Part 1 PDF - Introduction to Earth's Temperature Regulation

1 How does the earth regulate its temperature? Introduction brbo.io/s/18A6 How do the people in Spitsbergen notice that the climate is changing? How do the people in New Orleans noti...

1 How does the earth regulate its temperature? Introduction brbo.io/s/18A6 How do the people in Spitsbergen notice that the climate is changing? How do the people in New Orleans notice that the climate is changing? How do you notice that the climate is also changing in our country? more heatwaves milder winters more and longer dry periods To understand why the climate is changing, you first need to know how the Earth regulates its temperature. Which source radiates energy to Earth? the sun Put the different steps below in the correct order. Number them from 1 to 4. The Earth and the atmosphere convert the non-reflected radiation into heat 2 The sun is shining. An important part of that radiation is short-wave light radiation. It penetrates to the lowest layer of the atmosphere 1  and the earth. Some of it is reflected. 1 The earth and the atmosphere radiate the heat back to space. 4 Greenhouse gases absorb that heat and radiate it back. This warms the bottom layer of the atmosphere. 3 What is the relationship between the temperature of the bottom layer of the Earth's atmosphere and the concentration of greenhouse gases? higher concentrations of greenhouse gases result in higher temperatures Vraag 1 Without natural greenhouse gases, the atmosphere would lose heat more quickly, bringing the average temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere to -18°C. Due to the natural greenhouse effect, it is now 15 °C. Which two greenhouse gases are naturally most abundant in the atmosphere? 2  water carbon dioxide methane nitric oxide Oefening 3 Incoming and outgoing energy determine the temperature of the atmosphere. That energy is transported via radiation. The main radiation that penetrates into the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface is visible light, UV light and infrared radiation. The outgoing energy is the sum of the reflected incoming energy and the outgoing heat. The ratio between outgoing and incoming energy in that radiation is called the radiation balance. Compare the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere. What do you notice? There is an equal amount of incoming and outgoing radiation What is the consequence for the temperature of the atmosphere if there is as much energy (radiation) coming in as going out to space? the temperature rises the temperature drops the temperature remains the same Where would you write these events on the image above? Number them from 1 to 3. 3  incoming solar energy 2 outgoing (reflected) solar energy 1 outgoing heat 3 Vraag 2 Complete the conclusion with the missing words. The Earth converts incoming energy from the sun into heat. The natural greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of this heat and ensure an average temperature of 15 °C. Without natural greenhouse gases, the average temperature would be 18°C. If the incoming and outgoing energy are equal, the temperature will remain the same. 4  1.2 New and Old Orleans brbo.io/s/4686 Vraag 1 Troy has moved from Houma to New Orleans to live closer to his work. Identify the places on the maps. 1. Pacific Ocean 2. United States 3. Gulf of Mexico 4. Atlantic Ocean 5. Houma 6. Mississippi 7. Lake Pontchartrain 8. New Orleans How far is Houma from New Orleans? about 70 kilometres. When the Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico, the silt sinks to the bottom and new land can be created. But sometimes, such as in stormy weather, the sea erodes land again. For example, the coast of Louisiana has changed a lot in the last 4,000 years. 5 Vraag 2 Match the number on the maps (A-D) to the descriptions. The mouth of the Mississippi forms a small delta. The location The delta estuary grows, land is of New Orleans, is still under added and this closes Lake 1. water. 2. Pontchartrain. The delta estuary moves up to The sea again inundates large 3. 150 km into the Gulf of Mexico. 4. parts of the delta estuary. Vraag 3 Complete the conclusion with the missing words. New Orleans is located in the South of the United States, at the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. In the past thousands of years, the coastline has changed a lot in shape. Because of global warming, coastal areas are experiencing difficulties such as flooding, storms and erosion. 6  1.3 Summary brbo.io/s/7172 Samenvatting General conclusion The sun is the energy source for the heat on Earth. About 30% of the solar energy is reflected by the gases and clouds in the atmosphere and by the Earth itself. The remaining 70% is converted into heat by the earth's surface and the atmosphere. Natural greenhouse gases retain some of this heat and radiate it later. As a result, the average temperature is not -18 °C, but 15 °C. We call this the natural greenhouse effect. Water vapor is by far the most abundant natural greenhouse gas. Of the other greenhouse gases, CO2 or carbon dioxide is the most abundant. Vraag 1 What is the answer to the question 'How does the earth regulate its temperature'? Complete the general conclusion with the missing words. The sun radiates energy to the earth. The earth and the atmosphere reflect some of this radiation. They convert the other part into heat , which they later radiate. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keep some of this radiated heat energy. As a result, the average temperature on earth is 15 °C. Without those gases, it would be -18 °C. 7  2 Why does the atmosphere heat up? 2.1 The radiation balance is disturbed brbo.io/s/D0BB If the amount of energy entering the atmosphere and the sum of the amount of reflected energy and heat leaving the atmosphere are equal, then the Earth's energy budget is in balance and the temperature remains constant. But measurements show that the temperature of the lower atmosphere has risen in recent decades. Vraag 1 What part of the radiation balance do greenhouse gases from human activities affect? They block an extra portion of the heat radiation from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Vraag 2 Read the article and answer the questions. When was the coal mine supposed to shut? 2022 2023 2024 2025 8  What was the reason for this plan? They want to switch to a less polluting fuel to generate electricity. What is the consequence of this delay for the natural greenhouse effect and the temperature on earth? The coal-fired power plant emits CO2, which increases the natural greenhouse effect. As a result, the temperature rises. Is this decision sustainable? Tick off the area(s) that benefit from this decision. Planet People Prosperity Vraag 3 Read the article and answer the questions. How does the oil refinery affect the natural greenhouse effect and the global temperature? The refinery emits gases that enhance the greenhouse effect. As a result, the temperature rises. 9 Vraag 4 Study the two sources above and tick off all the statements that are TRUE. Transporting goods by ship is much more sustainable than transporting them by airplane. Agriculture is more polluting than industry. Worldwide, shipping is the most polluting mode of transport. Our houses emit more greenhouse gases than road transport. Road transport emits the most greenhouse gases. Almost 3/4 of all greenhouse gas emissions are caused by our energy needs. 10 Vraag 5 Study the source above and answer the questions. What happens at night when the global temperature rises by 2 degrees? The earth no longer cools because the oceans and the atmosphere store the heat. Vraag 6 Complete the conclusion with the missing words. The radiation balance is out of equilibrium: additional greenhouse gases trap more of the heat radiated from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. This warms the bottom layer of the atmosphere. The amplification of the natural greenhouse effect is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The additional greenhouse gases come from human activities such as agriculture, energy consumption and industry. 11 2.2 Evolution and origin of greenhouse gases brbo.io/s/1887 If the radiation balance is out of balance due to the extra emissions of greenhouse gases, more heat remains in the atmosphere. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. This causes the temperature of the atmosphere to rise. 12 Vraag 1 Study the sources above and answer the questions. How have CO2 emissions evolved since 1750 until now? There are few emissions until 1850, then a slight increase and a strong increase since 1930. Which three economic sectors emit the most greenhouse gases? energy production, agriculture and forestry, industry Describe the evolution of the temperature on earth since the year 1000. There is a slight decrease in temperature until about 1900. After that, the temperature rises rapidly. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is a group of experts commissioned by the UN (United Nations) to study the causes and consequences of climate change. It regularly publishes reports covering different climate change scenarios. 13 Vraag 2 What evolution in temperature does the IPCC predict in the 21st century? Tick off the correct statements. In deserts it cools down. Land heats up more than water. Water heats up more than land. The polar regions heat up more than other places.. Vraag 3 Which three countries in total have emitted the most CO2 since 1750, and have therefore contributed the most to global warming? United States, Russia, China Vraag 4 Do these countries also have the largest temperature increase? How do you explain this? No , because winds and currents spread the CO2 all over the earth. 14 Vraag 5 What is the relationship between income and CO2 emissions per inhabitant? the higher the income (GDP/inhabitant), the more CO2 emissions Vraag 6 Complete the conclusion with the missing words. Due to human emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere retains more heat. This enhances the greenhouse effect and warms the bottom layer of the atmosphere. Countries that are highly industrialized and have a high degree of development have a relatively large contribution to CO2 emissions. 15  2.3 Summary brbo.io/s/AB60 Samenvatting Conclusion Human activities emit additional greenhouse gases. They keep an extra part of the radiated heat. This causes the lower layer of the atmosphere to heat up extra. We call this the enhanced greenhouse effect. Emissions mainly occur in the production of energy, but agriculture and industry also contribute. Emissions increased sharply after 1930. It is mainly countries with a high degree of development that make a significant contribution to this. The extent to which a greenhouse gas contributes to the greenhouse effect is called the GWP or global warming potential. CO2 has a relatively low GWP, but due to its high concentration it plays an important role in the enhanced greenhouse effect. Vraag 1 Complete the conclusion with the missing words. The lower layer of the atmosphere heats up extra due to the 1).... By emitting greenhouse gases, humans ensure that the atmosphere 2)... the heat energy radiated from the earth's surface and the atmosphere much longer. This causes the bottom layer of the 3)... to heat up. enhanced greenhouse effect - retains - atmosphere 1. 2. 3. 16  3 What are the consequences of global warming? 3.1 Sea level rise brbo.io/s/2E1E As the temperature changes, various processes in the climate system also change. Vraag 1 Watch the video. In what three ways does global warming cause sea levels to rise? Glaciers and ice caps are melting and the meltwater ends up in the sea. Glaciers calve and end up in the sea. Water expands due to heating. Vraag 2 How fast has the sea level risen on average in recent years? 2mm / year 3mm / year 4 mm / year 5 mm / year Vraag 3 Visit this website. How has surface ice in the Arctic evolved since 1980? It has grown. There is no change. It's almost halved. It's gone Go to the website. How much will sea level rise in 2100 compared to the period 1995-2014 according to the SSP 5-8.5 scenario? 1 meter 2 meters 3 meters 17  Compare the predicted sea level rise in Spitsbergen to that in New Orleans. What do you notice? The largest increase is in 1).... In 2)... there is even a drop in sea level. New Orleans - Spitsbergen 1. 2. Vraag 4 Step 1 Go to the website. Step 2 Navigate on the map to your area. Step 3 Click on a place on the map. You then read the height of this place. Step 4 Set the height in the 'Elevation/Height/Water' box and click 'set'. Zoom out if you don't see immediate results. Compare the consequences of a sea level rise of 3 meters for these two places. Which one is flooded? Blankenberge Hameau du Gris-Nez How do you explain this difference? Gris Nez is located on a cliff coast that is higher than 3 meters. The Belgian coast and the area inland are flat. 18  3.2 Migrations of animal species due to shifting climate zones brbo.io/s/D156 Animal species will also adapt or migrate with climate change. Vraag 1 Complete the storymap and write a conclusion. Due to global warming, animal species will be able to survive in other places. An example of this is the tiger mosquito in Belgium. As a result, tropical diseases can also occur here. 19  3.3 The thawing of the permafrost. brbo.io/s/7ECD Vraag 1 Watch the video about permafrost. What is permafrost? Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C Where on Earth does permafrost occur the most? On land, along and north of the Arctic Circle. How will climate change and the thawing of the permafrost affect life in Spitsbergen and other polar regions? Connect cause with effect. Coastal waters are longer ice- Sea ice melts faster. free. Permafrost thaws. Houses sink and show cracks. Snow avalanches destroy Snow melts on slopes. houses. Where does the thawing of the permafrost affect the radiation balance? reflection of light by the atmosphere reflection of light by the earth's surface reflection of light by clouds radiation of heat from the Earth's surface and atmosphere Why is the thawing of the permafrost catastrophic? Methane and carbon stored in the permafrost increase global warming. 20  3.4 Albedo change brbo.io/s/56CB Albedo is the percentage of solar radiation that is reflected from the earth, clouds and the atmosphere. Vraag 1 For each place, write whether it has a high, medium or low albedo. Low High Low Light radiation from the sun that is reflected by snow and ice cannot be converted into heat radiation by the earth's surface. Vraag 2 How does this affect the radiation balance? reflection of light by the atmosphere reflection of light by the earth's surface reflection of light by clouds radiation of heat from the Earth's surface and atmosphere The thawing of permafrost and albedo change are what we call positive feedback loops: consequences that amplify global warming. 21  3.5 Summary brbo.io/s/4155 Besluit Conclusion Due to global warming: the sea level is rising, causing areas to flood; climate zones are shifting, causing plant and animal species to migrate; the permafrost is thawing, releasing greenhouse gases; ice is melting, decreasing the albedo. These last two changes in polar regions lead to further global warming. We call these effects feedback loops. 22  4 General Conclusion 4.1 Summary brbo.io/s/8642 Besluit General Conclusion Global warming due to the enhanced greenhouse effect has various consequences. The sea level is rising due to the melting of ice and the expansion of water. This can flood low-lying areas. Climate areas are shifting and animal species migrate with them. We also notice that extreme weather, such as drought and heavy rain, occurs more frequently. On the one hand, in the polar regions, warming causes ice to melt and thus the albedo decreases. This allows the Earth's surface to convert more sunlight into heat. This amplifies global warming. On the other hand, the permafrost thaws, releasing more stored greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This amplifies the greenhouse effect. Cold places get warmer. Plants can then grow there, which counteracts global warming through their CO2 absorption. There have been climate changes in geological history, but then humans had no influence. 23