Introduction to Drug Synthesis-Medicinal Chemistry PDF

Introduction to Synthesis of Drugs- Medicinal Chemistry CLO 3. Acquire basic knowledge about the components of Pharmacy curriculum PPRA0101 Orientation to Pharmacy Fall Semester 2024-25 Learning Objectives After completion of this unit, you should be able to… Def...

Introduction to Synthesis of Drugs- Medicinal Chemistry CLO 3. Acquire basic knowledge about the components of Pharmacy curriculum PPRA0101 Orientation to Pharmacy Fall Semester 2024-25 Learning Objectives After completion of this unit, you should be able to… Define medicinal chemistry Classify the medicinal compounds Understand the terminology such as; lead compound, SAR, stereochemistry etc understand the physicochemical properties of compounds and their relation to biological action Definition: Medicinal chemistry is a chemistry-based discipline, also involving aspects of biological, medical and pharmaceutical sciences. It is concerned with the invention, discovery, design, identification and preparation of biologically active compounds, interpretation of their mode of action at the molecular level and the construction of structure-activity relationships (SAR) (Ref: IUPAC) In other words, medicinal chemistry is the science, which deals with the discovery and design of new and better therapeutic chemicals and development of these chemicals into new medicines and drugs. Generally Medicinal Chemists can: Synthesize new compounds Determine their effect on biological processes. Alter the structure of the compound for optimum effect and minimum side effects. Study about uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Classification of Drugs Drugs can be classified under the following categories: Classification of drugs Based on On the Origin of Mode of Nature of Chemical pharmacol basis of drug action illness structure ogical molecular effect target  Classification of Medicinal Compounds According to Origin Natural Semi compounds Synthetic synthetic compounds comps obtained from both plant Created in laboratory and animal, e.g. vitamins, Those compounds which can through chemical hormones, amino acids, not be purely synthesized or synthesis (e.g. antibiotics, alkaloids, isolated from natural sources morphine, atropine, glycosides…. etc by incorporating synthetic steroids and cocaine) components. Therefore, the to reduce their cost natural intermediate of such drugs could be used for the synthesis of a desired product (e.g. semi synthetic penicillins). 7  Classification of Medicinal Compounds According to their action Pharmacodynamic Chemotherapeutic agents agents Drugs that act on the various physiological Drugs which are used to fight against functions of the body (e.g. general pathogens/microbes anaesthetic, hypnotic and sedatives, analgesic e.g. sulphonamides, antibiotics, antimalarial etc.) agents, antiviral) or against illness (eg. anticancer etc.) 8  Classification of Medicinal Compounds Drugs used to treat: According to illness Infectious Non Non diseases infectious diseases diseases Born (transmitted) from person to person by outside disorders of the human body alleviation of pain agents, bacteria caused by genetic (analgesic), (pneumonia, malfunction, environmental salmonella), viruses prevention of factors, stress, old age etc. (common cold, AIDS), pregnancy fungi (thrush, athletes (e.g. diabetes, heart disease, (contraception), foot), parasites cancer. Haemophilia, anesthesia. (malaria) asthma, mental illness, stomach ulcers, arthritis). 9 Classification of Medicinal Compounds according to chemical structure Chemical classification systems attempt to classify drugs according to certain chemical, functional or structural properties Examples of drug classes that are based on chemical structures include: β-lactam antibiotic Benzodiazepine Cardiac glycoside Classification of Medicinal Compounds on the basis of pharmacological effect How a drug or medicine affects or influences the cells of an organism is referred to as the pharmacological effect. Drugs can be classified based on the pharmacological effect. Drugs have different pharmacological effects on an organism. Exp; an analgesic reduced the pain, anti-inflammatory drug reduces the inflammation, diuretic; increases urine out put, anti-diabetic: decreases glucose level etc.  How drug produces their actions? Drug action results from the interaction of drug molecules with either normal or abnormal physiological processes. Drug molecules interact with biological structures drug effect  Physico-chemical properties in relation to biological action Drugs normally interact with targets (which they are proteins, enzymes, cell lipids, or pieces of DNA or RNA). The ability of a chemical compound to elicit a pharmacologic /therapeutic effect is related to its various physical and chemical (physicochemical) properties 13  The most pharmacologically influential physicochemical properties of organic medicinal agents (OMAs) are: 1. Solubility 2. Acidity and basicity 3. Reactivity Conclusion Medicinal chemistry is a stimulating field as it links many scientific disciplines and allows for collaboration with other scientists in researching and developing new drugs. Medicinal chemists apply their chemistry training to the process of synthesizing new pharmaceuticals. They also improve the processes by which existing pharmaceuticals are made. Medicinal chemists are focused on drug discovery and development and are concerned with the isolation of medicinal agents found in plants, as well as the creation of new synthetic drug compounds