Pharynx and Esophagus Anatomy PDF

# Pharynx and Esophagus ## The Digestive System - **Components:** - **Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT):** From oral cavity to anus. - **Accessory Organs:** Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder. ## The Pharynx - **Shape:** Funnel-shaped, located from skull base to C6 vertebra - **Pa...

# Pharynx and Esophagus ## The Digestive System - **Components:** - **Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT):** From oral cavity to anus. - **Accessory Organs:** Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder. ## The Pharynx - **Shape:** Funnel-shaped, located from skull base to C6 vertebra - **Parts:** - **Nasopharynx:** Extends from the base of skull till the lower limit of the soft palate at C1/2 - **Oropharynx:** Extends from the lower part of the soft palate to the epiglottis/ continuous anteriorly with the oral cavity - **Laryngopharynx:** Extends from the level of the epiglottis to the level of C6 ## The Esophagus - **Structure:** 25 cm tube from C6 to T11 - **Divisions:** - Cervical - Thoracic - Abdominal - **Sphincters:** - **Upper (Cricopharyngeus muscle)** - **Lower (Gastro-esophageal junction at T11)** - **X-ray** plain film or Barium swallow # Stomach ## Stomach Anatomy - J-shaped organ, varying in size/shape. - **Two orifices:** - Cardiac orifice - Pyloric orifice - **Two curvatures:** - Greater curvature - Lesser curvature - **Two surfaces:** - Anterior - Posterior - **Parts of the Stomach:** - **Cardia:** Receives the esophagus. - **Fundus:** Upper curvature above gastro-esophageal junction. - **Body (Corpus):** Main central region. - **Antrum:** Extends to the pylorus. - **Pylorus:** Narrow muscular canal; acts as a sphincter. ## Duodenum Anatomy - C-shaped, 20-30 cm long, surrounding the pancreas head. - Extends from pylorus to jejuno-duodenal flexure - **Four parts:** - **First (Duodenal Cap):** Intraperitoneal; attaches to omenta. - **Second (Descending):** Retroperitoneal; contacts pancreas head. - **Third (Horizontal):** Crosses vertebral column. - **Fourth (Ascending):** Ends at duodenojejunal flexure. ## Radiological Anatomy - **Plain Film:** Gastric bubble visible in upper left quadrant on erect x-ray. - **Barium Meal:** Stomach: All parts visualized; gastric rugae visible (3-5 mm folds).