Health Promotion in Different Health Programs PDF

Health Promotion in Different Health programs 4th Year- Semester 2 - 2024 Health Promotion in Different Health Programs Instructor: Dr. Mohammed Alharbi; Dr. Muath Alghamdi Course Coordinator:...

Health Promotion in Different Health programs 4th Year- Semester 2 - 2024 Health Promotion in Different Health Programs Instructor: Dr. Mohammed Alharbi; Dr. Muath Alghamdi Course Coordinator: Dr. Mohammed Alharbi Department of Health Promotion and Health Education College of Public Health and Health Informatics Course Overview  This course provides a comprehensive overview of health promotion across various settings and populations, focusing on school health, mental health, geriatric care, substance abuse prevention, dental health, and the unique needs of rural, urban, and special populations while emphasizing personal health and home-based care. Main Course Objectives  By the end of this course, students should be able to:  Analyze the role of health promotion across various settings, including hospitals, primary healthcare facilities, schools, non-governmental organizations, and workplaces, and propose effective strategies to enhance health outcomes.  Examine key aspects of mental health, identify challenges, and develop evidence-based approaches for its promotion within diverse populations.  Evaluate the impact of substance abuse on individuals and communities and design effective prevention and intervention programs.  Illustrate the importance of personal health, dental care, and home-based care in achieving sustainable health promotion and well-being.  Assess health promotion strategies for specific population groups, including preadolescents, adolescents, older adults, and individuals with special needs, ensuring inclusivity and equity.  Differentiate the unique health challenges faced by rural, nomadic, and urban communities and recommend tailored solutions to address their needs. List of topics Module 1: Settings-based approach 1 Introduction to setting based approach 3 2 Workplace as a setting for health promotion 3 3 School as a settings for Health promotion 3 Module 2: Different health promotion programs 3 Mental health and its promotion 3 4 Substance abuse prevention programs 3 5 Personal and Dental health promotion 3 6 Home-based care and health promotion 3 Module 3: Health promotion across lifespan 8 Geriatric and people with special needs healthcare 3 9 Health promotion in preschool, preadolescence, and adolescence 3 10 Ethical consideration in setting based approach 3 Total 30  Health Promotion in Different Health programs 4th Year- Semester 2 - 2024 Introduction to The Settings-Based Approach Department of Health Promotion and Health Education College of Public Health and Health Informatics  Lecture Objectives By the end of this lecture, you will be able to: Identify the history and evolution of the settings-based approach in health promotion Recognize the conceptual development and typologies of the settings- based approach in health promotion Distinguish the principles, benefits, and challenges of the settings based approach in health promotion Opening Discussion  What are the main approaches in health promotion? Introduction  Health promotion has long recognized the value of utilizing settings such as healthcare, workplaces, and schools as influential channels for reaching defined populations (Mullen et al., 1995).  In this way, settings, alongside population groups and health topics or problems, make up the traditional three-dimensional matrix used to organize health promotion programs, particularly those concerned with individual behavior change.  However, what has become known as the settings approach moves beyond this mechanistic view of delivering interventions in a setting, appreciating that the places in which people live their lives are themselves crucially important in determining health (Dooris et al., 2007).  A number of terms have been used in relation to this focus on context. These include ‘settings for health,’ ‘the settings approach,’ ‘the settings-based approach,’ ‘health-promoting settings,’ and ‘healthy settings.’ While semantic differences can be identified, the terms have increasingly been used interchangeably, with a dual focus on context and methods (Dooris, 2006). The History and Evolution of the Settings Approach  The settings approach originated within the World Health Organization (WHO) Health for All movement (WHO, 1980, 1981), which was instrumental in developing the new public health approach, which focused on how physical, social, economic, and political environments affect health and well-being.  Within this context, the Ottawa Charter (WHO, 1986) presented a framework for health promotion with an explicit focus on settings. The Charter stated: “Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday lives, where they learn, work, play, and love. Health is created by caring for oneself and others, making decisions, having control over one's life circumstances, and ensuring that the society one lives in creates conditions that allow the attainment of health by all its members. Caring, holism, and ecology are essential issues in developing strategies for health promotion.” (WHO, 1986: 3–4) The History and Evolution of the Settings Approach  From the late 1980s, the settings approach emerged across Europe and globally (Healthy Cities, schools, prisons, hospitals, and universities). Subsequent international health promotion conferences served to legitimize further the settings approach.  The Jakarta Declaration asserted that health settings contribute an important infrastructure for health promotion and that comprehensive approaches to health development are the most effective. It suggested that particular settings offer practical opportunities for implementing comprehensive strategies (WHO, 1997: 3).  By the millennium, there were national and international programs and networks covering settings as diverse as regions, cities, islands, districts, schools, hospitals, marketplaces, workplaces, prisons, and universities. This provided legitimacy for the inclusion of ‘settings for health’ within the WHO Health Promotion Glossary (WHO, 1998a) and WHO regional policy frameworks. The History and Evolution of the Settings Approach  For instance, Target 13 of the European Health 21 publication stated that ‘by the year 2015, people in the region should have greater opportunities to live in healthy physical and social environments at home, at school, at the workplace and in the local community’ (WHO, 1998b: 100).  While the Bangkok Charter (WHO, 2005) and Nairobi Call to Action (WHO, 2009) both highlighted the role of settings, neither gave as high profile an endorsement as had the Ottawa Charter or Jakarta Declaration.  By way of contrast, Shaping the Future of Health Promotion (IUHPE/CCHPR, 2007) reflected on the success of the approach and called for its reach to be extended. The Settings Approach: Conceptual Development  The rationale for the settings approach is based on the appreciation that health is determined not only by individual lifestyles and so-called health services but also by broader social, economic, environmental, organizational, and cultural circumstances.  The approach can potentially increase effectiveness by focusing on settings not only as channels for delivering interventions but also as contexts that influence well-being directly and indirectly through social rules, norms, values, and interrelationships (Dooris et al., 2007; Poland et al., 2009).  The Settings Approach: Conceptual Development  This figure applies previous thinking, showing how health needs to be integrated into everyday settings and social systems. Typologies of Healthy Settings Practice  Five types of practice were identified: The passive model, in which the problem and solution are understood to depend on the individual The active model, in which the problem is understood to rest with the individual, and the solution is understood to depend on action at the level of both the individual and the setting (that the setting can help shape individual behavior) The vehicle model, in which the problem is seen to lie primarily within the system, and the solution is understood to be dependent on learning from individually focused topic-based projects. The organic model is one in which the problem is understood to lie within the setting, and the solution is seen to comprise the actions of a collection of individual actions. The comprehensive model is one in which the setting is viewed as an entity beyond the individuals within it, and both the problem and the solution are seen to lie within the system.  Model Relationship between HP and Setting Key Characterizes Passive Setting is passive: only provides access to Environmental design or changes that influence behavior passively. participants and medium for intervention; Focus on creating opportunities rather than mandates. health promotion occurs in setting Low maintenance or intervention after initial setup. independent of setting’s features Active Setting provides ‘active’ and Engagement and Participation comprehensive resources to fulfil health Behavioral Change Focus promotion goals; health promotion utilizes Structured Interventions setting resources Ongoing Efforts Vehicle Health promotion initiatives provide an Principle focus on developing policies and bringing about structural change appropriate means for highlighting the Health interventions are "delivered" through an established or pre-existing need for broader setting development; platform. health promotion seen as a vehicle for Focus on structured systems for health promotion. setting change Can be both top-down and bottom-up, but the health activities are integrated within an existing framework. Organic Organic setting processes involving Facilitating and strengthening collective/ community action communication and participation are Community-driven, bottom-up approach. inherently linked to health and are thus Development and implementation of strategies based on the needs and ‘health promoting’ desires of the community. Focus on social support and participatory engagement. Comperhensiv Broad setting structures and cultures Wide-ranging, integrated approaches to health promotion. e inherently linked to health and are thus Focus on multiple levels of intervention: individual, organizational, ‘health promoting’; health promotion as community, policy. central component of comprehensive Long-term and sustained efforts, often involving partnerships across sectors setting development (health, education, government, etc.).  Principles and Perspectives of settings-based approach  A holistic and socioecological understanding of health  Focus on populations, policy, and environments  Equity and social justice  Sustainability  Community participation  Enablement and empowerment  Cooperation  Consensus and mediation  Advocacy Healthy Settings  "Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love." The Ottawa Charter, 1986  Healthy Settings, the settings-based approaches to health promotion, involve a holistic and multi-disciplinary method which integrates action across risk factors.  The goal is to maximize disease prevention via a "whole system" approach. The settings approach has roots in the WHO Health for All strategy and, more specifically, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.  Healthy Settings key principles include community participation, partnership, empowerment and equity. The background to healthy settings  The Healthy Settings movement came out of the WHO strategy of Health for All in 1980. The approach was more clearly laid out in the 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. These documents were important steps towards establishing the holistic and multifaceted approach embodied by Healthy Settings programmes, as well as towards the integration of health promotion and sustainable development.  Building on the Ottawa Charter, the Sundsvall Statement of 1992 called for the creation of supportive environments with a focus on settings for health. In 1997, the Jakarta Declaration emphasized the value of settings for implementing comprehensive strategies and providing an infrastructure for health promotion. Today, various settings are used to facilitate the improvement of public health throughout the world. Definition of a setting  The setting is “The place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing.”  A setting is where people actively use and shape the environment; thus, it is also where people create or solve health-related problems. Settings can normally be identified as having physical boundaries, a range of people with defined roles, and an organizational structure.  Action to promote health in different settings can take many forms. These actions often involve organizational development, including changes to the physical environment, organizational structure, administration, and management.  Settings can also be used to promote health. They are vehicles for reaching individuals, gaining access to services, and synergistically bringing together interactions throughout the wider community.  Choosing the right setting and ensuring the intervention is aligned with that setting can increase the likelihood of success because it accounts for the specific context of a place.  In Class- Activity Can you think of examples of settings, behavior, and target population? Provide an example of a healthy setting. What do you think are the benefits of SBA?  Benefits of using SBA  Adopting a settings-based approach in health promotion offers several significant benefits, especially when tailoring interventions to specific environments and contexts. Health promotion can be more effective, sustainable, and inclusive by focusing on particular settings—such as schools, workplaces, healthcare facilities, or communities. Here are the key benefits: 1. Contextual Relevance Tailored to the Environment For example, school health programs focus on physical activity and healthy eating, while workplace health programs concentrate on stress management, ergonomics, and mental health. 2. Increased Engagement and Participation Natural Integration Example: Employees are more likely to engage in wellness programs offered during work hours or if they align with the organization’s culture (e.g., a walking challenge during lunch breaks). Benefits of using SBA 3. Social Support and Peer Influence Enhanced Support Networks Example: In a workplace wellness program, team-based challenges or group activities can foster camaraderie, motivating individuals to participate and maintain healthy behaviors. 4. Sustainability and Long-Term Impact Institutionalization of Health Promotion Example: A school that consistently incorporates healthy food options into its cafeteria or a workplace that offers continuous mental health support creates lasting habits and positive environments that persist even after initial programs conclude. 5. Multi-Level Approach Influence on Multiple Levels Example: In a community, a health promotion initiative might involve individual health education, changes in the environment (e.g., improved access to parks or walking trails), policy changes (e.g., healthier food options in local stores), and community-wide activities (e.g., walking groups or fitness classes). Benefits of using SBA 6. Cost-Effectiveness Utilizing Existing Resources Example: A workplace may already have meeting spaces that can be used for health workshops, and a school may already have a gymnasium for physical activities, thus minimizing costs. 7. Equity and Inclusivity Targeting Vulnerable Groups Example: In schools, programs can be designed to support students with special needs by providing accessible fitness programs or mental health support, helping ensure that all students benefit from the intervention. 8. Behavioral Change Support Leveraging Environmental Cues Example: A workplace that provides on-site fitness facilities, standing desks, and healthy snack options can help employees adopt healthier lifestyles and make it easier to follow through with health-related goals. Benefits of using SBA 9. Holistic and Comprehensive Approach Addressing Multiple Determinants of Health Example: In a community setting, health promotion might focus on individual behaviors (e.g., quitting smoking) and social factors (e.g., increasing access to community resources or safe spaces for exercise). 10. Empowerment and Ownership Engaging Participants Example: In a school setting, involving students and teachers in designing health initiatives (such as a school garden project or peer-led health workshops) increases investment in the program and encourages collective responsibility for health. Challenges of settings-based approach  While this approach can be highly effective in improving population health, it also comes with several challenges: 1. Contextual Diversity (Different needs and priorities, Cultural and social differences) 2. Resource Limitations 3. Sustainability and Long-term Impact 4. Coordination and Integration 5. Power Dynamics and Stakeholder Buy-In 6. Evaluation and Measurement 7. Equity Issues 8. Environmental Barriers 9. Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Other Challenges to Effectiveness SBA Resource Constraints Sustainability Barriers to Participation Equity Concerns Resistance to Change Summary  While a settings-based approach to health promotion can offer localized, tailored interventions, its success depends on overcoming contextual diversity, resource allocation, sustainability, stakeholder buy-in, and equity challenges. Effective implementation requires careful planning, collaboration, and long-term commitment. References  Scriven, A., & Hodgins, M. (Eds.) (2012). Health promotion settings: Principles and practice. SAGE Publications Ltd, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288962 Additional resources  Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (PDF document - 192 KB - 5 pages)  Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century  The Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World