FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants PDF

FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants EXERCISE 5a Determination of the patterns of variation in the leaves: Composition, Phyllotaxy and Blade Characteristics JOHN KARLO C. SADDOY Teaching Associate Department of Forest Biological Sciences College of Forestry and Natural Resources ...

FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants EXERCISE 5a Determination of the patterns of variation in the leaves: Composition, Phyllotaxy and Blade Characteristics JOHN KARLO C. SADDOY Teaching Associate Department of Forest Biological Sciences College of Forestry and Natural Resources  REMINDERS This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”. The University does not authorize you to reproduce or communicate this material. The Material may contain works that are subject to copyright protection under RA 8293. Any reproduction and/or communication of the material by you may be subject to copyright infringement and the copyright owners have the right to take legal action against such infringement. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this activity, the students should have: 1. Oriented themselves to the gross morphology of leaves. 2. Been introduced to the complexity of leaf classification. 3. Develop initial capability in applying the knowledge of leaf classification to characterize the leaves of forest trees; and 4. Observe some forest species with metamorphosed leaves and learned the importance of such modification to the plant. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory OUTLINE 1. Leaf Composition 2. Phyllotaxy 3. Blade Characteristics (Venation, Margin, Apex and Base) 4. Leaf Modifications LEAVES most active and conspicuous organs of plants. most diverse principal lateral appendage located above-ground with specialized function for photosynthesis. https://www.picturethii.com/region/tree/Philippines.html FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory DICOT LEAVES Leaves are rounded with reticulate venation (branching of veins that look like nets) and wide lamina Stipule – small leaflike structure at the base of the petiole Basic Leaf Anatomy of Flowering Plants byEvelyn Bailey/ ThoughtCo FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MONOCOT LEAVES leaves are narrow and elongated with parallel venation. Ligules and auricles – protective function against dirt and dust isobilateral as both the surfaces of the Maize Shoot by Chudalayandi et al./Plant Scientist leaves are similar to the same coloration. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MONOCOT LEAVES Ligule - collar extension of the sheath curving around the stem; membranous, hairy or absent Auricle – appendage that surrounds the stem at the junction of the blade Photograph of wheat leaves showing lamina joint, ligule, and auricle (2019)by Liu et.al./Plantae and sheath FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory  Photograph of wheat leaves showing lamina joint, ligule, and auricle (2019)by Liu et.al./Plantae FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory GYMNOSPERM LEAVES Leaf blades are typically small (needle-like) held together in a fascicle Leaves are sometimes flat and large, scale-like, and evergreen Both leaf types together (2004) byGary Fewless/ Trees of Wisconsin FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF COMPOSITION A. Simple leaves – single flattened blade or lamina per stalk (petiole) B. Compound leaves - divided into smaller leaflets but originate from a single axillary bud 1. Pinnately compound- have leaflets in pairs along an extension of the petiole 2. Palmately compound- all the leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole Simple and Compound Leaf Forms (2004) by Champagne and Sinha FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory SIMPLE VS COMPOUND LEAF Simple and Compound Leaves (2004) byGary Fewless/ Trees of Wisconsin FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory When will you say that a leaf is compound? Compound Leaves (2004) byGary Fewless/ Trees of Wisconsin FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory TYPES OF COMPOUND LEAVES Types of pinnately compound leaves byPadrami Garud Concept nature, botany, compound leaves on white background byphungatanee/Shutterstockc FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory PHYLLOTAXIS Phyllon – leaf; taxis - arrangement Arrangement of leaves on the stem Determined at the shoot apex, species-specific, controlled by the tunica layers, and can be described mathematically. https://www.shutterstock.com/search/banaba-tree FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory DISTICHOUS (Alternate) Leaves occur only on 2 rows one leaf per node, usually opposite each other. Alternate by D.W. Reed/Hort 202 Elm by Seiberling/Quia FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory DECUSSATE (Opposite) leaves are perpendicular to the opposite leaves below or above it. two leaves per node Opposite by D.W. Reed/Hort 202 Opposite Leaf Arrangement byExplaining Plant Terminology FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory WHORLED Leaves are arranged in three or more leaves per node, usually opposite each other. Opposite by D.W. Reed/Hort 202 Opposite Leaf Arrangement byExplaining Plant Terminology Whorled by D.W. Reed/Hort 202 Culver’s Root by Friends of the Wild Flower Garden FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF VENATION Arrangement of veins in a leaf Opposite by D.W. Reed/Hort 202 Opposite Leaf Arrangement byExplaining Plant Terminology Sample of each venation type from some species (2018) by Ambarwari, Herdoyeni, and Hermadi FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF VENATION Arrangement of veins in a leaf Opposite by D.W. Reed/Hort 202 Opposite Leaf Arrangement byExplaining Plant Terminology Sample of each venation type from some species (2018) by Ambarwari, Herdoyeni, and Hermadi FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF VENATION Leaf Venation by Puneet Chandna/Quora FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF SHAPE FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF SHAPE Plant Leaf Shape by Debivort/Spirit Alchemy FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF MARGIN Plant Leaf Shape by Debivort/Spirit Alchemy FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF MARGIN Leaf Edges or Margin by McSush/TreeHugger FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF APEX outer end or apex of a leaf lamina that is opposite the petiole Leaf Tip Shapes by Master Gardener-CSU FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory LEAF APEX AND BASE FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES SCALE-LIKE leaf shaped like a small awn or scales (Juniper, Cedar tree) for protection during harsh weather Scale-like feature of shrub byPlantFacts; Scale-like by D.W. Reed/HORT 202 Close-up of the scale-like leaves ofThujopsis dolabrataby Daniel Mosquin; White Cedar Leaves byGary Fewless FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES NEEDLE-LIKE long, slender, tubular or triangular leaf such those of Pine and Fir. Needle by D.W. Reed/HORT 202 Douglas Fir Leaves byGary Fewless Picea albies, Noway Spruce byPatrick Breen FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES BRACT modified (often reduced) leaf holding a flower or flower cluster, usually colored. (Poinsettia, Bougainvillea), can be green also (in the case of lilies) Bract by D.W. Reed/HORT 202; Bougainvillea by wachira aekwiraphong Lillies by The Practical Planter; Pink Flag Bush by Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES PHYLLODES modified petiole or rachis of a leaf flattened for photosynthesis; lamina are poorly developed Phyllode of Acacia auriculiformis byArvind Singh/Quora; Phyllode by Shubhada Nicharge/Flickr Melicope simplex byAnonymous/Botany Word of the Day; Acacia auriculiformis byEarnshaw and Jacobs FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES BULB the fleshy scaly leaves of lilies and daffodils has storage functions Bulb by D.W. Reed/HORT 202; Tunicated Bulbs byaskIITians Lily bulbs by kruwt/GardeningKnowhow; Narcissus with bulbs byO de R/Shutterstock FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES LEAF TENDRIL Succulent: thick, fleshy leaf, usually modified for water storage. (Aloe Vera, Sedum, Banana) Tendril by D.W. Reed/HORT 202 Tendrils by University of Wisconsin Board of Regents FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES SPINE a leaf or leaf part modified into a sharp point (Cactus, Cycads) Spine by D.W. Reed/HORT 202; Spiny leaf Solanum byu/shamefulshamefulday (Reddit) Spines, Thorns and Prickles byUniversity of Wisconsin Board of Regents FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES Difference between Spines and Thorns byMajor Differences FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES CARNIVOROUS Leaves of plants in areas with limited supply of N; depends on insects; include venus fly trap, pitcher plant, sundew Venus Fly Trap by W.P. Armstrong Tropical Sundew Care Guide byLacey Frith/Pinterest FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES SPINY STIPULES at the base of the petiole but can be hard and pointed Chinee Apple by Keith Townsend/Flickr Stems: Amaranthus spinosus. ByJohn Byrd FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES REPRODUCTIVE/VEGETATIVE Leaves capable of reproduction by growing roots while attached to the Bryophyllum daigremontianum nahaufnahme byWikimedia Commons parent plant Kalanchoe by Stefan Walkowski/Wikimedia Commons FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES LEAFLET HOOKS Close-up showing the sharp, hooked tips of the 3-pronged "claw.“ byNiels Proctor, UF/IFAS three terminal leaflets of leaf get modified into claw like hooks which help in climbing leaves with clawed tendrils bySheldon Navie FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES LEAF ROOTS three leaves are present at one node but the 3rd leaf gets modified into adventitious roots which help in floating over the surface of water FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES LITTER-TRAPPERS trap or channel falling debris (leaf litter, twigs, flowers, fruits, bird droppings, dead animals, etc.) and use the nutrients derived from this detritus for their own growth Drynaria quercifolia. Common name: Oak Leaf Fern byMokkie/Wikipedia Drynaria quercifolia byTopi Pigula FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES ADHESIVE-DISCS Modified leaf used for attachment mechanism. Sometimes referred to as a holdfast. Parthenocissus by Plants400/Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum Climbing roots of Virginia creeper byJMK/Wikipedia FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory MODIFIED LEAVES COTYLEDON (SEED LEAVES) modified leaf inside a seed that protects the newly emerging true leaves Preparing seedlings for planting byMicrodrips FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory Exercise 5 Instructions This is a group-based laboratory exercise divided into two parts: field observation and laboratory analysis. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory A. Dicot Leaves Twigs of Binunga (Macaranga tanarius) and Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) will be provided in the class. Students are expected to examine the specimens and identify the following parts; (1) blade, (2) petiole, (3) midrib, (4) stipules, (5) veins and (6 veinlets). Compare the two by illustrating them in the box in the worksheet and label each part. In addition, highlight distinct structures/parts that you observe in each specimen. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory B. Monocot Leaves Freshly collected leaves of bamboo species (Bambusa sp.) and Paragis (Eleusine indica) will be provided in the class. Examine and locate the following parts using a hand lens: (1) blade, (2) auricle, (3) leaf sheath, and (4) ligule. Draw both leaves and label the parts using the in the worksheet. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory C. Gymnosperm Leaves Gymnosperms produce leaf modifications as part of their adaptation to the environment where they usually thrive. Sample of a pine twig will be provided. Take note that the leaves of pine trees are described as needle-like or aciculate. They are borne in clusters or fascicles held together at the base by the bud scales. Draw a needle cluster and label the parts. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory D. Palm vs. Gymnosperm Leaves of palm species vary in forms and shapes. There are some species that appears like cycads which belongs to gymnosperm group. Observe the leaves of Pitogo (Cycas ruiminiana) and compare this with an angiosperm leaf of Kaong (Arenga pinnata). Emphasize the differences you observe by listing it in the space provided in the worksheet. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory E. Leaf Classification Leaves from 10 forest trees available at MMFR will be displayed on the worktable for examination. List the species in the and describe them using the illustrated guide. FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory E. Leaf Classification FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory F. Leaf Metamorphosis Representative forest plants with known metamorphosed leaves will be displayed on the worktable. List these plants (5 species) in the table and describe the metamorphosed parts as follows: FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory Assessment Item Maximum Score A. Comparative illustration of dicot leaves 10 B. Comparative illustrations of monocot leaves 10 C. Illustration of gymnosperm leaves 5 D. Palm vs. Gymnosperm leaves 10 E. Leaf Classification (10 specimens) 50 F. Leaf Metamorphosis (5 specimens) 15 TOTAL 100 FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory FBS 10 Biology of Tropical Forest Plants Laboratory