Aggregates Module 4 PDF

Module 4 Aggregates Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus cited on this presentation conforms to the ASTM Standards and Specifications. Type of Aggregates Other Name Picture Fine Aggregates Sand, Buhangin Coarse Aggregates Gravel, Graba Source: https://mycourses.aalto.fi/...

Module 4 Aggregates Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus cited on this presentation conforms to the ASTM Standards and Specifications. Type of Aggregates Other Name Picture Fine Aggregates Sand, Buhangin Coarse Aggregates Gravel, Graba Source: https://mycourses.aalto.fi/  Different properties of aggregates are required for the design mix proportion of concrete The properties of aggregates affect the workability and strength of concrete. This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving. Some specifications for aggregates which reference this method contain grading requirements including both coarse and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieve analysis of such aggregates. A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated through a series of sieves of progressively smaller openings for determination of particle size distribution 1. Balance (Readability – 0.1g – fine, 0.5g – coarse) 2. Sieves 3. Mechanical Sieve Shaker 4. Oven 5. Sieve Brush 6. Pan Fine Aggregates: The size of the test sample, after drying, shall be 300 g minimum. Coarse Aggregates: Coarse Aggregates Fine Aggregates 1. Reduce the amount of sample materials by mechanical separator (ASTM C702) 2. Dry the sample materials in oven with constant mass at a temperature of 110± 5°C. 3. Measure the weight of pan 4. Measure the weight of the pan with sample materials 5. Stack the sieve in order of decreasing opening size. Place the sample on top of the sieve selected for the sample sizes. Place the sieve on the mechanical sieve shaker based on the required time in accordance with the ASTM specification 6. Sieving duration must be sufficient so that not more than 1% by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve will pass that sieve in 1 minute of sieving. 7. Measure the retained material on each sieve. 8. Check if the total mass is not less than or more than 0.3% of the original mass of the dry sample. If not, the test is invalid 1. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or percentages in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1 % on the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If the same test sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the mass of material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) size by washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the total dry sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the basis for calculating all the percentages 2. Calculate the fineness modulus, when required, by adding the total percentages of material in the sample that is coarser than each of the following sieves (cumulative percentages retained), and dividing the sum by 100: 150-µm (No. 100), 300-µm (No. 50), 600-µm (No. 30), 1.18-mm (No. 16), 2.36-mm (No. 8), 4.75-mm (No. 4), 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.), 19.0-mm (3⁄4-in.), 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.), and larger, increasing in the ratio of 2 to 1. 3. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or percentages in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1 % on the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If the same test sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the mass of material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) size by washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the total dry sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the basis for calculating all the percentages  Sieve Weight Individual Cumulative Percent ASTM C33 Retained Percent Percent Passing Min-Max 9.5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600um 300um 150um 75um pan  Sieve Weight Individual Cumulative Percent ASTM C33 Retained Percent Percent Passing Min-Max SUM 9.5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 = 1.18mm 𝟏𝟎𝟎 600um 300um 150um 75um pan Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying This test method covers the determination of the percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying, both surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Some aggregate may contain water that is chemically combined with the minerals in the aggregate. Such water is not evaporable and is not included in the percentage determined by this test method. 1. Balance 2. Source of Heat (Oven, Stove etc.) 3. Sample Container 1. Determine the mass of the sample to the nearest 0.1 %. 2. Dry the sample thoroughly in the sample container by means of the selected source of heat, exercising care to avoid loss of any particles. Very rapid heating may cause some particles to explode, resulting in loss of particles. Use a controlled temperature oven when excessive heat may alter the character of the aggregate, or where more precise measurement is required 3. When a hot plate is used, drying can be expedited by the following procedure. Add sufficient anhydrous denatured alcohol to cover the moist sample. Stir and allow suspended material to settle. Decant as much of the alcohol as possible without losing any of the sample. Ignite the remaining alcohol and allow it to burn off during drying over the hot plate. 4. The sample is thoroughly dry when further heating causes, or would cause, less than 0.1 % additional loss in mass. 5. Determine the mass of the dried sample to the nearest 0.1 % after it has cooled sufficiently not to damage the balance.  𝑾−𝑫 𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑫 p = total evaporable moisture content of sample, percent, W = mass of original sample, g, D = mass of dried sample, g. Specific gravity test of aggregates is done to measure the strength or quality of the material. It is said that if the aggregates has higher specific gravity, meaning more dense, it is stronger. Lightweight aggregates has lesser density compared to normal aggregates, thus, its weaker. Source: https://theconstructor.org/  Used for Design Mixture Calculation Used for Purchase Agreements Used for Computation of Percentages of Voids This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 5 in. [125 mm] in nominal maximum size.  Balance – Accurate within 0.1% of test load or at least 0.05kg Tamping rod – Round steel rod 16mm in diameter, 600mm in length Measure – Cylindrical metal measure 1. Obtain Samples in accordance with Practice D 75 and reduce to test sample size accordance with Practice C 702 2. Fill the measure with water and determine the mass of water. Measure the temperature of the water and calculate for the density. 3. Calculate for the volume of the measure using the volume of the water. 4. Fill the measure with one-third full and level the surface with fingers. Rod the layer with 25 strokes evenly distributed. Repeat the procedure on the two-third full. 5. Fill the remaining space to overflowing and rod again. Level the surface with fingers. 6. Determine the mass of the measure.  𝑮−𝑻 𝑴= 𝑽 𝑴 = (𝑮 − 𝑻)𝒙𝑭 M = bulk density of the aggregates, (kg/cu.m) G = mass of the aggregates plus the measure, (kg) T = mass of the measure, (kg) V = volume of the measure, (cu.m) F = factor for the measure, (1/cu.m)  𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝒙𝑾 − 𝑴 %𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝑺𝒙𝑾 M = bulk density of the aggregate, (kg/cu.m) S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in accordance with Test Method C 127 or Test method C 128 W = density of water (998kg/cu.m) ASTM C127 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate ASTM C128 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate This test method covers the determination of the average density of a quantity of coarse aggregate particles (not including the volume of voids between the particles), the relative density (specific gravity), and the absorption of the coarse aggregate. Depending on the procedure used, the density (kg/m3(lb/ft3)) is expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent density. Likewise, relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quantity, is expressed as OD, SSD, or as apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity). The OD density and OD relative density are determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD density, SSD relative density, and absorption are determined after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration. This test method is used to determine the density of the essentially solid portion of a large number of aggregate particles and provides an average value representing the sample. Distinction is made between the density of aggregate particles as determined by this test method, and the bulk density of aggregates as determined by Test Method C 29/C 29M, which includes the volume of voids between the particles of aggregates. A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for 24± 4 h to essentially fill the pores. It is then removed from the water, the water dried from the surface of the particles, and the mass determined. Subsequently, the volume of the sample is determined by the displacement of water method. Finally, the sample is oven-dried and the mass determined. Using the mass values thus obtained and formulas in this test method, it is possible to calculate density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption. 1. Balance 2. Sample Container 3. Water Tank 4. Sieves 5. Oven 1. Dry the test sample in the oven to constant mass at a temperature of 110± 5 °C, cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.) nominal maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C). Subsequently immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 24±4 h. 2. Where the absorption and relative density (specific gravity) values are to be used in proportioning concrete mixtures in which the aggregates will be in their naturally moist condition, the requirement in 8.1 for initial drying is optional, and, if the surfaces of the particles in the sample have been kept continuously wet until tested, the requirement in 8.1 for 24±4 h soaking is also optional. 3. Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible films of water are removed. Wipe the larger particles individually. A moving stream of air is permitted to assist in the drying operation. Take care to avoid evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the surface-drying operation. Determine the mass of the test sample in the saturated surface-dry condition. Record this and all subsequent masses to the nearest 0.5 g or 0.05 % of the sample mass, whichever is greater. 4. After determining the mass in air, immediately place the saturated- surface-dry test sample in the sample container and determine its apparent mass in water at 23±2.0 °C. Take care to remove all entrapped air before determining its mass by shaking the container while immersed 5. Dry the test sample in the oven to constant mass at a temperature of 110±5 °C, cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 h, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50 °C), and determine the mass.  𝑨 𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚)(𝑶𝑫) = 𝑩−𝑪 A = mass of oven dry test sample in air (g) B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air (g) C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g)  𝑩 𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚)(𝑺𝑺𝑫) = 𝑩−𝑪 B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air (g) C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g)  𝑨 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚) = 𝑨−𝑪 A = mass of oven dry test sample in air (g) C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g)  𝟑 𝑨 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑶𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 𝑩−𝑪 𝟑 𝑩 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝑺𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 𝑩−𝑪 𝟑 𝑨 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 𝑨−𝑪 A = mass of oven dry test sample in air (g) B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air (g) C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g) This test method covers the determination of the average density of a quantity of fine aggregate particles (not including the volume of voids between the particles), the relative density (specific gravity), and the absorption of the fine aggregate. Depending on the procedure used, the density, in kg/m3(lb/ft3) is expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface- dry (SSD), or as apparent density. Likewise, relative density (specific grav- ity), a dimensionless quality, is expressed as OD, SSD, or as apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity). The OD density and OD relative density are determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD density, SSD relative density, and absorption are determined after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.  This test method is used to determine the density of the essentially solid portion of a large number of aggregate particles and provides an average value representing the sample. Distinction is made between the density of aggregate particles as determined by this test method, and the bulk density of aggregates as determined by Test Method C 29/ C 29M, which includes the volume of voids between the particles of aggregates.  A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for 24±4 h to essentially fill the pores. It is then removed from the water, the water is dried from the surface of the particles, and the mass determined. Subsequently, the sample (or a portion of it) is placed in a graduated container and the volume of the sample is determined by the gravimetric or volumetric method. Finally, the sample is oven-dried and the mass determined again. Using the mass values thus obtained and formulas in this test method, it is possible to calculate density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption. 1. Balance 2. Pycnometer 3. Flask 4. Mold and Tamper for Surface Moisture 1. Partially fill the pycnometer with water. Introduce into the pycnometer 500±10 g of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate prepared as described in Section 8, and fill with additional water to approximately 90 % of capacity. Agitate the pycnometer as described in 9.2.1.1 (manually) or 9.2.1.2 (mechanically). 9.2.1.1 Manually roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate all air bubbles. 9.2.1.2 Mechanically agitate the pycnometer by external vibration in a manner that will not degrade the sample. A level of agitation adjusted to just set individual particles in motion is sufficient to promote de-airing without degradation. A mechanical agitator shall be considered acceptable for use if comparison tests for each six-month period of use show variations less that the acceptable range of two results (d2s) indicated in Table 1 from the results of manual agitation on the same material. 2. After eliminating all air bubbles, adjust the temperature of the pycnometer and its contents to 23.0±2.0°C if necessary by partial immersion in circulating water, and bring the water level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity. Determine the total mass of the pycnometer, specimen, and 3. Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to constant mass at a temperature of 110±5°C, cool in air at room temperature for 1±1⁄2h, and determine the mass. 4. Determine the mass of the pycnometer filled to its calibrated capacity with water at 23.0±2.0°C. 1. Fill the flask initially with water to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark. Record this initial reading with flask and contents within the temperature range of 23.0±2.0°C. Add 55±5 g of fine aggregate in the saturated surface-dry condition (or other measured quantity as necessary). After all fine aggregate has been introduced, place the stopper in the flask and roll the flask in an inclined position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle so as to dislodge all entrapped air, continuing until no further bubbles rise to the surface (Note 4). Take a final reading with the flask and contents within 1°C of the original temperature. 2. For determination of the absorption, use a separate 500±10-g portion of the saturated surface-dry fine aggregate, dry to constant mass, and determine the dry mass. Gravimetric Procedure: 𝑨 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚)(𝑶𝑫) = 𝑩+𝑺−𝑪 Volumetric Procedure: 𝑨 𝑺𝟏 𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚)(𝑶𝑫) = 𝑺 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 ) A = mass of oven dry specimen, g B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark, g C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to calibration mark, g R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL R 2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity)), g c Gravimetric Procedure: 𝑺 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚)(𝑺𝑺𝑫) = 𝑩+𝑺−𝑪 Volumetric Procedure: 𝑨 𝑺𝟏 𝑺 𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚)(𝑺𝑺𝑫) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 ) A = mass of oven dry specimen, g B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark, g C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to calibration mark, g R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL R 2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity)), g c Gravimetric Procedure: 𝑨 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚) = 𝑩+𝑨−𝑪 Volumetric Procedure: 𝑨 𝑺𝟏 𝑺 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝐑𝐞𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚) = 𝑺𝟏 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 ) − 𝑺 (𝑺 − 𝑨ቁ A = mass of oven dry specimen, g B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark, g C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to calibration mark, g R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL R 2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity)), g c Gravimetric Procedure: 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑶𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑺 − 𝑪൯ 𝑨 Volumetric Procedure: 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝑺𝟏 𝟑 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑶𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎 = 𝑺 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 ) A = mass of oven dry specimen, g B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark, g C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to calibration mark, g R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL R 2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity)), g c Gravimetric Procedure: 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝑺 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝑺𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑= 𝑩+𝑺−𝑪 Volumetric Procedure: 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝑺𝟏 𝟑 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝑺𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 ) A = mass of oven dry specimen, g B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark, g C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to calibration mark, g R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL R 2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity)), g c Gravimetric Procedure: 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝑨 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝑺𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑 = 𝑩+𝑨−𝑪 Volumetric Procedure: 𝑨 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝑺𝟏 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺𝑺𝑫), 𝒌 𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑 = 𝑺 𝑺𝟏 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 ) − (𝑺 − 𝑨ቁ 𝑺 A = mass of oven dry specimen, g B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark, g C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to calibration mark, g R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL R 2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific gravity)), g c This test method covers a procedure for testing of coarse aggregates with a maximum size smaller than 37.5 mm ([11/2 in.] for resistance to degradation using the Los Angeles testing machine (Note 1). NOTE 1: A procedure for testing coarse aggregate larger than 19.0 mm [3/4 in.] is covered in Test Method C535. Thus coarse aggregates with a maximum size between 19 mm [3/4 in.] and 37.5 mm [11/2 in.] may be tested by Test Method C535 or Test Method C131/C131M. Measure of resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation: 1. Impact 2. Abrasion 3. Grinding 1. Quality of the coarse aggregates can be determined using this test. 2. The rocks can be classified as hard rock and soft rock 1. Los Angeles Machine 2. Standard Sieves 3. Scales 4. Oven 5. Steel Charges (1-27/32 inches in diameter) (weigh 390 – 445grams each) 6. No.12 Sieves Sample Grading No. of Spheres Total Mass of Charge A 12 5000g ± 25g B 11 4584g ± 25g C 8 3330g ± 20g D 6 2500g ± 15g A is the coarsest grading, D is finest grading 1. Wash and oven-dry around 5kg of aggregates 2. Separate sample into individual size fraction by sieving 3. Recombine the sieved material to the required grading 4. Load the aggregates into Los Angeles apparatus and the corresponding charges. Rotate the drum for with a speed of 30-33rpm, which is equivalent to 15 minutes. 5. Remove the Sample from the machine 6. Sieve dry the sample 7. If necessary wash the materials and oven-dry 8. Weigh to nearest 1g  𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 − 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 %𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍  AASHTO T 96 ASTM C131 ASTM C535 What shape of aggregate is suitable for self-compacting concrete Define what is the Fineness Modulus of the Aggregates  END OF PRESENTATION THANKS FOR LISTENING!