PEDIPS (Unit 2): Prelims PDF

Plight- understand the way of life of of climate change and natural hazards, including indigenous people disease outbreaks such as COVID-19. IP Rights Act- Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 While I...

Plight- understand the way of life of of climate change and natural hazards, including indigenous people disease outbreaks such as COVID-19. IP Rights Act- Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 While Indigenous People own, occupy, or use a quarter of the world’s surface area. Indigenous Indigenous People are distinct social and cultural People conserve 80 percent of the world’s groups that share collective ancestral ties to the remaining biodiversity and recent studies reveal lands and natural resources they live, occupy, or that forest lands under collective IP and local from which they have been displaced. community stewardship hold at least one-quarter of all tropical and subtropical forest above-ground The land and natural resources on which they carbon. They hold vital ancestral knowledge and depend are inextricably linked to their identities, expertise on how to adapt, mitigate, and reduce cultures, livelihoods, and physical and spiritual climate and disaster risks. well-being. Much of the land occupied by Indigenous People They often subscribe to their customary leaders is under customary ownership, yet many and organizations for representation that are governments recognize only a fraction of this land distinct or separate from those of the mainstream as formally or legally belonging to Indigenous society or culture. People. Even when Indigenous territories and lands are recognized, protection of boundaries or use Many Indigenous People still maintain a language and exploitation of natural resources are often distinct from the official language or languages of inadequate. the country or region in which they reside; however, many have also lost their languages or Insecure land tenure is a driver of conflict, are on the precipice of extinction due to eviction environmental degradation, and weak economic from their lands and relocation to other territories. and social development. This threatens cultural survival and vital knowledge systems loss in these They speak more than 4,000 of the world’s areas, increasing risks of fragility, biodiversity loss, 7000 languages though some estimates indicate and degraded One Health (or ecological and that more than half of the world's languages are animal health) systems which threaten the at risk of becoming extinct by 2100. ecosystem services upon which we all depend. There are an estimated 476 million Indigenous People Indigenous Peoples worldwide. Although they make - first people living in the area up just 6 percent of the global population, they - distinct social and cultural groups account for about 19 percent of the extreme poor. - maintain language distinct to the official Indigenous People’s life expectancy is up to 20 language years. - lack formal recognition of their lands 1. Africa Indigenous People often lack formal 2. Asia recognition over their lands, territories, and 3. Europe natural resources, are often last to receive public 4. America investments in basic services and infrastructure 5. Australasia and face multiple barriers to participate fully in the formal economy, enjoy access to justice, and participate in political processes and decision-making. This legacy of inequality and exclusion has made Indigenous People more vulnerable to the impacts  ancient Egyptian and Nubian texts, which date back to around 3000 B.C. + the hunter-gatherers African civilizations rose to prominence, such + majority of them are IPs as the Kingdom of Kush in northern Sudan + earliest written record 300 B.C., since and the powerful empires of Ghana, Mali, and ancient times Egyptian and Nubian texts Songhai in West Africa. + IPACC (The Indigenous People of Africa Coordinating Committee) founded in 1997 IP IN THE CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN + using stone tools and rock art CONTEXT: + in 2008 IPACC is composed 150 member, 21 Modern, independent African states contain African countries within them various peoples whose situation, + they sought recognition for their rights cultures and pastoralist or hunter gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set The indigenous people of Africa are groups of apart from the dominant political and people native to a specific region; people who economic structures of the nation. Since the lived there before colonists or settlers arrived, late 20th century these peoples have defined new borders, and began to occupy the increasingly sought recognition of their rights land. This definition applies to all indigenous as distinct indigenous peoples, in both national groups, whether inside or outside of and international contexts. Africa. The Indigenous Peoples of Africa Although the vast majority of Native Africans Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC) was can be considered to be “indigenous” in the founded in 1997. It is one of the main sense that they originated from that continent transnational network organizations and nowhere else (like all Homo sapiens), recognized as a representative of African identifying as an “indigenous people” in the indigenous peoples in dialogues with modern application is more restrictive. governments and bodies such as the UN. Not every African ethnic group claims identification under these terms. Groups and communities who do claim this recognition are those who by a variety of historical and - two thirds of the world's IPs live in Asia environmental circumstances have been placed - refer to them as hill tribes, indigenous outside of the dominant state systems. nationalities, tribal people, ethnic minorities, natives - 260 million people representing 2,000 distinct The history of the indigenous African civilizations and languages peoples spans thousands of years and - some countries established dedicated national includes a complex variety of cultures, commissions languages, and political systems, Indigenous - NCIP (National Commission on Indigenous African cultures have existed since ancient People): promotes the well-being and interest times, with some of the earliest evidence of - The different terms used to refer to them at the human life on the continent coming from national level, ranges from "hill tribes" and stone tools and rock art dating back hundreds "indigenous nationalities", to "tribal peoples", of thousands of years. The earliest written "ethnic minorities", and "natives", and testify to the records of African history come from variety of their experiences in the region.  peoples with the land and territories that have traditionally been occupied or used 2. Education and Culture - Several countries have established dedicated - measures could be further strengthened as national commissions responsible for they are crucial for promoting respect indigenous peoples' affairs (India and the - only in a few countries, such as Nepal and Philippines) the Philippines, does the national legislation recognize the right of indigenous peoples to NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS establish and manage educational institutions PEOPLES: - The NCIP shall protect and promote the 3. Decent Work and Social Protection interest and well-being of the Indigenous - decent work and social protection for Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples indigenous women and men is with due regard to their beliefs, customs, - another key policy area for ensuring traditions, and institution inclusive and sustainable development - Philippines, the Indigenous Peoples - policies that emphasize support to Rights Act provides that the Government may communities through access to training and not issue licenses or permits for the skills development exploitation of natural resources unless a consultation process in line with the Act has 4. Health and Social Protection taken place - lack official birth certificates or identification - others have provisions for dedicated documents, which significantly impedes access consultations with indigenous peoples indigenous peoples to social services in Asian regarding specific issues, for example, the consultation requirement contained in India's Forest Rights Act - they are skilled hunters ISSUES: - ochre are used to decode and object and create art RIGHTS - bark canoe are used by their people - vast majority depends on access to land and - carroborre ceremony consists of much singing and dancing, they convey their history in stories resources for their livelihood and reenactments of the “Dreaming” a - Convention No.169 he territories that mythological period of time that had a beginning indigenous peoples occupy and otherwise use but no foreseeable end have a special importance for their cultures - lived more than 50,000 years ago and spiritual values - Aboriginal warrior bearing traditional body paint and ritual scars 1. Rights on Land and Natural Resources - waddy, a traditional war club used for combats - the land titling procedures have been - Australian Aborigine: first Day of Mourning assessed as long and cumbersome, partially protest, Sydney, January 26, 1938. for the indigenous communities concerned Nicolas Young and the overall implementation of the relevant > first to discover Australia > an HMS Endeavor laws and regulations is lagging behind > discovered the Gadigal Peoples - collective attachment of indigenous  > to remove one's shoes before entering a wharenui (meeting-house) in token of respect for the ancestors who are NEW ZEALAND ABORIGINAL PEOPLE (MAORI) represented and spiritually present within - Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people > spiritual ritual is hurihanga takapau of mainland New Zealand (purification), practised when fishing to ensure - Māori originated with settlers from East there is no tapu on the fish Polynesia - arrived in New Zealand in several waves of ISSUES: canoe voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350 - developed their own distinctive culture, 1. Socio-Economic whose language, mythology, crafts, and > have fewer assets than the rest of the performing arts evolved independently from population those of other eastern Polynesian cultures > run greater risks of many negative - New Zealand's other indigenous Polynesian economic and social outcomes ethnic group, the Moriori > have higher unemployment rates than other - evidence indicates their ancestry (as part of ethnic groups in New Zealand the larger group of Austronesian peoples) that > underemployment is in turn attributed to stretches back 5,000 years persistent institutional racism in New Zealand - Polynesian people settled in a large area > young Māori being unemployed, are picked encompassing Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti, Hawaiʻi, up for alcohol-related behaviours or small Easter Island (Rapa Nui) – and finally New crimes such as vandalism Zealand 2. Health BELIEFS OR MAORI PEOPLE > suffer more health problems - traditional Maori beliefs have their own > higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse origins in Polynesian Culture > smoking and obesity 1. Tapu - sacred/spiritually restricted > less frequent use of healthcare services 2. Noa - non-sacred/unrestricted mean that late diagnosis and treatment 3. Mana - authority intervention lead to higher levels of morbidity 4. Wairua - spirit and mortality in many manageable conditions 5. Wharenui - meeting house 6. Hurihanga Takapau - purification 3. Political Representation > there are also many Māori deities > represented to the Crown in New Zealand > some follows a variety of Christian Faiths politics since the Declaration of the such as Presbyterianism, The Church of Jesus Independence of New Zealand, before the Christ of Latter-day Saints Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 > Māori Christian groups such as Rātana and > the Māori King Movement (Kīngitanga) Ringatū, and also Catholic originated in the 1860s as an attempt by > certain objects, areas, or buildings are tapu several iwi to unify under one leader (spiritually restricted), and must be > attempt at political unity was the made noa (unrestricted) by ceremonial Kotahitanga Movement, which established a action separate Māori Parliament that held annual sessions from 1892 until its last sitting in 1902.  William Rubruck - most notable for his account of his journey to Asia also gives account of the Tatars and Alans : Europeans are the focus of European 🤍 ethnology Indigenous Minorities : the field of anthropology related to the member states of the Councilof Europe in various ethnic groups that reside in Europe 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the 🤍 : The total number of national minority Protection of National Minorities populations in Europe is estimated at 105 to ensure that the signatory states respect million people, or 14% of 770 million the rights of national minorities, undertaking Europeans to combat discrimination, promote equality, : defined by common genetic, ancestry preserve and develop the culture and identity common language, or both of national minorities, guarantee certain : earliest accounts date from Classical freedoms 🤍criterion is the so-called "time element", or Antiquity : Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a how long the original inhabitants of a land description of Greece itself, besides accounts occupied it before the arrival of later settlers 🤍indigenous minority status in Europe of western and northern Europe : 19th century, ethnic groups of the Europe 🤍Komi of northern Russia, Circassians of were grouped into a number of “races”, include the Uralic Nenets, Samoyed, Mediterranean, Alpine, Nordic, all part of larger Caucasian group southern Russia and the North Caucasus; 🤍 Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks Roman Period Authors Crimean Karaites of Crimea (Ukraine), 1. Diodorus Siculus Sámi peoples of northern Norway Sweden, and 🤍 2. Strabo and Tacitus Finland 3. Julius Caesar (give an account of Celtic northwestern Russia (referred to as Sápmi), tribes of Gaul) Galicians of Galicia, Spain; Catalans of 4. Tacitus (describes the Germanic tribes Catalonia, Spain and southern France; of Magna Germania) Basques of Basque Country, Spain and 🤍 Diodorus Siculus, Pausanias, and Sallust - southern France depicts the ancient Sardinian and Corsican the Sorbian people of Germany and Poland peoples by ISSUES: Ethnographers of Late Antiquity 1. Climate Change 1. Agathias of Myrina - livelihoods depend so much on their natural 2. Ammianus Marcellinus environment 3. Jordanes - sea ice melts basis of livelihoods are at risk 4. Theophylact Simocatta - estimate that the Arctic is warming up at a - gives accounts of the Slavs, the Franks, the rate twice the global average Almanni, and the Goths Ahmad Ibn Fadlan - 10th century gives an account of the Bolghar and the Rus’ Peoples  2. Endangered Languages - survival of their ancestral languages + Less complex societies located away from - 40% of the estimated 6,700 languages the rivers and mountains spoken around the world were in danger of + Nomadic hunting tribes were sparse in the disappearing Pampas, Patagonia, and southern Chile - lay a crucial role in the daily life of + Agriculture-based village culture and indigenous peoples social organization came first to the - source for each person's unique identity, tropical lowlands of the Amazon basin and cultural history, traditions valleys of coastal Ecuador and Colombia (c. - indigenous languages continue to disappear 3000 BCE) at an alarming rate and that's also true for + culture included religious temple-mound the Saami languages complexes + fine ceramics (based partly on earlier 3. Land and Resources technology for making fire-engraved - resource and extraction industries on their containers out of bottle gourds) traditional lands + farming such crops as cassava (manioc) and corn (maize) on periodically flooded plains and levees + areas eventually became organized into complex chiefdoms containing dense FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS: populations, supported in some cases by raised 1. Amerindians (American-Indians) fields— broad planting surfaces separated by - contributed to the present-day population of ditches that enhanced the fertility of the soil South America while limiting the possibility of fungal 2. Iberians (Spanish & Portuguese) diseases and waterlogging - pre-Columbian inhabitants conquered and dominated the continent until the beginning of Nazca water jar the 19th century - painted-clay double-spouted water jar, 3. Africans 1st–2nd century CE. - imported as slaves by the colonizers Shaman 4. Post Independence Immigrants - performing ayahuasca rite - from overseas - Amazon Region of Ecuador - mostly Italy, Japan, Germany, Lebanon, Textiles South Asia - in a market, Tarabuco, Bolivia Chaquitaclla INDIANS: - fertile soils of volcanic ash were cultivated + Before European exploration, and conquest with the digging stick and a type of foot plow in the early 16th century South America was Chibcha of Columbia almost completely occupied by diverse people - in most part of Andes + All of those cultural groups practiced - areas of high population density were agriculture organized into chiefdoms + Greatest complexity of social organization The mound (tola) and densest population tended to located - builders of Ecuador Pacific Ocean Coast, in Andes Mountains, and - led by powerful, paramount lords along the major rivers of the Amazon River basin In Central Andes - Highland soils also were improved by constructing long earthen irrigation canals - some of the world’s most elaborate and beautiful stone-walled terracing Early cities and empires 1. Huari (Wari) - south-central Peru 2. Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) - western Bolivia 3. Inca (Inka) - last best-known empire Machu Picchu, Peru - Empire of Inca - Stepped Terraces and Dwellings (stepped agricultural terraces and dwellings) - Industrial Area - Temple of the Sun (finely crafted stonework is juxtaposed with less-skilled construction foreground) Rapa Nui, Chile - Moai statues stand in silence but speak volumes about the achievements of their creators - the stone blocks, carved into head-and-torso figures, average 13 feet (4 meters) tall and 14 tons