ED-L3.pdf

Introduction Measuring economic development involves assessing the wealth and cost of living within a nation. This document explores GDP, alternative indicators of wealth, and methods for assessing the cost of living. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GD...

Introduction Measuring economic development involves assessing the wealth and cost of living within a nation. This document explores GDP, alternative indicators of wealth, and methods for assessing the cost of living. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GDP is the total amount of money made from all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. Purpose: Measures a nation's income and economic health. Income Equals Expense: Ideally, a nation's income should match its expenses to avoid economic troubles. Approaches in Computing GDP 1. Expenditure Approach: Tracking Spending o Components: Consumption (C): Spending by households on goods and services. Investment (I): Spending by businesses on machinery, buildings, and research. Government Spending (G): Spending by the government on programs. Net Exports (X - M): Difference between exports and imports. 2. Income Approach: Counting the Earnings o Components: Wages and Salaries: Income earned by workers. Profits: Earnings of businesses. Interest and Rent: Income from loans, investments, and property rent. Taxes and Subsidies: Adjustments for taxes paid and subsidies received. 3. Industry Approach: Slicing the Economic Pie o Measures the value added by each sector during the production process. Use of GDP Compare economic performance annually by determining the growth rate. Assess the efficiency and effectiveness of government policies. Real vs. Nominal GDP 1. Nominal GDP: Measures economic output in current prices without adjusting for inflation. 2. Real GDP: Adjusts for inflation using constant base-year prices to measure the volume of production. Measuring Economic Well-Being and Quality of Life Explore alternative indicators and methods beyond GDP. Gross National Happiness (GNH) Domains: o Psychological Wellbeing o Health o Education o Time Use o Cultural Diversity and Resilience o Good Governance o Community Vitality o Ecological Diversity and Resilience o Living Standards Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) Considers economic, social, and environmental factors. Accounts for environmental degradation, income distribution, and the value of household and volunteer work. Basket of Goods and Services Used to calculate the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Tracks the prices of essential items to gauge inflation's impact on the cost of living. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Quantifies the average change in prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed basket of goods and services over time. Economic Crashes Sudden and severe declines in economic activity, revealing vulnerabilities in traditional economic metrics. Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) Salary adjustment to account for the changing cost of living due to inflation. Standard of Living Encompasses overall well-being and quality of life, including access to healthcare, education, safety, and cultural opportunities. Summary Measuring economic development is complex and goes beyond GDP. Various approaches provide nuanced perspectives on economic performance. Alternative indicators like GNH and GPI offer a comprehensive understanding of well-being and quality of life. Economic development should prioritize financial prosperity and the overall welfare and happiness of citizens.