Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors PDF

1102 Aytekin Akyol Characteristics of Benign And Malignant Tumors In order to make an experiment first you have some questions and hypothesis, then you need...

1102 Aytekin Akyol Characteristics of Benign And Malignant Tumors In order to make an experiment first you have some questions and hypothesis, then you need to set the experiment with the positive and negative controls after the checking the result if you are expected if the positive control is positive and the negative control is negative then you can say that this experiment is okay and you can check the results. In this lecture he mostly tries to explaining the information based on this experimental results and questions Zona pelucida If you think that cancers or neoplastic diseases it is based on some long processes.  There is same space but with each division number of cells are increasing and cell size is decreasing. Also their shape become different (differentiation). If one cell differentiated but not divide so much then you can say that there is an abnormal proliferation. %80-85 Borderline: There are some proliferations we could not say these are neoplasms. For example hyperplasia. It is not a neoplasm but number of cells is increasing. So sometimes we couldn’t say this is neoplasm or not these are the borderline state. Sometimes these cells try to divide more or they decide not to die. That causes an accumulation in the different portions of the body. We call them neoplastic accumulations or neoplastic tissues mostly. Most of the cancers are carcinomas. Maybe %85 of cancers. When we come to the mesenchymal neoplasms since these are the stromal cells they don’t need to invade basal membrane. They are already in that stroma. But they can enter to vascular structure and make hematogenic metastasis. In case of hematopoietic neoplasms they don’t need to access to the basal membrane, stroma. They are already in the vascular structure. So you can make the blood count and you can say that there is a increase in the white blood cells. In case of the brain tumors even brain tumors shouldn’t make the metastasis since our scalp has limited space for brain the mass will make the pressure to the critical organs or cortex or the respiratory nuclei. If you take these mature differentiated cells and put some differentiation factor or overexpress them, you can achieve undifferentiated forms. we call them induced pluripotent cell. Lymphocytes and enterocytes have same DNA but their DNA content is differently processed so each cell couldn’t reach the same DNA portion. Each cell responses different stimuli. Cancer is genetic disorder but not completely they include environmental factors etc. So they are multifactorial. We know that there are some genetic alterations or germline mutations has the tendency to tumor formation. This is the genetic component but environmental factor are also important. For stratified medicine, let’s says all these people have colon cancer. And we know that there are some persons with liver metastasis. Even you make the resection of the colon patient will has remaining tumor. For each stages we should perform different treatments. Concept is becoming more personalized. In the empirical (traditional) medicine, same treatment is used for most of the people. But recently we learned that there are differences. We subdivided the diseases and cancer types. With these changes, traditional medicine turned into stratified medicine. After this level, we try to use individual treatments personalized medicine. Benign tumors are similar to the original cell type and they are well differentiated. They are not invade or infiltrate the surrounding tissue and most important one they have not metastasis. Fertilized egg is most anaplastic cell. And for instance differentiated cells are neurons.  More differentiated= less anaplastic If you see tumor cells with a larger nuclei and different shapes that is pleomorphism. Abnormal nuclear morphology= irregular/darker/lighter nuclei Loss of polarity = nuclei go to the apical portion Mostly carcinomas spread through lymphatic pathway Sarcomas hematogenous and for example stomach cancer by body cavities So sometimes you can dissect lymph nodes too. This is like smooth muscle cells. So this is a leiomyoma Spindle cells No mitotic figures  This one has the follicular structure with pale eosinophilic material within these follicles. Follicular adenoma, benign Follicle cells Irregular cells with the hyperchromatic stain and they are overlapped with each other and there are some inflammatory and stromal reaction and necrosis. So this is an adenocarcinoma. If the neoplastic progression do not invade to the underlined stromal portion, we call that in situ Squamous epithelium Right side: There are abnormal mitosis, irregular hyperchromatic cells, Basal membrane loss of polarity and pleomorphism. This is malignant neoplasm but still in epithelium, did not invade to stroma so this is in situ carcinoma  Abnormal mitotic figure Bizarre cells Neoplastic giant cells There are abnormal cellular proliferation This picture is more prominent version and some cells has hyperchromatic of pleomorphism. appearance, that means more DNA content. These differences are called pleomorphism. 12. "Differentiation refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells, both morphologically and functionally; lack of differentiation is called.............." Fill in the blank. A)Pleomorphism B)Dysplasia C)Anaplasia D)Metastasis E)Hyperchromasia C 80. Please select the wrong statement about benign neoplasms below. A)Benign neoplasms resemble their tissue of origin B)Benign neoplasms are more likely to retain functions of their cells of origin C)Benign neoplasms are generally slow growing D)Benign neoplasms are poorly circumscribed and invade surrounding normal tissues E)Benign neoplasms remain localized at the site of origin D Elif Beyza Çam