Introduction to General Anatomy PDF

Introduction to General Anatomy Abdullah Bashir  objectives 1- Define the Anatomy 2- Define the Anatomical positions of the human body 3- Define the Anatomical planes 4- Define the terms of movement [flexion & extension, abduction& adduction, circumduction, medial r...

Introduction to General Anatomy Abdullah Bashir  objectives 1- Define the Anatomy 2- Define the Anatomical positions of the human body 3- Define the Anatomical planes 4- Define the terms of movement [flexion & extension, abduction& adduction, circumduction, medial rotation & lateral rotation, pronation & supination, inversion & eversion, elevation & depression, protraction & retraction, opposition]. 5- Discuss body regions, body cavities and body membranes 6- Compare between regional anatomy and systemic anatomy.  Definition of Anatomy Anatomy : The study of the body’s structures or body parts and organization of living organisms, and understanding how these structures related to each other. 3 Tashrih al-badan manuscript By Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Faqih LLyas Persian Anatomist  SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY Gross Anatomy : (Regional, Systemic and surface anatomy) Microscopic Anatomy : ( Histology ) and ( cytology) Developmental Anatomy : ( Embryology ) & Radiological Anatomy : Applied anatomy :  Levels of organization 6  Anatomical Position 7  Anatomical Position The anatomical position: is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures. The subject stand upright with: - standing erect (the feet together). - the eyes looking forwards. - the upper limbs hanging by the sides. - the palms of the hands directed forwards. Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes Median plane: (midsagittal plane) It is a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left equal halves. Sagittal plane: (para median). is a plane parallel to the median plane It is a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left unequal halves Coronal plane: is any vertical plane which passes at right angle to the median plane. it divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse plane: is a horizontal plane which passes through the body at a right angle to the median, sagittal or coronal planes. it divides the body into upper and lower parts. Terms related to Anatomical position Terms related to position  Terms related to Anatomical position Cranial Relative to the head or tail of the body: Superior = Toward the head or above Inferior = Toward feet not head Caudal = At the rear or tail end Caudal Cranial = At the head end Terms related to Anatomical position Proximal: nearer to the body e.g elbow is proximal to the the wrist Distal: away from body e.g elbow is distal to shoulder but proximal to the wrist  Superficial or external :nearer to the skin or outer surface of any structure Deep or internal: inside the skin or inner aspect of any structure Palmer: the anterior surface of hand is called palmer surface Plantar: inferior surface of foot is called planter surface Ipsi- lateral :on or of the same side Contra-lateral :on or of the opposite side  Terms related to Anatomical position Relative to front or back (back side) of the body : Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface Ventral Dorsal Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface Dorsal =At the back side of the human body Ventral = At the belly side of the human body Anatomical Movements  Body Regions The body can be divided into : A- TRUNK : 1- Head 2- Neck 3- Thorax 4- Abdomen 5- Pelvis and perineum  Body Regions B- EXTREMITIES : 1- Upper Limb : a- Shoulder b- Arm c- Forearm d- Hand 2- Lower Limb : a- Pelvic girdle b- Thigh c- Leg d- Foot  Body Cavities The posterior aspect of the body has 2 cavities cranial cavity vertebral canal Anterior aspect has 3 Cavities: Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic 1-37 Body membranes  Body membranes Serous membraines 1- Parietal serosa ( lines the body wall ). 2- Visceral serosa ( surrounds organ such as heart and lungs ) 3- Serous cavity ( space between parietal and visceral serosa ; contain fluid.  Organs and systems An association of different tissues which perform certain function is called Organ e.g., bone, muscle, heart, stomach and urinary bladder. A group of organs working harmoniously to discharge a specific function forms a system. The following systems are formed in the human body: 1- Integumentary 2- Skeletal system 4- Muscular system (Skin) 3- Articular system(Joints) 1-41 5- Nervous system 6- Cardiovascular 7- Lymphatic 1-42 8- Respiratory system 9- Digestive system 10- Urinary 1-43 system 11- Male & Female Reproductive System 12- Endocrine 1-44 Body Systems  Integumentary  Skeletal  Circulatory  Digestive  Respiratory  Urinary  Reproductive  Nervous  Muscular  Endocrine  Lymphatic  Summary  Anatomy =  Anatomical position  Anatomical planes  Anatomical terms  Anatomical movement  Body regions  Body cavities  Body membranes  Body systems Recommended Learning Resources Gray's Anatomy for Students, Drake et al., Any ?