‬‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎء ﻋﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺛ‬‫ﺛرأ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺗﺳربو‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔﺗ‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫ﻠﻰأنا‬ ‫ﻧﻲ ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧونا‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻘ‬‫ﻧ صا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ و‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬‫ﺗﻘلإ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ارةﺗ‬‫ﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺣر‬ ‫ﺗﺳرب ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﯾﻛونا‬ ‫ﺎدةﻣ‬‫ﻟﻰآﺧر‪،‬وﻋ‬ ‫ﻣن ﺷﻛلإ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﺎلا‬‫ﺄي ﺷﻛلﻣنأﺷﻛ‬ ‫ﺎﻛ‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﺎدﻣ‬‫ﺗﻔ‬‫ﯾﺳ‬‫ﺎورﻟ‬‫ﻟﻣﺟ‬‫ﯾطا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺣ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﻟط‬‫ﻧدﺗﺣولا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‪.‬وﻋ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧظما‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﺣد ﺧﻼلا‬ ‫ﺎهو‬‫ﺗﺟ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔﻓﻲا‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫ﺗﺳرىا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ارةا‬‫ﻟﺣر‬ ‫ﺑبا‬‫ﺎ‪،‬ﺑﺳ‬‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﯾرﻣ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺋﻲ ﻵﺧر‪،‬ﯾﻔﻘد ﺟزءﻛ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺗوى ﻏذ‬ ‫ﻣنﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﯾﺔا‬‫ﺎ ضﻛﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﺧﻔ‬‫ﺋﻲا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎمﺑ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻷيﻧظ‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﻟﻔﻘدﻓﻲا‬‫اا‬‫ﺗﺞ ﻋنھذ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﺎﻗ‬‫ﺗﻌ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺔا‬‫ﺋ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﻐذ‬ ‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗو‬‫ﻟﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﻛلا‬ ‫ﺗﻲﺗرﺳل‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟﺷﻣسا‬ ‫ﯾﺔھوا‬ ‫ﻟﺣ‬ ‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻠﻛ‬‫ﯾﻊﻟ‬‫ﺎﻗﺔﻟﺟﻣ‬ ‫ﻠط‬‫ﺎﺳﻲﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺻدراﻷﺳ‬ ‫ا‬‫ ‬ ‫ﺎتوھﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣوﺟ‬ ‫الا‬‫ًﻷطو‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﺔوﻓﻘ‬‫ﯾﺳ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎتر‬ ‫ﺗﻛونﻣنﺛﻼثﻣﺟﻣوﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎً‬ ‫ﺎﻋ‬‫إﺷﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﯾﺔ ‪1.‬‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔﻓوقا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣرﺋﯾﺔ ‪2.‬‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اء ‪3.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻣر‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔﺗﺣتا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎوﻓق‬ ‫ﯾﻔﮭ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺔ‪،‬ﯾﻣﻛنﺗﺻ‬ ‫ﺎتدﻗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﺔوﻛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾو‬‫ﯾﺔوﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺋرﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋﻲ ﻋﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎما‬‫ﻧظ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲا‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬‫ﺎدة(إ‬ ‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔو‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ًﻣنا‬ ‫ﺎنﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺛلﻓﻲ ﺳر‬ ‫ﺗﻣ‬‫ﻟذيﯾ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋﻲ)‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎما‬‫ﻧظ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧظورا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺔ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻛ‬‫ﻧﻌدا‬‫ﻠﺔ‪،‬و‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎتﻣﺣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻠﻛﺔوﻛ‬ ‫ﺗﮭ‬‫ﺎتﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺟﺔوﻛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎتﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫(ﻛ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬‫ﯾﺔو‬ ‫ﻟﺷﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔا‬‫ﻟط‬‫ﺗﺧدما‬ ‫ﯾﺔوھﻲﺗﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﻐذ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﺔا‬‫ﺗ‬‫ا‬‫ﺎتذ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫اء(‪،‬ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧﺿر‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻛ‬‫ﺎا‬‫ﺋﻲ‪،‬أﻣ‬‫ﻟﺿو‬ ‫ﯾلا‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﺗﻣ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﺳطﺔا‬ ‫ﺎت‪،‬ﺑو‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﺳﻛر‬‫ﺎءا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺑونﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻛر‬‫ﯾدا‬ ‫أﻛﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﻣدﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺎتﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻛ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬وھذها‬ ‫ﺗﻐذ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧوﻋﺔا‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎتﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻠﺔھﻲﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺗﺣ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ا‬‫ﻠﻛﺔو‬‫ﺗﮭ‬‫ﻟﻣﺳ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾق‬ ‫ﯾﺔ ﻋن طر‬ ‫ﺗﻐذ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﺔا‬‫ﺗ‬‫ا‬‫ﺎتذ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻛ‬ ‫ﻠﻰا‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻋ‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫ﻠﻰا‬‫ﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻟﮭ‬‫ﺎﺳﻲﻓﻲ ﺣﺻو‬ ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗطﮭ‬ ‫ﻧﺷ‬ ‫ﺎوﻷ‬ ‫ﻧﻣوھ‬‫ﯾﺔﻟ‬‫ﺎت ﻷﺧرى ﺿرور‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﯾﺔﻟ‬‫ﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟﻣرﻛ‬‫ﯾلا‬‫ﺗﺣو‬ ‫ﻟذي‬‫ا‬‫ﺋﻲو‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎما‬‫ﻧظ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼلا‬ ‫ﻟط‬‫ﺎنا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻟطرحﯾﺳﮭمﻓﻲﻓﮭم ﺳر‬ ‫اا‬‫ﯾﺔ‪.‬وھذ‬‫ﯾو‬‫ﻟﺣ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اتا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺣدد‬‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬ا‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻐذ‬‫ﺎتا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗو‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺳ‬‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻐذ‬‫ﻟﺳﻼﺳلا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‪،‬ا‬‫ﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺗﺿﻣناﻹ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﯾﻣ‬ ‫ﯾوﻛ‬‫ﯾو ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اتا‬‫ﻟدور‬‫ا‬‫‪.‬و‬ ‫ﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ‪Types of Ecosystem‬‬ ‫ﻟﻧظما‬ ‫اعا‬ ‫أﻧو‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎما‬ ‫ﻧظ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ًﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎرﻟﮫأﺣ‬ ‫ﯾﺷ‬‫ﺎﻣل(‪:‬و‬‫ﺎمﺑﯾﺋﻲ طﺑﯾﻌﻲ)ﻣﺗﻛ‬ ‫ ﻧظ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬‫ﺎتاﻷﺳ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻣﻛو‬‫ﯾﻊا‬‫ﻠﻰ ﺟﻣ‬‫ﺗوى ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟذيﯾﺣ‬ ‫ﺗوحوھوا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾرة‪.‬‬‫ﺑﺣ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻧﮭرو‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺔو‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐ‬‫ﺛلا‬‫ﯾﺔ(ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﺣ‬‫ﯾرا‬ ‫ﯾﺔوﻏ‬ ‫ﻟﺣ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺔ)‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻷو‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎما‬‫ﻧظ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ًﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎرﻟﮫأﺣ‬ ‫ﯾﺷ‬‫ﺎﻣل‪:‬و‬ ‫ﺎمﺑﯾﺋﻲ ﻏﯾرﻣﺗﻛ‬ ‫ ب‪-‬ﻧظ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻣﻛو‬ ‫ﺛرﻣنا‬ ‫اﺣدأوأﻛ‬‫ﻟﻰو‬ ‫ﺗﻘرإ‬ ‫ﻟذيﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻠقوھوا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾث‬ ‫ﻠﻘﺔ ﺣ‬‫ﻟﻣﻐ‬‫ﻟﻛﮭوفا‬‫ا‬‫ﺑﺣرو‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﯾﻘﺔﻟ‬‫ﻟﺳﺣ‬‫ﺎقا‬ ‫ﺛلاﻷﻋﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺔﻣ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬‫اﻷﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺔﻟﻌدمﺗوﻓر‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻣ‬‫ﺎتا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻛ‬‫ﺗوىا‬ ‫ﺎ ﻻﺗﺣ‬ ‫ﻧﮭ‬‫ﺗركﻓﻲﻛو‬ ‫ﺗﺷ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ﻟﺷﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔا‬‫ﻟط‬ ‫ﻣﺻدرا‬

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