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Topic (1) Principles of Information Technology Student learning outcomes Define Computers Know the two types of computer systems What are the five sizes of computers? Differentiate between different types of computers Know the meaning of “network and server”. Explore how computers work...

Topic (1) Principles of Information Technology Student learning outcomes Define Computers Know the two types of computer systems What are the five sizes of computers? Differentiate between different types of computers Know the meaning of “network and server”. Explore how computers work Examine personal computers Introduce software Introduce the Internet and the Web Understand email basics Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 2  Computer Programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data and processes, or manipulates, it into information we can use, such as summaries and reports. Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and increase productivity. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 3 Defining Computers Computer  An electronic device that: Accepts input Processes data Stores data Produces output Uses instructions in stored programs Ex: Personal computer (PC) Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 4 Computer system includes: Electronic and mechanical parts of the computer Hardware Peripheral Hardware that can be added to a computer devices system to expand what a computer can do Computer program that tells the computer Software how to perform tasks Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 5  A basic computer system Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 6  Parts of a Computer Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, etc.) Output Devices (Monitor, Speakers, etc.) Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory Motherboard (Circuit Board) Expansion Cards (Video Card, Sound Card, or NIC) Hard Drive Ports and Connections (USB, etc.) Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 7 Computer Applications In Business and Industry In Publication Field In Education Field In Medical Field In Science Field In Entertainment Field In Government Organizations Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 8 Sizes of computers Computers are in a variety of shapes and sizes, which can be classified according to their processing power: 1- Supercomputers, 2- Mainframe computers, 3- Workstations, 4- Microcomputers, 5- Microcontrollers. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 9 1- Supercomputers High-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can perform more than several trillion calculations per second. The Most expensive and fastest computers available. Used for tasks requiring the processing of enormous volumes of data, such as doing the census count, forecasting weather, Designing aircraft and modeling molecules. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 10 2- Mainframe Computers Are water- or air-cooled computers Vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on their use. Small mainframes are often called midsize computers; they used to be called minicomputers. Used by large organizations—such as banks, airlines, insurance companies, and colleges— for processing millions of transactions. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 11  3- Workstations Are expensive, powerful personal computers usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations Used for such tasks as designing airplane main body, developing prescription drugs, and creating movie special effects. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 12  4- Microcomputers Microcomputers , also called personal computers Can fit next to a desk or on a desktop or can be carried around. They either are stand-alone machines or are connected to a computer network, such as a local area network. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 13 Microcomputers are of several types: 1. Desktop PCs 2. Tower PCs, 3. Notebooks (laptops), 4. Netbooks, 5. Mobile internet devices (MIDs), 6. Personal digital assistants (PDAs—handheld computers or palmtops). Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 14 1-Desktop computer Allows users to move items around on the screen with their hands, to open and close files, and to perform other functions manually. 2-Tower PCs Microcomputers whose case sits as a “tower,” often on the floor beside a desk, thus freeing up desk surface space. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 15 3-NOTEBOOKS Notebook computers , also called laptop computers. Lightweight portable computers with built- in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, CD/DVD drive, battery, and AC adapter. 4-NETBOOKS Low-cost, lightweight, computers with tiny dimensions and functions designed for basic tasks, such as web searching, email, and word processing. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 16 5-MOBILE INTERNET DEVICES (MIDs) Smaller than notebook computers For consumers and business professionals. Fully internet integrated, they are highly compatible with desktop microcomputers and laptops. Initial models focus on data communication, not voice communication. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 17  6-PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS Personal digital assistants (PDAs) also called handheld computers or palmtops. Personal organization tools, such as schedule planners, address books, and to-do lists, can be integrated with features like email and fax capabilities. Personal digital assistant (PDA) Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 18 5- Microcontrollers Microcontrollers "embedded computers" Are the tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” devices and automobiles. Examples: microwave ovens. Blood pressure monitors, Air bag sensors, Gas and chemical sensors for water and air, Vibration sensors. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 19  Servers Network server is a central computer that holds collections of data (databases) and programs for connecting or supplying services to PCs, workstations, and other devices, which are called clients. In small organizations, servers can store files, provide printing stations, and transmit email. In large organizations, servers may also house enormous libraries of financial, sales, and product information. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 20 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 21 Student learning outcomes 1. Know the five generations of computer 2. Differentiate between the main features of each generation. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 22 Generations of Computer INTRODUCTION:  The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine.  Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their previous generation. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 23 Currently, there are five generations of computer. First Generation Computers (1940-1956) Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) Fifth Generation Computer(Present to Future). Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 24  First Generation Computers (1940-1956)  The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current.)  Huge size for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory “taking up entire room”.  They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions(defect or breakdown). Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 25 Advantages :  It was only electronic device  First device to hold memory Disadvantages :  Too bulky i.e large in size  Vacuum tubes burn frequently  They were producing heat  Maintenance problems Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 26  Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and started in the second generation of computers. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 27 Advantages :  Size reduced considerably  The very fast  Very much reliable Disadvantages :  They overheated quickly  Maintenance problems Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 28  Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)  The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.  Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called semiconductors. Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 29 Advantages :  ICs are very small in size  Improved performance  Production cost cheap Disadvantages :  ICs are sophisticated Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 30  Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)  The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.  From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.  Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 31  Fifth Generation Computers (Present-Future) o Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. o Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. o The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. o The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 32 Examining Personal Computers Basic parts of a desktop personal computer system  System unit  Display device: monitor  Keyboard  Mouse  Storage devices Hard disk drive USB flash drive Optical drives Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 33 Examining Personal Computers Basic parts of a desktop personal computer system (continued)  Sound system  Printer  Network and Internet access Modem  Web cam Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 34 Typical desktop computer system with examples of peripherals Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 35 Examining Personal Computers (continued) Portable computers  Come with built-in flat-panel monitor, keyboard, and speakers  Other devices can be connected Computer network  Two or more computers and other devices connected for sharing data and programs  LAN (local area network) Internet: the largest network in the world Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 36 Introducing Software Operating system (OS)  Master controller for all activities that take place within a computer system  Classified as system software Computer platform  PC platform (also called Windows platform) Windows operating system  Mac platform Macintosh OS  Linux OS Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 37 Introducing Software (continued) Graphical user interface (GUI)  Displays on-screen graphical controls Application software  Computer programs that help you use the computer to carry out tasks  Examples: Adobe Reader, Microsoft office Sharing files depends on system compatibility Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 38 Introducing the Internet and the Web Use the Internet to communicate with others  Electronic mail (also called email)  Chat group  Instant messaging (IM)  Internet telephony Also called Voice Over IP (VoIP)  Blog Web (short for World Wide Web)  Collection of Web pages, interconnected through the use of hypertext or links Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 39  A browser A browser is used to view Web pages Web site: a group of Web pages  Home page Search site: to find information on the Web  Search engine URL (Uniform Resource Locator)  Every Web page has a unique address HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)  Communications standard used to transport Web pages over the Internet Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 40  Viewing a Web page Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 41  Parts of a URL Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 42  Parts of an email address Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 43  Part II Principles of Information Technology Student learning outcomes Differentiate between software and hardware Know the BASIC OPERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Know processing & Memory Hardware. Show the function of communications Hardware. Differentiate between different types of Software. 45 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 PURPOSE OF A COMPUTER: the purpose of a computer is to process data into information. Data: consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information Information: Information is data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making 46 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARDWARE & SOFTWARE Hardware: consists of all the machinery and equipment in a computer system.  Examples are the keyboard, the screen, the printer, and the “box”—the computer or processing device itself.  Hardware is useless without software. Software: or programs , consists of all the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.  Examples are Microsoft Windows and Office XP/Vista. 47 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 THE BASIC OPERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Regardless of type and size, all computers use the same five basic operations: (1)Input, (2)Processing, (3)Storage, (4)Output. (5)Communications. 48 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 1-Input operation: Input can be nearly any kind of data—letters, numbers, symbols, shapes, colors, or whatever raw material needs processing. 2) Processing operation: Processing is the manipulation a computer to transform data into information. The processing is done by the central processing unit called the CPU —a device consisting of electronic circuitry that executes instructions to process data. 49 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 (3) Storage operation: Storage is of two types—temporary storage and permanent storage, or primary storage and secondary storage.  Primary storage, is the internal computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed.  Secondary storage, refers to the devices and media that store data or information permanently. A hard disk or CD/DVD is an example of this kind of storage. 50 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 (4) Output operation: Output is the results of processing, usually information. Examples are numbers or pictures displayed on a screen and words printed out on paper by a printer. (5) Communications operation: Most computers have communications ability by wired or wireless connections, data may be input from a remote area, stored in several different locations. 51 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025  52 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 A- Input Hardware: Keyboard & Mouse Allow people to put data into the computer in a form that the computer can use. 1-KEYBOARD: a keyboard is the primary input device. A keyboard is an input device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals readable by the processor. 53 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025  54 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 2-MOUSE is a nonkeyboard input device (“pointing device”) used to manipulate objects viewed on the computer display screen. 55 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 Most mouse devices have at least two buttons, left and right. Mouse’s action:  Point  Double Click  Left Click  Right Click  Click-and-Drag or Drag-and-Drop 56 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 B- Processing & Memory Hardware: The brains of the computer are the processing and memory devices. 1-System unit The box that houses 1. Processor chip (CPU), 2. Memory 3. Motherboard 4. Power supply, 5. Secondary-storage devices (Hard disk, DVD) 6. Fan to keep the circuitry from overheating. 57 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 2-PROCESSOR CHIP (CPU, for central processing unit) is a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits.  The speed at which a chip processes information is expressed in megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz).  The faster the processor, the more expensive it is. 58 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 3-MEMORY CHIPS Memory is where information is stored and retrieved by the CPU. There are two main types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM): Hold data before processing and information After processing, before it is sent along to an output or storage device. Read Only Memory (ROM): It is the memory that retains its contents even after the computer is turned off. 59 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 RAM ROM Makes up most of the main memory Are written by the manufacturer in a computer Can be read from and written to by The user is allowed to read but not the user. write to ROM. It is a volatile It is nonvolatile Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 60 4-MOTHERBOARD (system board) is the main circuit board in the computer. This is the big green circuit board to which everything attaches through connections (called ports). The processor chip and memory chips are also installed on the motherboard. The motherboard has expansion slots for video, sound, and communications. 61 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025  62 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 C- Storage Hardware: Hard Drive & CD/DVD Drive Are secured with screws into the system cabinet. Each drive is attached to the motherboard by a a ribbon cable. Each drive must be hooked up to a plug extending from the power supply. 63 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 A computer system’s storage capacity is represented as follows: unit Exact number of Approximation bytes Kilobyte (KB) Megabyte (MB) Gigabyte (GB) Terabyte (TB) Petabyte (PB) Exabyte (EB) Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 64 1-FLOPPY-DISK DRIVE  A storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch diameter diskettes.  Diskettes are flexible or floppy encased in hard plastic.  Each can store a very low capacity storage (1.44 MB). Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 65 2-HARD-DISK DRIVE (HDD) A storage device that stores billions of characters of data on. Some hard-disk drives store up to 2 terabytes of data and more. Solid-State Disk(S.S.D) An SSD performs the same basic function as a hard drive, but data is instead stored on interconnected flash-memory chips. Faster than HDD Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 66 3- CD/DVD DRIVE  CD (compact-disk) drive  DVD (digital video-disk) drive is a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks. 4-A peripheral device is any component that expands a computer’s input, storage, and output capabilities.  In other words, a peripheral device is not part of the essential computer.  Examples: printers and disk drives. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 67 D- Output Hardware: Video & Sound Cards, Monitor, Speakers, & Printer  Output hardware consists of devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand—print, sound, graphics, or video. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 68 1-VIDEO CARD Converts the processor’s output information into a video signal that can be sent through a cable to the monitor. 2-SOUND CARD Enhances the computer’s sound generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 69 3-MONITOR  Display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen. 4-PAIR OF SPEAKERS Speakers are devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 70 5-PRINTER an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.  The printer has two connections: 1- One connects with the motherboard. 2- A power cord that goes to a wall plug. Color printers are more expensive than black-and-white printers, Fast printers cost more than slow ones. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 71 E- Communications Hardware: 1- MODEM is a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers. o The modem is mounted into an expansion slot on the motherboard. Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 72  Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 IT Skills - COMP 101 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed 73 Software There are two types— 1- System software 2-Application software.  System software helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run.  The master control program that runs the computer.  Examples Microsoft Windows, Unix, and Linux. The Apple Macintosh microcomputer Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 74 APPLICATION SOFTWARE Application Software enables you to perform specific tasks— solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself.  For examples: Microsoft Word and Adobe Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025 75  76 Dr. Hany Kamal El Sayed -AY 2024-2025