Cells PDF

Cuadra, J.C CELL PHYSIOLOGY CELL...

Cuadra, J.C CELL PHYSIOLOGY CELL 2) Found in extracellular Fluid (ECF) negative charges basic living unit of all organism a) Nat-most abundant extracellular cation "NaClOakt - - organization : atom (chemical level) > - molecules -> cells > - tissues - organs - organ b) Cast intracellul Found extracellula und system > - organism (eg. humans ; humans are made up of trillions of cells) c) Cl-most abundant extracellular anion a) HCOz (bicarbonate) PROTOPLASM - substances that make up the cell TOTAL BODY WATER = 60 % 5 components 2 compartments : - : major - a) water-makes up 70-85 % of the cell ; principal medium of cell 40 % is in the intracellular Fluid (ICF)-water inside the cell b) proteins - makes up 10-20 % of the cell 28 % is in the extracellular Fluid (ECF)-water outside the cell 2 L types structural proteins further divided into : - : act integral proteins functional ; as enzymes 15 % interstitial fluid (water in interstitial space , between the spaces of tissues - - c) lipids/fats-makes up 2 % of the cell 5% -plasmal intravascular/vascular fluid (water in blood) d) carbohydrates - makes up 1 % of the cell 4) % -transcellular fluid (water in joints e. g synovial fluid ICF) , e) ions/electrolytes/solutes - makes up - fastest Large and in yelinated 2) Dendrites - receive signals (neurotransmitters) from other nevions and pass Inward A beta 70 m/s electrical signals (eg. action potential) towards the cell body A gamma 40 m/s "AEGIs" - Alpha-Extrafusal 15 m/s Gamma-Intrafusal 3) Cell body/Soma/Perikaryon - collects stimuli received from dendrites A delta Small and myelinated - decides whether to generate action potential B 14 m/s Axon C Small and unmyelinated 2-3 mls > slowest 4) hillock-generates action potential in - a nevion 5) Initial segment-generates action potential in a motor neuron A alpha-motor located golgitendon organ AEGIs * between axon hillock and 1st myelin sheath primary innervates extrafucal fibers , including : Outside 6) Axon-conveys electrical signals eg. action potential away from the cell body * A beta-motor : secondary innervates intrafusal and extrafrial fibers Cassist A alpha and gamma 7) Axon terminal/terminal endings/presynaptic terminal-transmits signals to other nevrons or sensory : touch pressure vibration , , , proprioception TVPPP / cells target * A gamma-motor: AEGIs primary innervates intrafusal fibers including , muscle spindle 2) Myelin sheath-acts as an insulator of electricly * A delta-sensory : Fastlacute pain and temperature - I signal transmission speed * B-peganglionic autonomic (10 , 9,7. 3) produces of myelin sheath : CO-PS * C-sensory : slow/chronic pain or deep , somatic pain and temperature a) Oligodendrocytes - to CNS motor : post-ganglionic autonomic b) Schwann cells - to PMS (spinal nerves and cranial nerves , except CN2 , which receives myelination from oligodendrocytes  Cuadra, J.C 3. According tohumerical PHASES OF HERVE ACTION POTENTIAL Types name Fiber Type -tapid changes in membrane potential 1- A Annulospital nerve endings # afferent/sensory carry sensory info - Lions involved : Nat and K +; kt is 100x more permeable to cell membrane than Nat A alpha sensory - 1-B From receptors to CMS Il Flowerspray endingsA beta sensory nerve * efferent/motor - carry signals away from III A delta CNs to peripheral issues N CFibers · Firing level/ threshold stimulu * Type IA-primary sensory/afferent for muscle spindle * Type IB-sensory/afferent for golgitendon organ * type 11-sensory/afferent for muscle spindle (secondary ; assists type IA) 1) Depolarization opening of voltage gated Nat channel >Nat influx inside the cell charge inside the cell becomes - > Type III-sensory/afferent for fast/acute temperature - - * pain and and temperature (t) From ( Type N-sensory/afferent for slow/chronic pain * 2) Repolarization RECEPTOR ORGANS - Once neutral state (0 or above o) is teached > - tapid close of voltage gated Nat channels (inactivation Muscle Spindle GTO pate ; activation gate openis Orientation Parallel Series Machannel- to muscle Fiber to muscle Fiber under fast channel , that is why there is tapid closure Location Intrafusal Extrafusal 2 Reflex Stretch reflex Inverse stretch reflex types : activation and inactivation gate a) during Motor nevious Primary : a-gamma Primary : A alpha activation gate is closed RMP ; and b) ↑15-30 mv membrane potential Secondary : a-beta Secondary : A beta opens if there is in Sensorynevious Type /9and 11 Type I 6) inactivation pate " closed during depolarization Stimulus Stretch Tension Response Muscle contraction Muscle relaxation opening of voltage gated K eflux (outside the cell- charge inside the cell becomes If + channels K+ - * > - Reflex : 1) Monosynaptic Kt channel under slow channel I afferent + /efferent (ep DTR) - -. 2) Bisynaptic 2 afferent - + 2 efferent (ep reciprocal inhibition. 3) Polysynaptic - 3 or more afferent and efferent(eg. Flexor withdrawal).  Cuadra, J.C 3) Hyperpolarization 2) Summation a) Temporal/Time - when a single nerve discharges action potential many times -slow closure of voltage gated K + channels > more - K +eflux outside the cell-charge of cell becomes b) Spatial summation/space - when multiple nerve discharge at the same time more (f 4) Resting membrane potential (RMP) activation of Ma-1 pump involves + export of Ma and import of K : - 3 Nat out for every 2k in + hat export : > - lower concentration Na inside compared to ECF of K+ import : 2K"in for every 3 Nat out > - higher concentration of K+ inside compared to ECF charge of cell returns to its N Tom - resting state : - 5) Firing level - threshold value to promote action potential is -50 mV all or none principle any ↑ in membrane potential of 15-30mV Usually is required to - - cause explosive development of action potential ; action potential are only elicited beyond the firing level CONCEPTS 1) Refractory period a) relative 'l3 of repolarization refractory period starts at onwards - stronger than N Stimulus elicits new action potential - b) absolute refractory period-period during which a 2nd action potential cannot be elicited even with a strong stimulus  Cuadra, J.C MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE SARCOMERE - muscle bundle/fasicle > Muscle fiber > myofibril myofilaments (actin myosin) · - > - > sarcomeic - - , COVERINGS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE -functional unit of muscle fiber ; basic contractive unit of a muscle 1) Endomysium-connective tissue covering muscle fiber location : portion between 2Ecises Laicomete - 2) Perimysium-connective tissue covering muscle bundle/muscle fascicle -components : 2 disc 3) Epimysium-connective tissue covering skeletal muscle actin , myosin When these coverings combine , it forms a tendon myosin (1 thin) - I band-portion of actin not overlapping with = A band-portion of whole myosin + overlapping actin (A = alternating) Imaginary SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM/TTRIAD/ T SYSTEM lines M line-middle line H - located between I andA bands cone/Parasagittal line-lines lat. to Mline ; contains myosin (1 = thick) - consists of : a) 1 transverse (T) tubule potential towards the sarcoplasmic reticulum DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION , conveys action - b) 2 saicoplasmic reticulum - stores and releases Ca' + -Actin is pulled inwards by myosin L without action potential : stores Cast - H zone disappears "Himala , nowala Ca't to sarcomere - I band narrows "Ikli with action potential : releases "Alang nangyari - no in A band change * Sarcoplasm-cytoplasm of muscle cells * Sarcolemma-plasma membrane of skeletal muscle  Cuadra, J.C c) Troponin subunits : - Troponin I- i. also covers the actin binding sites + with Ca2 ii. Troponin C-high affinity 2-calcium iii. Troponin T forms the troponin-tropomyosin - complex troponin and tropomyosin work in tandem (if one moves , the other one also moves) to regulate muscle contraction 2) Thick Filaments a) Myosin - has 2 heads , a tail , hinge and nec 2 attachment sites : Upper head=myosin + activ (taffinity of activ binding site) = contraction lower head= myosin+ ATP (affinity of actin binding site) = relaxation * ATP and activ can't simultaneously attach to myosin head ; ATP is released for activit myosin to occur and actin MYOFILAMENTS is detached for myosin + ATP to occur 1) Thin Filaments composed of 3 prokin structures : Rigor Mortis-muscles become stiff and locked in contracted state di lack of ATP which essential for the detach- - · , is 9) actin-made up of double stranded F actin protein molecules ment of myosin heads from actin > Globular (G) actin-single pearl > Filamentous (F) actin-strand of connected pearl like structure NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ) 1) Presynaptic Kiminal G actin Factin Actin ACh -> main neurotransmitter in NMJ has vesicles containg - b) Tropomyosin Spiral over (t) voltage gated Ca't channels - activ that covers the sites to prevent binding with myosin actilinding - 7 sometimes referred to as myosin binding sites ; 2) Synaptic cleft-space between pre-and post-synaptic ferminals where myosin head attaches , if exposed , to produce muscle contraction  Cuadra, J.C 3) Post-synaptic terminal CONCEPTS - Nicotinic receptor - ACh receptor in skeletal muscle 1) Length Tension relationship Resting length the length the muscle generates highest tension - Muscarinic receptor ACh receptor in smooth muscle - - - (H) voltage pated Nat channels Fully eccentric contraction the length the lowest tension muscle generates - - - 2) Force Velocity curve FLOW OF EVENTS DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTHOIM "At what velocity can a muscle generate the highest tension ? " lowest) slow eccentric slow concentric Answer (from highest to fast eccentric isometric : - > - - > Fast concentric - MUSCLE TYPES voltage pated cat channel opens Cast influx Action potential arrives at pre-synaptic Hominal > > inside pre- - - ACh ACh attach to ACh receptors synaptic terminal > are released from vesicles into the synaptic cleft > - - (nicotinic/muscarinic) > - ligand gated Nat channels open > - Not influx in post synaphc terminal. > - depolarization potential action potential T tubules inside the muscle and delivers it to > new action is produced > is conveyed by sarco- - - reticulum releases Ca't in sarcomete Cast attaches to plasmic reticulum > sarcoplasmic > troponinc (high affinity - - = or (alt) troponin-tropomyosin > - complex moves -> binding sites are exposed > - myosin heads are attracted and bind with activ and releases ATP- > ADP (myosin tilts head muscle contracts > powerstroke occurs to pull activ inward > - - new ATP attaches to myosin head > muscle relaxes - FACTORS THAT TERMINATE MUSCLE CONTRACTION : 1) ↓ concentration Ca't of 2) removal of Ach by acetylcholinesferase 3) attachment of AtP to myosin head Cuadra, J.C BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY BLOOD a) Water-makes up 91 % of plasma contributes 8 % of the total body Blad b) Plasma proteins - makes up 7 % of plasma weight - Albumin-makes i - 5x thicker than water (more viscous. up 58 % of plasma protein ; most abundant plasma protein transporter protein - Blood volumes : M 5 6 L - - = F = 4 - 5 - ep epp , white Average = 5L 7 albumin-most abundant protin in the blood > collagen-most abundant protin in the body Functions : BLOODPH - ii. Globulin-makes Balances acid and base (buffer system up 38 % of plasma protein Levels temperature (Pblood flow = ↑ temp -for immunity iii. Fibrinogen-makes up 4 % of plasma protein Oxygen transport a clotting factor - Osmosis Delivers nutrients c) Other substances WIDG Waste products Protection (particularly WBCs) long Hormonal transport Nutrients - type of connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments (formed elements) surroun- Gases (02 and (02) ded by a liquid matrix (plasmal 9) - N blood values : * M = million formed elements -makes up 45 % of blood a) RBC/ Erythrocytes : M = 5 2. - 6 5. M/mm F = 4 5 - 5 5 M/mm -components :.. a) RBC/ erythrocytes makes up 95 % 3) Hematocrit (Hct)-percentage of RBC/eithrocytes in total blood volume formed elements - of M= 42-52 % - b) WBC/ leukocytes - makes up 4-5 % of formed elements c) - F = 37 - 47 % Platelets/thrombocytes - makes up protein that serves as bridge/mediator Cuadra, J.C between collagen and platelets - platelet plug formation CLOTTING FACTORS Step 3 blood clotting/coagulation phase · cynthesized in the liver. - activation of Fibrin stabilizing factor · a divided into 2: Vit K- needed to synthesize platelets in liver -. a) extrinsic pathway halfway (clotting Factor 10-activated/CF10-a) total 12 ; CF1-13 (no CF6) - meets : b) intrinsic to promote blood coagulation pathway Father Please Tell Cupid Love Should Always Be Sweet , Caring Devoted Forever , CF1-Fibrinogen 3A. Extrinsic Pathway (4) CF2 - Prothrombin Stimulus : tissue damage (trauma/injury CF3- Thromboplastin /Tissue factor ↓ release of tissue factor/thromboplastin (CF3) - composed of lipoproteins and phospholipids CF4-Cast factor ~ CF5 -Labile factor formation of tissue factor Factor - > complex ↓ activates [F7-CFTA CF7-Stable factor ↓ together with Cat , CF7a activates CF10 (start) converting it into CF10 a CF8 - Anti-hemophilic Factor A CF4-Anti-hemophilic factor B/ Christmas disease (Christmas has Pletters 3B. Intrinsic Pathway (5) CF10-Strait factor Stimulus : tissue damage (trauma/injury CF11-Anti-hemophilic C ↓ converts InactivatedCF12 (Hageman) into CF12a CF12-Anti-hemophilic D/ Hageman ↓ CF13- Fibrin Stabilizing factor activated form of fibrinogen Canti-hemophilic Factor () to CF12 a converts inactivated CF11 into CF11a ↓ CF11 a converts Inactivated CFP (Christmas) into CFPa ↓ CF10(start) Into CF10a BLOOD TYPIIG-involves RBC together with CFOG , CF9a converts inactivated Type Antigen Antibody Blood Transfusion · blood transfusion compatible - bloodtype 3C Common Pathway. (6) A A B A, 0 · antigen-tripper immune response CF10a + CF5a + CF4a + CF3a join B B A B , 0 antibody-destroys/neutralizes antigens AB AB If A , B AB O join prothrombin activating factor/prothrombinase , to , () A B g converts CF2 (prothrombin) into CF2a(thrombin) g , CF2 a converts fibrinogen into CF13 (fibrin stabilizing Factor ↓ universal recipient Type AB- · clot contracts pulling the edges of wound together wound healing - , * Plasmin - dissolves clot Type O- universal donor  Cuadra, J.C PATHOLOGIES - Contraindications : aggressive stretching , strenous activity/exercises 1) Thrombocytopenia - Types : -I number of platelets Type A/Classic Hemophilia. () anti-hemophilic Factor (AHF) Al clotting factor (CF) 8 MC type may lead to bleeding - i -causes : dengue Vitamin Is deficiency leukemia liver disease (hepatitis and cirrhosis manifestations : Mx : transfusion of musing clotting factors - - hematoma petechice pinpoint - , red spots on skin #I WBC/LEUKOCYTES. ecchymosis/bruises - discoloration of skin resulting from bleeding - functions respond to inflammation and infection pripril-purple-colored spots skin for immunity · on epistaxis/ nose bleed-acute hemorrhage from nostril , naval cavily or nasopharynx Melend-black tarry stool dif upper Gl bleeding TYPES OF WBC 2) Thrombocytosk - types : granulocytes : basophils eosinophils , neutrophils , (BEn- G) - ↑ number of platelets a granulocytes : lymphocytes monocytes, dangerous ; may lead to thrombus - formation - causes : Atherosclerosis , trauma, immobility 1) Granulocytes BEN-G lifespan : in blood 4-8 his - MX : blood warfarin (coumadin) thinners/anti-coagulants = otal - = IV-heparin ; = in tissue 4-5 days 3) Hemophilia = a) neutrophils bleeding disorder - dit ↓ absent -most abundant WBC clotting factor/s in the blood-bleed - of more easily and for a longer time - X-linked recessive - both X of mom are effected = 100 % boys are affected -Functions : responsible for bacterial infections (primary -no male to male inheritance : assists the eosinophils in fighting viral and parasitic infections contains out cell It) generational skipping lysosomes digest bacteria and ; digest up to 20 bacteria - - > - worn can SSX : petechiae bruise hemaithosis 2nd line of defense needs to travel tissue - first to the - damaged - , , 7 Macrophage 1st line of defense because it is readily available in tissues = > Mc