Chemical Safety PDF

CHEMICAL SAFETY Protecting Yourself and the Environment CHEMICAL SAFETY The practice of handling, storing, and disposing of chemicals in a manner that minimizes risk to human health, property, and the environment. Understanding Hazardous What are Hazardous Chemicals? Chem...

CHEMICAL SAFETY Protecting Yourself and the Environment CHEMICAL SAFETY The practice of handling, storing, and disposing of chemicals in a manner that minimizes risk to human health, property, and the environment. Understanding Hazardous What are Hazardous Chemicals? Chemicals -Subtance that pose risks to human health, safety, or the environment. Why Understanding Them is Important? Promote Best Practices: -PreventsTechniques andexposure. accidents and procedures for optimalstorage, -Ensures safe handling, safety. and disposal. Types of Hazards: Understanding Physical Hazards Hazardous Chemicals Health Hazards Environmental Hazards  Physical Hazards Understanding -Dangers arising from the chemical’s physical properties. Hazardous Example of Physical Hazards: Chemicals 1.Fire Hazards Examples: -Gasoline -Ethanol -Acetone 2.Explosive Hazard Examples: -TNT (Trinitrotoluene) -Ammonium Nitrate -Nitroglycerin  Understanding Physical Hazards -Dangers arising from the chemical’s physical Hazardous properties. Chemicals Example of Physical Hazards: 3. Reactive Hazards Examples: - Sodium - Potassium - Peroxides  Health Hazards Understanding -Risks that harm human health through various exposure routes. Hazardous Examples of Health Hazards: Chemicals 1.Skin and Eye Contact Examples: - Hydrochloric Acid 2.Inhalation Examples: - Ammonia or Asbestos Fibers. 3.Ingestion Examples: - Pesticides or Cleaning Agents.  Understanding Health Hazards Hazardous -Risks that harm human health through various exposure routes. Chemicals Examples of Health Hazards: 4.Injection Examples: - Industrial Solvents. Understanding Environmental Hazards -Risks posed by chemical to ecosystems, including, air, Hazardous water, and soil. Examples of Environmental Hazards: Chemicals 1.Pollutants: Oil spills 2.Ozone-Deplenting Substance: Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) 3.Bioaccumulative: Pesticides like DDT, which accumulate in the food chain. Proper Labeling and Identifcation Why Proper Labeling is Important? Prevents accidents and misuse Ensures compliance with safety resulations. Protects health, safety, and the environment. Proper Labeling and Identifcation Key Elements of a Label Product Identifier- Chemical name or code. Signals Words- Indicate severity (e.g., Danger, Warning) Hazard Statements- Describe the risks (e.g., Flammable, Toxic) Preccautionary Statements- Handling instructions. Pictograms- Visual symbols for hazards. Manufacturer Information- Name, address, and conract details. Safe Storage and Why Safe Storage and Handling is Important? Prevents accidents, injuries, and health risks. Ensures compliance with regulations. Handling Protects the environment and properly. Procedures Key Principles of Safe Storage Proper Labeling- Ensure all chemicals are lalebed with hazard information. Compability- Store chemicals that ar e compatible with each other to prevent reactions. Temperature Control- Store chemicals at the proper temperature to prevnt decomposition or reactions. Safe Storage and General Storage Guidelines Handling Location Procedures - Store chemicals in dry, well- ventilated areas. - Avoid direct sunlight exposure Containment - Use secondary containment to catch spills. Accesibilty - Store chemicals in areas that are easy to access but away from traffic paths. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) What is PPE? Why is PPE Important? Equipment worn to Prevents workplace minimize exposure to injuries and illnesses. hazards that can cause injury or illness Protects employees from chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Types Of PPE Head Protection: Helmets, hard hats. Eye and Face Protection: Safety goggles, face shields. Hand and Arm Protection: Gloves, arm sleeves. Foot Protection: Safety boots, slip-resistant shoes. Hearing Protection: Earplugs, earmuffs. Respiratory Protection: Masks, respirators. Body Protection: Lab coats, aprons, high-visibility vests. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE Training and Awareness Training - Ensure employees are trained on when and how to use PPE. Awareness - Encourage a culture of safety where PPE use is a priority. Inspection - Check PPE regularly for damage or wear.  Chemical Spill What is a Chemical Spill? Response And Clean A release of hazardous chemicals into the environment, whether accidental or Up deliberate. Why Spill Response and Cleanup is Important? To protect human health, safety, and the environment. To comply with regulatory requirements. To minimize financial loss and environmental damage.  Chemical Spill Types of Chemical Spills Response And Clean Liquid Spills: Oils, acids, solvents, etc. Up Solid Spills: Dust, powders, or granular substances. Gas Leaks: Toxic gases or vapors released into the air. Mixed Spills: A combination of liquids, solids, and gases. Waste Disposal Regulations What is Waste Disposal? The process of discarding or recycling unwanted materials Why are Regulations Important? Protects public health and the environment. Ensures proper treatment and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Promoting a Culture of Chemical Safety Why Promote a Culture of Chemical Safety? To reduce accidents and injuries related to chemicals. To ensure compliance with safety regulations and standards. To protect workers and the surrounding community from potential hazards.  Promoting a Culture of Chemical Safety Key Elements of a Safety Culture Leadership Commitment Employee Involvement -Top management must prioritize -Employees at all levels should be and model safety practices. engaged and empowered in safety efforts. Training and Education Clear Communication -Regular and up-to-date training -Open lines of communication about on chemical safety procedures. chemical hazards and safety protocols.  Promoting a Culture of Chemical Safety Continuous Improvement and Safety Culture Feedback Mechanisms -Establish systems for employees to provide feedback on safety practices and policies. Safety Performance Metrics -Monitor key safety indicators, such as accident rates and near-misses, to assess performance. Encouraging Safe Behaviors -Recognize and reward employees who consistently follow safety protocols.  Conlusion Chemical safety is essential for protecting people, property, and the environmennt. By understanding the risks of hazardous chemicals whether physical, helath related, or environmental individuals and organizations can reduce exposure and prevents accidents. Key practices include proper labeling, safe storage and handling, using personal protective equipment (PPE), and having effective spill response plans. Building a strong safety culture requires leadership support, employee involvement, regular training, and continuous improvement. Following waste disposal rules and safety guidelines helps protect the environment, ensures legal compliance, and keeps people safe. Taking a proactive approach to chemical safety reduces risks, supports sustainability, and shows care for future generations. Prioritizing safety at every step creates a safer and healthier world for everyone. Thank You CHEM I S TR Y O F ENV I R O N M E N T 4 PICS 1 WORD ? ? ? ? 4 PICS 1 WORD  4 PICS 1 WORD C H EM I S T RY 4 PICS 1 WORD 4 PICS 1 WORD S O I L 4 PICS 1 WORD 4 PICS 1 WORD W A T E R 4 PICS 1 WORD  4 PICS 1 WORD P O L L U T I O N 4 PICS 1 WORD 4 PICS 1 WORD P H 4 PICS 1 WORD 4 PICS 1 WORD T R E E S  CHEMISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT The environment is made up of soil, water, air and living organism. Chemistry helps us understand how these parts interact and effect each other TODAY’S FOCUS: SOIL,WATER AND AIR CHEMISTRY  WHAT IS CHEMISTRY OF SOIL? Soil chemistry studies the chemicals and nutrients in the soil Focusing on : Importance of SOIL SOIL Composition Nutrient Cycling  IMPORTANCE OF SOIL CHEMISTRY Healthy soil provides nutrients for plants to grow It supports food production and helps maintain forest Soil act as a water storage for plants to absorb.  Soil Degradation Human activities, like deforestation, intensive agriculture, and pollution, can lead to soil degradation. Soil degradation can reduce crop yields, contaminate water sources, and contribute to climate change.  WHAT IS CHEMISTRY WATER WATER? Water chemistry is the study of substances dissolved in water, including: Salts, minerals, and gases. pH of water (acidic, neutral, or basic). Pollutants like oil, nitrates, and plastics. WATER Covers 71% of Earths surface; essential for life and ecosystem  IMPORT ANCE OF WATER CHEMISTRY Clean water is essential for drinking, farming, and ecosystems. Water chemistry affects: Aquatic life (fish, plants). Water safety for humans. Soil and crops through irrigation. HUMAN IMPACT ON WATER CHEMISTRY Industrial waste: Releases harmful chemicals into rivers and oceans. Agricultural runoff: Adds nitrates and phosphates, causing algal blooms. Plastic pollution: Microplastics harm aquatic animals. WHAT IS AIR AIR CHEMISTRY? Air chemistry studies the composition of the air and how gases interact. Air is mostly gas and also made up of approximately 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen.  WHAT IS AIR GASES CHEMISTRY? A tiny percentage of air pollution comes from natural sources like volcano eruption, dust storms, allerges and wild fire. WHAT IS AIR CHEMISTRY? In other hands, SMOG is the combination of smoke and fog. SMOG is very dangerous it effects on human ,plant, animals etc.  IMPORTANCE OF AIR CHEMISTRY Air chemistry affects: Life: Breathing, photosynthesis, and ecosystems. Weather: Gases like water vapor influence rain and storms. Climate: Greenhouse gases regulate Earth's temperature.  WORKING TOGETHER Air, water, and soil depend on each other: 1.Trees clean the air, protect the soil, and help water flow. 2.Clean rain helps soil grow plants. TOGETHER 3.Soil filters water and keeps rivers clean. CONCLUSION Studying environmental chemistry helps us protect our planet. By understanding the effects of chemicals, we can reduce pollution and ensure clean water, air, and soil for future generations. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!  The ability of material to conduct electrical or heat. 1. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 2. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 1. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY – the movement of electrons or positive holes ❖ Electronic conductivity if the conduction due to motion of positive hole or electrons. ❖ Ionic conductivity if the conduction is due to movement of ions. ❖ If electron is the cause of conductivity it is called the n-type conductivity while p-type conductivity if it due to holes. 2. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY –transfer of heat through vibrations of atoms or movement of free electrons. Based on Electrical Conductivity: A. Conductors B. Insulators C. Semi-Conductors Based on Electrical Conductivity: A. Conductors – materials that allow electric current to flow easily due to the presence of free electrons Examples: Copper, Aluminum, Silver, Gold, and All metals. Characteristics of a Conductor: ▪ It has less than 4 electrons in the valence shell. ▪ Conduction Band and Valence band are over lapping. ▪ There are free electrons in the Conduction Band. ▪ Due to change of temperature, the conductivity changes. ▪ There is no effect of addition of impurities on the conductivity of conductors. Based on Electrical Conductivity: B. Insulators - Materials that do not conduct electricity due to the absence of free charge carriers Examples: Glass, Wood, Paper, Plastic, and Mica. Characteristics of an Insulator: ▪ It has greater than 4 valence electrons. ▪ Conduction band and Valence Band are widely separated. ▪ There are no free electrons in the conduction Band. ▪ There is no effect of change of temperature on the conductivity of insulators. ▪ There is no effect of addition of impurities on the conductivity of insulators. Based on Electrical Conductivity: C. Semiconductors - Materials that electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. Their conductivity can be controlled by temperature, light or doping Examples: Silicon, and Germanium. Characteristics of an Semi-conductor: ▪ It has an exact valence electron of 4. ▪ The Conduction Band and Valence Band are very close to each other or their gap is small. ▪ The electrons of the valence shell can easily be excited to the conduction band. ▪ Due to increase in temperature conductance increases. ▪ There is an effect of the addition of impurities on the conductivity of semiconductors. 1. Intrinsic Semiconductor - These are pure materials with no impurities added, so they are known as undoped semiconductors. Thermal energy is applied to create vacancies in the valence band. 2. Extrinsic Semiconductors - These are doped Semiconductors. Certain impurities are added to increase the conductivity of the material. a) n-type b) p-type  N-TYPE P-TYPE PENTAVALENT IMPURITIES ADDED TRIVALENT IMPURITIES ADDED MAJORITY CARRIERS ARE ELECTRON MAJORITY CARRIERS ARE HOLES MINORITY CARRIERS ARE HOLES MINORITY CARRIERS ARE ELECTRONS FERMI LEVEL IS NEAR THE FERMI LEVEL IS NEAR THE VALENCE CONDUCTION BAND BAND DONOR TYPE ACCEPTOR TYPE When one coulomb of electric charge continuously passes a given point every second. 𝑸 For uniform Current: I= 𝒕 Where: I - Current in Ampere, A Q – Charge in Coulomb, C t – time elapsed in second, s Note: 1 coulomb = 6.24x𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟖 e-  𝟏𝟖 Example: A conductor has 70x𝟏𝟎 electrons passing through in 10 seconds, calculate the current flowing through the materials. Solution: Given: #e- = 70x𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝑸 I= t = 10 seconds 𝒕 𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 𝟏𝟖 − I = ? Q= 70x𝟏𝟎 𝒆 𝒙 = 11.2179 C 𝟔.𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒆− 11.2179 𝐶 I= 10 𝑠 I=1.1218 A A device transfers a charge of 15C in 5 seconds. What is the current flowing through the device? A current of 2 ampere flows through a conductor for 10 seconds. How many charge is transferred? A current of 4 ampere flows, 19 transferring 9.984x10 of electrons. How long does it take for the charge to flow? A phone charger delivers a steady current of 0.5 ampere to the phone battery for 1 hour. How many electrons are transferred to the battery? A light bulb operates with a current of 1.2 ampere over 5 minutes. Calculate the charge and electrons flows through the bulb.  The ability of material What classification of to conduct electrical or solids that has a heat. greater than 4 valence e-? What are the two It has an exact 4 types of conductivity? valence e-? 2points  19 − A wire carries 3.12x10 𝑒 in 8 seconds. What is the current flowing through the wire? A current of 2 ampere flows through a conductor for 10 seconds. How many electron pass through the conductor? A current of 3 ampere flows through 19 − a circuit transferring 9.36x 10 𝑒. How long does it take for this charge to flow? A phone charger delivers a current of 0.8 ampere to the battery for 2 hours. How many electrons are transferred to the battery? A light bulb operates with a current of 1.5 ampere over 1 minute. How many electrons flow through the bulb? The Chemistry of the Environment Earth’s Atmosphere 01 The Chemistry of the Atmosphere The Chemistry of the Atmosphere Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. These gases are found in atmospheric layers (Ionosphere (Aurora) or Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere) defined by unique features such as temperature and pressure. Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of the earth’s atmosphere. Starting at ground level, it extends upward to about 10 km (6.2 miles) above sea level. All weather occurs in this lowest layer. Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. Air pressure drops and temperatures get colder, as you climb higher in the troposphere. Stratosphere The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. Ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat. Unlike the troposphere, the stratosphere actually gets warmer the higher you go. That trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and updrafts to the troposphere beneath. Mesosphere Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. It extends upward to a height of about 85 km (53 miles) above earth. The air in the mesosphere is far too thin to breathe; air pressure at the bottom of the layer is well below 1% of the pressure at the sea level, and continues dropping as you go higher. The coldest temperatures in Earth’s atmosphere, about -90 Degrees Celsius are found near the top of this layer. Thermosphere or Ionosphere (Aurora) The layer of very rare air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere. The thermosphere is more like outer space than a part of the atmosphere. Many satellites actually orbit earth within the thermosphere. The top of the thermosphere can be found anywhere between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above the ground. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500 Degrees Celsius to 3,632 Degrees Celsius or higher. The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, Occur in the thermosphere. Gases are pollutants in the earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide. A greenhouse gas that occurs naturally in the air, but human activity has increased its concentration in the atmosphere. Ozone. A secondary pollutant that forms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in sunlight and hot temperatures. High in the atmosphere, ozone protects us from the sun's harmful radiation, but at ground level it harms people and plants. Nitrogen oxides. A colorless, toxic gas that forms through the combustion processes of coal and petroleum. It reacts with volatile organic compounds to create ground-level ozone and with hydroxyl radicals to form nitric acid, a major component of acid rain. Methane. A harmful super pollutant that warms the planet more than 80 times more than carbon dioxide over its first 20 years in the atmosphere Gases are pollutants in the earth's atmosphere Sulfur oxides. A pollutant that contributes to the formation of acid rain, as well as particulate pollution. Some are released into Earth's atmosphere by natural sources, but most are the result of human activities. Chlorofluorocarbons. An important contributor to climate change, even though they make up just four parts per billion of the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide. The most abundant, by mass, pollutant gas. Natural sources include volcanoes and bushfires, but humans contribute vast quantities of CO to our atmosphere, mostly as a result of automobile emissions Ozone Ozone is an odorless, colorless gas made up of three oxygen atoms (O3) and is a natural part of the environment. It occurs both in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, or stratosphere, and at ground level in the lower atmosphere, or troposphere. When an oxygen molecule receive a photon (h\nu), it dissociates into monoatomic (reactive) atoms. These atoms attack an oxygen molecule to form ozone, O. Chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs) Chemist Roy J. Plunkett discovered tetrafluoroethylene resin while researching refrigerants at DuPont. Known by its trade name, Teflon, Plunkett's discovery was found to be extremely heat- tolerant and stick-resistant. After ten years of research, Teflon was introduced in 1949. His continued research led to the usage of chlorofluorohydrocarbons known as CFCs or freon as refrigerants. CFCS are made up of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and chlorine. DuPont used a number system to distinguish their product based on three digits. The digits are related to the molecular formulas. The first digit is the number of carbon atoms minus 1. The second digit is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1. The third digit is the number of fluorine atoms minus 1 Chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs) For example, CFC (or freon) 122 should have a formula CBFC12The number of chlorine atoms can be deduced from the structural formula of saturated carbon chains. CFC's containing only one carbon atom per molecule has only two Freon 12 used for fridge and automobile air conditioners has a formula of Cre The nontoxic and nonflammable CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, in aerosol spray, and dry cleaning liquid, foam blowing agents, cleansers for electronic components in the 70s, 80s and early 90s. In 1973, James Lovelock demonstrated that all the CFCs produced up to that time have not been destroyed, but spread globally throughout the troposphere. (Lovelock's report was later published: J. E. Lovelock, R.J.Maggs, and R.J. Wade, (1974); Nature, 241, 194) In the concentrations of CFCs at some parts per 10 by volume was measured, and they deducted that with such a concentration, CFCs are not destroyed over the years. In 1974, Mario J. Molina published an article in Nature describing the ozone depletion by CFCs. (see M.J. Malina and F.S. Rowland, (1974); Nature, 249, 810) NASA later confirmed that HF was present in the stratosphere, and this compound had no natural source but from the decomposition of CFCs. Molina and Rowland suggested that the chlorine radicals in CFCs catalyze the decomposition of ozone as discussed below.  Chemistry of the troposphere Chemical Formula Role in tropospheric chemistry Carbon dioxide is a kind of greenhouse gas. When we breathe, we take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants and some Carbon Dioxide CO₂ kinds of microbes use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to make food. Burning fuels also puts carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When things burn, they mostly make carbon dioxide. Sometimes they make carbon Carbon Monoxide CO monoxide, too. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. Volcanoes and car enginesmake carbon monoxide. Hydrocarbons are chemicals made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms. When fuel burns, Hydrocarbons CxOy it puts some hydrocarbons into the air. Hydrocarbons help to make smog, a kind of air pollution.  Chemistry of the troposphere Chemical Formula Role in tropospheric chemistry Methane CH4 Methane is a kind of greenhouse gas. Most of the gas in Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen. About 4/5ths of the air is nitrogen. The nitrogen cycle explains how nitrogen moves around in the Nitrogen N2 environment. When t does in the engine engine of a cat nitrogen fuel burns hot, ike ške it i does in the combines with oxygen to make nitrogen oxides Nitrogen Oxides are a kind of pollution. Burning fuels like gasoline in air makes nitrogen oxides. Nitrigen Oxides NO & NO2 Most nitrogen oxides come from cars and trucks. They help to make smog. They also mix with water droplets in the air to make nitric acid. Nitric acid is a part of acid rain.  Chemistry of the troposphere Chemical Formula Role in tropospheric chemistry Nitric acid is part of acid rain. Nitric acid forms when nitrogen oxides mix with water droplets Nitric Acid HNO3 in the air. Nitrogen oxides are a kind of pollution that comes from the engines of cars and trucks. About 1/5th of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. When you breathe, your body uses Oxygen & Ozone O2 & O3 the oxygen to keep you alive. Ozone is a special kind of oxygen that has three atoms instead of two. PAN is a kind of air pollution. Smog has PAN in PAN (peroxyacytyl nitrate) C2H3O5N it. PAN forms when nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) get together.  Chemistry of the troposphere Chemical Formula Role in tropospheric chemistry Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. Photochemical smog is a kind of air pollution. Smog -- It has nitrogen oxides, ozone, VOCs, and PAN in it. Photodissociation -- When a photon of sunlight breaks apart a molecule. Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide are types of pollution. People make them when we burn coal and oil. Volcanoes also give off sulfur Sulfur Coxides SO2 & SO3 oxides. Sulfur dioxide mixes with water droplets in the air to make sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is in acid rain. Sulfuric acid is in acid rain. Sulfuric acid in the air is made when sulfur dioxide Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 gasmixes with water droplets. The sulfur dioxide gas comes from volcanoes and from coal and oil that people burn for fuel.  WATER TECHNOLOGY  WATER IS THE WATER MOST ESSENTIAL COMPOUND FOR TECHNOLOGY ALL LIVING MATTER ON EARTH IT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN HUMAN LIVING, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PURPOSE SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE UNDERGROUND WATER WATER WATER WATER AVAILABLE ON PRESENT THE EARTH’S BETWEEN THE SURFACE ROCKS IN THE EARTH CRUST TYPES OF WATER HARD WATER SOFT WATER does not lather with soap but it lather with soap instead forms a precipitate and and suitable for it is known as hard water household purposes because of the presence of salts of calcium and for example laundry magnesium and cleaning TYPES OF HARDNESS TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT OR CARBONATE NON-CARBONATES HARDNESS caused by the presence of caused due to the bicarbonates of Calcium, presence of Chlorides, Magnesium, heavy metals and Sulphates of Ca, Mg and carbonates of Fe heavy metals it can be removed by boiling it cannot be removed by boiling TYPES OF WATER IMPURITIES SUSPENDED DISSOLVED IMPURITIES IMPURITIES filteration is used through sterilization to remove these is the process to remove these kind of kind of impurities impurities TYPES OF WATER IMPURITIES COLOIDAL BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES IMPURITIES can be removed can be removed by softening by coagulation process EXAMPLES OF SUSPENDED IMPURITIES : ORGANIC CLAY MUD MATTER EXAMPLES OF DISSOLVED IMPURITIES : DISSOLVED SALTS GASES EXAMPLES OF COLODIAL IMPURITIES : COLLAIDAL MUD ORGANIC PARTICLES OF MATTER CLAY EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES : ALGAE FUNGI BACTERIA  WATER TREATMENT Water treatment enhances water quality for specific end-uses like drinking, industrial supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, and water recreation, ensuring safe return to the environment.  It is often the first steps in water treatment. removes dirt and other particles suspended in water COAGULATION alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny AND sticky FLOCCULATION particles called “ floc” which attract the dirt particles weight of the dirt and the alums ( floc ) becomes heavy enough to sink  During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to its weight. separating small particles SEDIMENTATION and sediments in water happens naturally when water is still because gravity will pull the heavier sediments down to form a sludge layer.  Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will pass through filters of varying compositions FILTRATION (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.  after the water has been filtered, a disinfectant (chlorine, chloramine) may be added in order to kill DISINFECTION any remaining parasites, bacteria, and viruses, and to protect the water from germs when it is piped to homes and businesses  WATER TREATMENT PROCESS  Advance oxidants Techniques for Water Purification Microfiltration The recycled water first goes through microfiltration, an initial filtration process where water is pumped through tubes filled with tiny membranes. Ozone Ozone is a strong oxidant that break down organic contaminants and remove odor and colors. Uv Light Uv Light innactive harmful microorganisms, making it an effective disinfection method.  NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN WATER ENGINEERING Nanofiltration Membranes Nanomaterials can enhance the performance of filtration membranes, allowing for more efficient removal of contaminants. Photocatalysis Nanoparticles can act as photocatalysts, using sunlight to degrade pollutants in water. Water Purification Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for removing heavy metals, pesticides, and other harmful substances from water. Water Quality Monitoring Nanosensors can provide real-time information about water quality parameters, enabling rapid detection of contaminats.