Lect 2.pdf

8/13/2024 What is Data Analytics systematic approach that transforms raw data into valuable insights technologies and tools that facilitate data collection, cleaning, transformation, and modelling su...

8/13/2024 What is Data Analytics systematic approach that transforms raw data into valuable insights technologies and tools that facilitate data collection, cleaning, transformation, and modelling support system for decision-making Data analysis plays a pivotal role in business growth and performance optimization Process of Data Analytics 1  8/13/2024 Importance of Data Analytics What is IoT Analytics IoT analytics refers to collect , process and analyze data that are generated by IoT devices. As more devices are connected in the internet , it generate a large amount of data that provides a valuable insights and provide valuable information from that particular data. IoT can be the subset of Bigdata and it consist of heterogenous streams that combined and transformed to correct information The 7 Roles of Data Analysts in IoT Determining Organizational Goals Data Mining Data Cleaning Data Analysis Recognizing Patterns and Identifying Trends Reporting Data and System Maintenance 2  8/13/2024 Why is IoT data analytics important Practicable Insights Real- Time Decision Predictive Maintenance Cost effectiveness Analyzing Enhanced Customer Experience Security and Anomaly Detection Scalability and Flexibility Regulatory Compliance Innovation and Product Development Types of IoT Data Analytics Platforms 3  8/13/2024 Real-world IoT Analytics Use Cases A number of data points such as customer arrival rate and checkout timing are monitored across all Walmart stores using IoT analytics for effective queue management. This contributes to an efficient operational management system in terms of customer service capacity since staff deployment and availability of checkouts depend on the real-time data insights.Seamless Shopping Experiences Real-world IoT Analytics Use Cases Amazon Go stores are fitted with IoT sensors and computer vision technology for monitoring shopper activities. In real time it helps in tracking what items are taken from the shelves and updating the virtual cart for frictionless checkout-free shopping. Barcelona integrates the use of IoT into its water management systems for purposes of checking and possibly curbing overuse of water. The analytics software analyzes information from different sensor points to detect leaks, optimize water distribution, and enhance general water conservation in the city. Singapore uses IoT as part of its traffic management system to enhance mobility.The system’s analytics takes in live stream information on all car movements and pedestrian activities to then adjust the traffic lights’ cycle time at specific intersections where congestion tends to occur most 4  8/13/2024 Introduction to Networks 13 Data Communication T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n D a t a D a t a c o m m u n i c a t i o n s 14 T h e e f f ectivene ss o f d a ta c ommu nications d e pends u p on t h ree f u ndamental c haracteristics: D e livery A c curacy T i meliness Ji tter 15 5  8/13/2024 Components M e s s a g e: D a t a t o b e c o m m u n i c at e d S e n d e r : D e v i c e t h a t s e n d s d a t a m e s s a g e. R e c e i v e r: D e v i c e t h a t r e c e i v e d a t a m e s s a ge. T r a n s mi s si o n m e d i u m : I t i s t h e physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver P r o t o c o l : S e t o f r u l e s t h a t g o v e r n d a t a c o m m u n i c a ti o n s.16 Data representation T e x t  Bits called as codes.  ASCII(7 bits), Extended ASCII (8 bits)  Unicode: 16 bits; used to represent different languages  ISO: 32-bit N u m b e rs  Bits patterns I m a g e [ P i x e l s ; s i z e o f p i x e l s d e p e n ds on resolution], A u d i o V i d e o 17 18 6  8/13/2024 Data Flow S i m p l e x :  Communication is uni-directional H a l f - d u p l ex m o d e :  Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time  The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the time. F u l l - d u p l ex  Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously  Signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link.  L i n k m i g h t h a v e t w o l i 19 nes or a channel is divided between signals travelling in both directions. Networks 20 Network: set of devices connected by communication links. Distributed Processing: Task is divided among multiple computers. 21 7  8/13/2024 Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks Network: Nodes: Protocol: Topology: Service Provider Networks: IP Address: DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that is used to translate human-readable domain names (such as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand. Firewall: 22 Network Criteria Performance: Transit and response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. Depends upon number of users, type of transmission medium, capabilities of hardware, efficiency of software. Reliability: Measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and the network’s robustness in catastrophe. Security: Protecting data from unauthorized access. 23 Why use computer network ? Resource sharing Communication Access to information Internet access Security Remote Management Cloud Computing Competitive Advantage 8  8/13/2024 Physical connection Point-to-point: Provides a dedicated link between two devices. Entire capacity of the link is used. 25 Multipoint connection Also called as multidrop. More than two specific devices share [spatially or temporally] a single link. Spatially shared: Several devices can use the link simultaneously Timeshare: Users must take turns. 26 Physical Topology Refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link. Two or more links form a topology. geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another. 27 9  8/13/2024 Star topology Each device has a dedicated pt-to-pt link only to a central controller [Hub]. No direct connection or traffic. Adv: less expensive one link and one I/O port easy to install and reconfigure less cabling (but more than bus or ring) node failure will not affect others, fault identification is easier. Disadv: Single point of failure. 28 Bus topology Multipoint: One cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. Drop line: a connection running between the device and main cable. Tap: a connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the sheathing of the cable to create a contact with the metallic core. Signal degrades due to energy being transformed into heat. So, there is limitation on the number of taps allowed. 29 Ring topology Each device has a dedicated pt-to-pt connection only with the two devices on either side of it. Each device incorporates a repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along. Adv: Easy to install fault isolation is easier Signal circulates at all times (alarm alerts the problem and its location). Disadv: Unidirectional traffic break in the ring can disable entire network. Some systems have dual ring or switch capable of closing off the break. 30 10  8/13/2024 Categories of networks  Size  Ownership  Distance it covers  Physical architecture 31 LAN Privately owned Links devices in single office, building or campus. Limited to few kilometres. Sharing of resources: Hardware or data. Use a single transmission media. Topology: Ring, bus, star. 32 LAN (Continued) 33 11  8/13/2024 Local area networks (LAN) cover a small geographical area such as buildings, university campus etc. and has a limited size. sharing of resources in between stations ex-of printers, scanners etc. own by a single entity and therefore can be manage more easily. consists of one single topology such as bus, ring, etc. One single protocol, such as Token ring, Ethernet, is implemented to allow higher communication speed and better success rate. Some protocols are if unicast type (Ethernet) where data is send only to the intended station; while some are of broadcast type (Token ring) where data is passes across every station. 34 MAN  Extend over an entire city.  Owned and operated by a private company  Service provider  Public company. 35 WAN Provides long-transmission of data, voice, image and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent or even the whole world. WAN that is wholly owned and used by a single company is often referred to as an enterprise network. 36 12  8/13/2024 Internet & Intranet When two or more networks are connected, they become internetwork , or in short internet. The Internet Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing. 37 Intranet private network accessible only to an organization's staff. Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet. A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external resources. In its simplest form an intranet is established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). 38 Protocols and Standards Protocols set of rules that governs data communications. A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated and when it is communicated. It has three aspects: Syntax: it refers to the structure or format of data. Semantics: it refers to the meaning of each section of bits Timing: It refers to two characteristics; when and how much to send. 39 13  8/13/2024 Class Activity Describe the function and operation of a hub, a switch and a router Describe the function and operation of a firewall and a gateway Read Research Paper to answer following: State importance of device management in IoT application. Examine important features of communication in IoT application in physical fitness (gym/yoga/diet/swimming) field. According to you what are the limitations of IoT? 14