Spectrum of Health PDF

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Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Title: Spectrum of Health Objectives: At the end of this lecture, the students would be able to: 1. Have idea about the spectrum of health. 2. Enumerate determinants of health. 3. Know the responsibility of health. 4. Define disease. 5. Describe the natural history of disease. 6. Describe and discuss the epidemiological triad of disease. Content of lecture: Health and disease lie along a continuum and there is no single cut - off point. 1 Machine Translated by Google Determinants of health: 1. Heredity. 2. Environment. 3. Life - Style. 4. Socio - economic conditions. 5. Health and family welfare services. 6. Other factors e.g. food, agriculture, education, industry,... etc. Responsibility for Health: 1. Individual responsibility. 2. Community responsibility. 3. State responsibility. 4. International responsibility. (( Concept of Disease )) Definitions : Disease is a condition in which body health is impaired , a departure from a state of health , an alteration of the human body interrupting the performance of vital functions (Webster). Disease is a condition of the body or some part or organ of the body in which its functions are disrupted or deranged (Dictionary). Disease is a maladjustment of the human organism to the environment (Ecological). Disease is a social phenomenon, occurring in all societies and defined and fought in terms of the particular cultural forces prevalent in the society (Sociological definition). Disease is just the opposite of health I.e. any deviation from normal functioning or state of complete physical or mental well 2 Machine Translated by Google - being, since health and disease are mutually exclusive. All the above mentioned definitions are inadequate. since they do not give a criterion by which can decide when a disease state beings, nor lend themselves to disease measurement. (Natural history of Disease) It is a complex interaction between man, an agent ( or cause ) and the environment. It signifies the way in which a disease evolves overtime from the earliest stage of its pre pathogenesis phase to its termination as recovery, disability or death, in the absence of treatment or prevention. Pre pathogenesis phase I.e. before entry of agent to human potentially, we are all in the pre pathogenesis phase of many diseases. Pathogenesis phase is that which beings by the entry of disease agent in a susceptible human host. a. Clinical or sub clinical. b. Typical or atypical. c. Carrier with or without clinical disease. The interaction of these three factors will initiate a disease process. 3 Machine Translated by Google Disease agent: A substances, living or nonliving, or a force, tangible or intangible, the excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate or perpetuate a disease process. Classification of disease agents: 1. Biological agents living agents of disease. 2.Nutritional agents excess or deficiency. 3.Physical agents excessive heat or radiation exposure. 4. Chemical agents include: a. endogenous uremia, jundice. b. exogenous allergens insecticides 5. Mechanical agents chronic friction, sprain or dislocation. 6. Absence or insufficiency or excess of a factor necessary for health: a. Chemical hormones. b. Nutrient. c. Lack of structure Thymus. d. Lack of part of structure Cardiac defects. 1. Biological agents living agents of disease. 2. Nutritional agents excess or deficiency. 3. Physical agents excessive heat or radiation exposure. e. Chromosomal Mongolism. f. Immunological Religion - globulinaemia. g. Social agents Drug abuse, alcoholism. Host factors include: 1. Demographic characteristics. 2. Biological characteristics. 4 Machine Translated by Google 3. Social and economic characteristics. 4. Lifestyle factors. Environmental Factors : it include: 1. Micro - environment. 2. Macro - environment. A. Physical environment. B. Biological environment. C. Psychological environment. Meanings of Risk factors 1. An attribute or exposure that is significantly associated with the development of a disease. 2. A determinant that can be modified by intervention, thereby reducing the possibility of occurrence of a disease or other specified outcomes. Risk factors are often suggestive, but absolute proof of cause and effect is usually lacking. Risk factors are observable or identifiable prior to event they predict. Risk factors are either: 1. Truly causative e.g. smoking and lung cancer. 2. Merely contributory to undesired outcome e.g. physical inactivity. 3. Predictive only in a statistical sense. e.g. illiteracy and perinatal mortality. Risk factors are of two types:- A. A. Modifiable e.g. hypertension. B. Un- modifiable e.g. age, sex, race,….etc. 5 Machine Translated by Google Risk group = Target group. Biological situation. According to Physical situation. Socio - cultural situation. Summary: Health and disease lie along a continuum and there is no single cut - off point. Determinants of health include: heredity, environment, life-style, socio - economic conditions, health and family welfare services and other factors e.g. food, agriculture, education, industry,... etc. Disease is just the opposite of health I.e. any deviation from normal functioning or state of complete physical or mental well - being, since health and disease are mutually exclusive. Natural history of disease It is a complex interaction between man, an agent (or cause) and the environment. It signifies the way in which a disease evolves overtime from the earliest stage of its pre 6 Machine Translated by Google pathogenesis phase to its termination as recovery, disability or death, in the absence of treatment or prevention. Agent factors include: biological, nutritional, physical, chemical and mechanical agents. Host factors include: demographic characteristics, biological characteristics, social and economic characteristics, and lifestyle. Environmental factors include: Micro – environment and Macro - environment. References: K. Park’s, "Park's text book of preventive and social medicine," 25th edition, 2020. 7 Machine Translated by Google Title: Concepts of Control of disease Objectives: At the end of this lecture, the students would be able to: 1. Have idea about concepts of control of disease. 2. Know the levels of prevention of disease and the modes of their intervention Content of lecture: The aim is to reduce disease: 1. Incidence. 2. Duration and transmission. 3. Effects and complications. 4. Financial burden. Disease elimination means interruption of disease transmission. Eradication means tear it out by roots. Disease eradication The termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of infections agent. It is an absolute process and not a relative goal. All or nonphenomenon. Concepts of prevention Goals of medicine are to: 1. Promote health. 2. Preserve health. 3. Restore health when impaired. 4. Minimize suffering or distress. 1 Machine Translated by Google The objective of preventive medicine is to intercept or oppose the cause and therapy the disease process. Levels of prevention A. Primordial Prevention. B. Primary Prevention. C. Secondary Prevention. D. Tertiary Prevention. A. Primordial Prevention: It means the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. Efforts are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful life style. The main intervention is through individual and mass education. B. primary prevention: It is the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. In chronic illness, the primary prevention include: 1. population (mass) strategy. 2. High risk strategy. It is accomplished by: 1. Measures designed to promote general health and well-being and quality of life of people or by: 2. Specific protective measures. In chronic illness, the primary prevention include: 1. population (mass) strategy. 2. High risk strategy. 2 Machine Translated by Google C. Secondary prevention: It is the action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications. Specific intervention include earl y diagnosis and adequate treatment. It attempts to arrest disease process, restore health before irreversible pathological changes have taken place; and reverse disease communicability. Considered primary prevention for healthy individuals at the same time. Secondary prevention is more expensive and less effective than primary prevention. D. Tertiary prevention: All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions. Modes of Intervention: An intervention is any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man. 1. Health promotion: The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve health. It is intended to strengthen host through the following approaches: A. Health education (It is considered a cost effective intervention). 3 Machine Translated by Google B. Environmental modifications e.g. safe water supply, proper housing and insects control. C. Nutritional interventions e.g. fortification of food, feeding programs. D. Life style and behavioral changes. 2. Specific protection : I.e. The provision of conditions for normal mental and physical functioning , of the human being , individually and in the group. It includes the promotion of health , the prevention of sickness and curative and restorative medicine in all its aspects. Appearance of specific protection include: A. Immunization. B. Use of specific nutrients. C. Chemo prophylaxis D. Protection against occupational hazards. E. Protection against accidents. F. Protection from carcinogens. G. Avoidance of allergenic. H. Control of specific environmental hazards. I. Control of consumer product quality and safety of food ,drug and cosmetics. 3. Early diagnosis and treatment A. Early detection of health impairment. It is the detection of disturbances of homoeostatic and compensatory mechanism while biochemical ,morphological and functional changes are still reversible. B. Treatment 4 Machine Translated by Google Mass treatment approach has been used in the control of certain diseases such as malaria. Its rational is the existence of at least (4-5) cases of latent infection for each clinical case of active disease in the community. Depending upon disease nature and prevalence. Treatment approaches are: A. Total mass treatment. B. Juvenile mass treatment. C. Selective mass treatment. 4. Disability limitation: Disease impairment disability handicap The objective is to prevent or halt the transition of this process. Disability means inability to carry out certain activities. Definitions: A. Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological , psychological or anatomical structure or function. B. Disability : Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. C. Disability: A disadvantage for a given individual ,resulting from an impairment or a disability ,that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual. 5. Rehabilitation: The combined or coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for training and retraining the individual to 5 Machine Translated by Google the highest possible level of functional ability. A. Medical Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore function. B. Vocational rehabilitation: The objective is to restore capacity to earn livelihood. C. Social Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore family and social relationship. D. Psychological Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore personal confidence. Summary: The aim of control of disease is to reduce disease incidence, duration and transmission, effects and complications and financial burden. Disease elimination means interruption of disease transmission While disease eradication means tear it out by roots. Levels of prevention of disease are primordial prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. Primordial prevention means the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. Primary prevention is the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. Secondary prevention is the action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications. Tertiary prevention means all measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions. 6 Machine Translated by Google Title: Man and Environment Objectives: At the end of this lecture, the students would be able to: 1. Have idea about environment concepts and it’s components. 2. Define and discuss environmental sanitation and environmental health. 3. Enumerate Ecological factors. Content of lecture: ÿ The study of disease is really the study of man and his environment. ÿ The term environment implies all the external factors living and non- living, material and non-material -which surround man. ÿ Environment, according to modern concepts, includes not only the water, air and soil that form our environment but also the social and economic conditions under which we live. Environment has been divided into three closely related components: 1. Physical component This include water, air, soil, housing, wastes, radiation,..etc. 2. Biological component This include plant and animal life including bacteria, viruses, insects, rodents and animals. 3. Social component This include customs, culture, habits, income, occupation, religion,…etc. o The key to man’s health lies largely in his environment. o Much of man’s ill-health can be traced to adverse environmental factors such as water pollution, soil pollution ,air pollution, poor Machine Translated by Google housing conditions, presence of animal reservoirs and insect vectors of diseases which pose a constant threat to man’s health. o Man is responsible for the pollution of his environment through urbanization, industrialization and other human activities. Sanitation: Dictionary meaning :- Sanitation is the science of safeguarding health. National Sanitation Foundation of USA definition: Sanitation is a way of life.It is the quality of living that is expressed in the clean home, the clean farm, the clean business, the clean neighborhood and the clean community. WHO definition: Environmental sanitation is the control of all those factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival. ÿ In actual facts sanitation doesn't mean sanitary disposal of human excreta alone, but it covers the whole field of controlling the environment with a view prevent disease and promote health. ÿ Man has already controlled a number of factors in his environment, e.g. food, water housing, clothing, sanitation. These controllable factors are those included in the “Standard of Living “. It is the control of these factors that has been responsible for considerable improvement in the health of people during the past century in the developed countries. ÿ However, man’s mastery over his environment is not complete. As old problems are being solved, new problems are arising. Air pollution is of growing concern in many urban centers. Machine Translated by Google ÿ Industrial growth has given rise to the problem of environmental pollution by industrial wastes. ÿ Advances in nuclear technology have produced the problem of radioactive pollution of the environment. ÿ Advances in nuclear technology have produced the problem of radioactive pollution of the environment. ÿ Advances in nuclear technology have produced the problem of radioactive pollution of the environment. ÿ The term environmental sanitation is now being replaced by environmental health. ÿ Proper environmental health now requires the services of the public health qualified doctor, the epidemiologist, the public health engineer, the town planner, the sociologist, the economist and the health inspector. ÿ A combined multi-disciplinary program of action is needed to active a healthy environment. ÿ The purpose of environmental health is to create and maintain ecological conditions that will promote health and thus prevent disease. ÿ Changes needed to achieve Health For All are concerned with a healthy environment and healthy lifestyle and require initiatives by the individual, the family and the community. ÿ Much of the ill-health is due to poor environmental sanitation.i.e. unsafe water, polluted soil, unhygienic disposal of human excreta and refuse, poor housing, insects and rodents. Machine Translated by Google ÿ The high death rate, infant mortality rate, sickness rate and poor standards of health are in fact largely due to defective environmental sanitation. ÿ The first step in any health programmer is the elimination through environmental control of those factors which are harmful to health. Ecological Factors: 1. Physical factors. 2. Biological factors. 3. Social & Cultural factors. 4. Economic factors. 5. Sanitary factors. 6. Urbanization and industrialization. 7. Demographic factors. 8. Political and administrative factors. 9. Hereditary factors. 10. Medical care. Summary: The term environment implies all the external factors living and non- living, material and non-material -which surround man. Environment, according to modern concepts, includes not only the water, air and soil that form our environment but also the social and economic conditions under which we live. Environment has been divided into three closely related components: physical component, biological component and social component. Machine Translated by Google WHO definition of environmental sanitation means the control of all those factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival. The term environmental sanitation is now being replaced by environmental health. Proper environmental health now requires the services of the public health qualified doctor, the epidemiologist, the public health engineer, the town planner, the sociologist, the economist and the health inspector. Much of the ill-health is due to poor environmental sanitation.i.e. unsafe water, polluted soil, unhygienic disposal of human excreta and refuse, poor housing, insects and rodents. The high death rate, infant mortality rate, sickness rate and poor standards of health are in fact largely due to defective environmental sanitation. Machine Translated by Google University of Mosul College of Medicine Lecture: 5 Subject/year: Fundamentals of medicine Lecturer: Dr. Ahmed Manhal Taha Department: Community and Family medicine Date: 8 / 5 / 2023 Machine Translated by Google ÿIntended learning outcomes: At the end of this lecture, the students would be able to: 1. Know the air pollution sources and its effect on health. 2. Know the water pollution sources and its effect on health. 3. Know the soil pollution sources. Machine Translated by Google Content of lecture: Environmental pollution can be subdivided into: 1. Air Pollution. 2. Water pollution. 3. Soil Pollution. Machine Translated by Google Air Pollution Air pollution is one of the present -day health problems worldwide. Air pollution is an inescapable consequence of the presence of man and his activities. Machine Translated by Google The presence in the surrounding atmosphere of substances, generated by the activities of man, in concentrations that interfere with human health, safety or comfort, or injurious to vegetation and animals and other environmental media, resulting in chemicals entering the food chain or being present in drinking water and therapy constituting additional source of human exposure. Machine Translated by Google The direct effect of air pollution on plants, animals and soil can influence the structure and function of ecosystems, including self- regulation ability, therapy affecting the quality of life. Machine Translated by Google Sources of Air Pollution: 1. Automobiles: They emit hydrocarbons ,carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. In sun light, certain of these hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen may be converted into photochemical pollutants of oxidizing nature. Diesel engines are capable of emitting black smoke and malodorous fumes. Machine Translated by Google 2. Industries : They emit large amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere. Combustion of fuel produces smoke, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid and organic halides. Many industries discharge carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. Machine Translated by Google 3. Domestic Sources: Domestic combustion of coal, wood or oil is a major source of smoke, dust, sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxides. Machine Translated by Google 4. Tobacco Smoke: The most direct and important source of air pollution affecting people health. 5. Miscellaneous (Burning refuse, incinerators, pesticide, natural sources e.g. wind born dust, fungi, bacteria) and nuclear energy program. Machine Translated by Google Meteorological factors: Although the Earth’s atmosphere extends to several layers above the surface, man is most directly concerned with only (8-10) km of atmosphere. The level of atmospheric pollution depends upon meteorological factors e.g. topography , air movement and climate. Winds help in the dispersal and dilution of pollutants. Machine Translated by Google The vertical diffusion of pollutants depends upon the temperature gradient. Rapid cooling of lower layers of air little vertical motion and the pollutants and water vapors remain trapped at the lower level and the result is “smog”. Temperature inversion which is more frequent in winter months is a threat to human health. Machine Translated by Google Indoor Air Pollution: It is one of the most critical global environmental problems that exposes people to important air pollutants than does pollution in outdoor air. It is one of the most critical global environmental problems that exposes people to important air pollutants than does pollution in outdoor air. Machine Translated by Google Effects of Air Pollution: A. Health Aspects : 1. Immediate effects on respiratory tract resulting in acute bronchitis, dyspnea, suffocation and death. 2. Delayed Effects: Usually the most common and include chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, bronchial asthma, emphysema and respiratory allergies. Lead poisons is particularly dangerous to children developing brain and nervous system I impaired neuro psychological development ( IQ ), poor school performance and behavioral difficulties. Machine Translated by Google Precise estimates of the risk of air pollution to health are difficult to quantify because: Sudden increase in air pollution often associated with immediate increase in morbidity and mortality. Machine Translated by Google B. Social And Economic Aspects: 1. Destruction of plant and animal life. 2. Corrosion of metals. 3. Damage of buildings. 4. Cost of cleaning and maintenance. 5. Reduces visibility in towns. 6. Soil and damage clothing. Machine Translated by Google Water Pollution Pure uncontaminated water doesn't occur in nature. Impurities include: Machine Translated by Google 1. Natural impurities which are not essentially dangerous. It include dissolved gasses e.g. nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide..etc. and dissolved minerals e.g. salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium..etc. and suspended impurities e.g. clay, sand and mud. It is derived from the atmosphere ,catchment area and the soil. Machine Translated by Google 2. Man-made impurities: It is caused by human activity -urbanization and industrialization. Sources of it are: A. Sewage. B. Industrial and trade wastes. C. Agricultural pollutants. D. Physical pollutants. Machine Translated by Google Even if water source and treatment are of high standard, water pollution may still occur because of: 1. Corrosion of pipe lines. 2. Leaky joints and cross connections between water supply pipes and sewage drainage pipes. Thus surveillance has to be exercised at every point in the distribution system to ensure supply of safe water to the consumer. Machine Translated by Google Water -related diseases: A. Biological (Water-borne diseases). 1.Those caused by presence of infective agent: a. Viral hepatitis, poliomyelitis, rota viral diarrhea. b. Bacterial typhoid and paratyphoid fever, bacillary dysentery. c. Protozoal amoebiasis, giardiasis. d. Helminthic worm infestations. e. Leptospiral Weil's disease. Machine Translated by Google B. Chemical Pollutants diseases. 1. By direct effect on man. 2. Indirectly through accumulating in aquatic life used as human food e.g. fish. Machine Translated by Google C. Water associated illnesses: 1. Dental health include: caries and mottling of dental enamel (Flouride). 2. Cyanosis in infants. High nitrate content methaemoglobinaemia. 3. Cardiovascular diseases. 4. Disease due to inadequate water supply e.g. shigellosis, trachoma, conjunctivitis, scabes. 5. Diseases related to disease carrying insects breeding in or near water e.g. malaria, trypansomiasis. Machine Translated by Google Soil pollutants sources are: 1. Lead from fuel. 2. Insecticides e.g. DDT, Arsenic, Mercury. 3. Radioactive by products. 4. Various parasites and pathogens e.g. anthrax spore can survive up to 40 years. Machine Translated by Google Scope of environmental health program. 1. Planning + Design + Construction + Maintenance of safe water supply. 2. Safe methods of collection and disposal of excreta. 3. Control of insects, rodents and animal reservoirs. 4. Protect water sources. 5. Proper collection and disposal of refuse. Machine Translated by Google 6. Food and milk sanitation. 7. Public health supervision. 8. Occupational hazards control. 9. Environmental catastrophes control. 10. Industrial pollution control. 11. Control transport aspects. Machine Translated by Google University of Mosul College of Medicine Lecture: 6 Subject/year: Fundamentals of medicine Lecturer: Dr. Ahmed Manhal Taha Department: Community and Family medicine Date: 8 / 5 / 2023 Machine Translated by Google ÿIntended learning outcomes: At the end of this lecture, the students would be able to: 1. Define Herbal Medicine 2. Define and enumerate the types of Alternative medicine. 3. Know the common herbal products, their therapeutic uses, their adverse effects and their interaction with conventional drugs. Machine Translated by Google Content of lecture: Herbal Medicine can be defined as the use of the plant derived products to promote health and relieve illness. Herbal traditions exist in both Eastern and Western traditions. Since long period of time, humans have used the stems, roots, leaves, branches, and fruits of different plants. The scope of herbal medicine sometimes extended to include fungal and bee product, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. Herbs and related products are commonly used by patients who seek conventional health care. Machine Translated by Google Air Pollution There are a large and increasing number of patients use medicinal herbs or seek the advice of their physician regarding their use. Popular use of medicinal herbs makes it necessary for physicians to become aware of their health benefits, risks and uncertainties so that they can educate their patients about these issues. Herbs used for health purposes are drugs. They are chemicals that can affect the human body in helpful or harmful ways. Some herbal preparations are effective, many are not, and a few can be harmful or even fetal. Machine Translated by Google Herbal medicine is the most common form of alternative medicine Alternative medicine: is the art of offering choices, or several options, that exist and function outside the ordinary medical practice, it include a large and diverse group of theories and practices. Machine Translated by Google Among these are: massage therapeutic touch acupuncture treatment with high dose vitamins herbal products Machine Translated by Google Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions, such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, and irritable bowel syndrome. Herbal product can interact with conventional drugs resulting in increased toxicity and decreased therapeutic effects, example of herbal and conventional drugs interactions: Machine Translated by Google 1. Several herbal products, including garlic, ginkgo biloba, feverfew and ginger, suppress platelet aggregation and hence can increase the risk of bleeding in patients receiving antiplatelet drugs (aspirin) or anticoagulant ( warfarin or heparin ). 2. Ephedra plant contains ephedrine, a compound that can elevate blood pressure and stimulate the heart and CNS. Accordingly, ephedra can intensify the effects of other drugs such as cardiac stimulants and CNS stimulants. Machine Translated by Google 3. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is well known for its antidepressant effect, can increase the activity of liver enzymes and thereby accelerate the metabolism of many drugs, causing a loss of therapeutic effects. Machine Translated by Google Aloe plant: product from aloe plants are used as: Aloe gel for topical therapy. Aloe latex orally Aloe is used topically for the treatment of burns, sunburn, psoriasis, eczema, acne, orally is used to relieve constipation (laxative). Machine Translated by Google Black cohosh: used for treatment of symptoms of menopause including hot flushes, vaginal dryness, palpitation, depression and sleep disturbance. Black cohosh may interact with conventional drugs it may potentiate the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive drugs and the hypoglycemic effect of insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs. Machine Translated by Google Chamomile: has mild sedative effect, but also has demonstrated antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti- inflammatory and cholesterollowering effects in animal. It is used in the treatment of GIT discomfort, peptic ulcer disease, mouth& skin irritation, pediatric colic, teething, mild insomnia & anxiety. In vitro chamomile has demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant prosperities and significant antiplatelet activity. Disadvantage: allergic reactions may occur. Machine Translated by Google Garlic: its uses include reduce level of lipids in blood (triglyceride, LDL, and cholesterol). Reduce blood pressure. Suppress platelet aggregation. Decrease formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Adverse effects: Unpleasant taste. Bad breath. Heartburn. Flatulence. Nausea Machine Translated by Google Interaction with conventional drugs: 1. Garlic has significant antiplatelet effect, so it can increase the risk of bleeding in patients taking antiplatelet drugs e.g. aspirin. 2. Garlic can increase insulin level and hence can potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of drugs used for diabetes. Machine Translated by Google Goldenseal: has been used to treat bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infection of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Adverse effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension and convulsion Machine Translated by Google Ginger: used as antiemetic. In lab animals, the ginger have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, antibacterial, and GIT motility effect. Side effects: heart burn and allergic reaction (rare). Kava: it used in the treatment of : anxiety and relax muscles Adverse effect: kava can impair vision and cause muscle incoordination, and can cause skin disorder that resemble psoriasis. Machine Translated by Google Interaction with conventional drugs: kava is CNS- depressant action, can increase the action of other CNS-depressant drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines and opioids. Machine Translated by Google Valerian: valerian root is a sedative preparation used primarily to promote sleep. Adverse effects Drowsiness Dizziness Depression Pruritus Headache Machine Translated by Google Saw palmetto: it is used to relieve urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Adverse effects: headache, diarrhea, upset stomach. Machine Translated by Google Nigella sativa: it's uses include: relieve the symptoms of asthma ,bronchitis, and cough. treat abscesses and tumors of the abdomen, eyes, and liver. effective in treating opioid dependence. reduce calculi formation in rats 'kidneys. in treatment of diabetes. Inhibition of cancer cell growth. Improvement of immune system. in viral infection. psoriasis. Side effects in large doses is paralytic, so this spice must be used in moderation. Machine Translated by Google Pimpinella anisum: Anise may be helpful in the following conditions: Anemia. Anise promotes digestion, which may help improve anemia due to inefficient absorption of iron. Asthma. Essential oil of anise may be inhaled through the nose to help ease breathing and relieve nasal congestion. Bad breath. It can be used in mouthwash or tea to sweeten breath. Bronchitis. Aniseed may be used as an expectorant. Cold. Aniseed can be used as an expectorant and drinking aniseed tea soothes the throat. Colic. Menopause. Aniseed tea can help alleviate menopausal symptoms. Nursing. Aniseed tea can help a nursing mother's milk come in. Machine Translated by Google Castor oil :uses are as a laxative for treatment of constipation. skin disorders or skin problems. Has anti-inflammatory effects. The use of castor oil to induce labor is controversial. Because the irregular, painful contractions of castor oil- induced labor can be stressful on the mother and fetus. It also leaves the laboring woman quite dehydrated as a result of the vomiting and diarrhea side effect: it can produce painful cramps, fecal incontinence and explosive diarrhea. Its action can go on for hours. Machine Translated by Google Green tea: Green tea has been extensively studied in people, animals and laboratory experiments. Results from these studies suggest that green tea may help treat the following health conditions: Atherosclerosis. High cholesterol Cancer diabetes. reduction of body weight Machine Translated by Google Thank You