Week 1 PDF - The Science of Happiness and Wellbeing

EL PT Department of Humanities & Social Sciences & N Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 01 - Introduction: Why Happiness Matters and How We Will Go About Exploring It  Why happiness matters The recent...

EL PT Department of Humanities & Social Sciences & N Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 01 - Introduction: Why Happiness Matters and How We Will Go About Exploring It  Why happiness matters The recent focus on happiness EL The overview of the course Modality PT Outcomes expected N C  Happiness Wellbeing EL Relevance Overview PT Content K N  Why Happiness Matters  A colonial joke  A child’s first questions  Pleasure and pain  Spiritual traditions EL PT N  The Recent Focus on Happiness  Happiness studies has drawn a lot of attention in the last ten years, especially with focus on World Happiness Report and setting up of centres on Happiness in the top universities around the world. EL  World Happiness Report  Gross National Happiness PT  Sustainable Development Goals Images taken from respective websites through google search N  Course overview  Thematic classification  Overview  Basics  Connecting the dots EL  Interventions  Insights PT  Activities  Surveys N  Self assessment  Self explorations  Illustrations  Thematic classification: Overview  Introduction to the course: Why happiness matters and what we shall do in this course  Can we really define happiness?  Happiness and wellbeing: do cultures call the shots? EL  ‘Doing’ happiness: Philosophical and existential questions PT N  Thematic classification: Basics  Happiness – antecedents and implications  Are we happy? The Science of Happiness  Myths that keep us from finding happiness  Is there an evolutionary purpose of happiness? EL  Is happiness genetically determined?  How empathy makes us happier? PT  Can money buy us happiness?  Pro-sociality and happiness – Virtues and strengths N  Pro-sociality and happiness – Generosity, give and take  Exploring the self and the other  Thematic classification: Connecting the dots  Relationship and networking I  Relationship and networking II  How does optimism affect happiness?  Does between-ness make us happy? EL  Which body language shows happiness?  Why is social innovation important for happiness? PT  How does failure make us resilient?  Why are we unhappy? N  Thematic classification: Interventions  What coping strategies are effective for stress? Part 1  What coping strategies are effective for stress? Part 2  Relaxation, meditation and mindfulness: Part1  Relaxation, meditation and mindfulness: Part 2 EL  Creativity and happiness: relevance  Creativity and happiness: toolkit PT  Reconnecting happiness: beyond pandemic N  Thematic classification: Insights  What makes us happy at work?  Are emotionally intelligent people happier?  How much can we nudge for happiness?  Can we measure happiness? Part 1 EL  Can we measure happiness? Part 2  Happiness and leadership traits PT  Consumerism, happiness and wellbeing  Technology, happiness and wellbeing N  Doing research on happiness  Course overview: Activities & Modality  Surveys  Self assessment  Self explorations  Illustrations EL  Online weekly assignments PT  Clarification sessions  Peer reviews N  Outcomes Expected  One realizes the relevance of happiness in one’s life  The science behind happiness leads to …  Conviction in the practices of happiness  One learns to focus not only on one’s own happiness EL but the happiness of others  One learns to put happiness lessons to practice in PT one’s workplace N  Relevance of the course Overview Modalities EL Outcome and use in one’s own life PT N  References will be shared from the next session onwards along with drive containing relevant documents and links EL PT N N PT EL  EL Prof. Priyadarshi Patnaik PT Department of Humanities and Social Sciences & N Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 02 – Can We Define Happiness?  How do people define happiness? Insights into their range EL How do countries define happiness? Key insights about how happiness is PT defined A quick look at other related concepts N  Culture Definitions EL Happiness Language PT N Defining happiness: the linguistic issue When you think of Happiness – which words come to your mind? EL What do you mean by happiness? PT When you think in your own languages – the N words that pop up?  EL PT N Some student responses in earlier classes N PT EL N PT EL  Defining happiness: the linguistic issue Khusi Anand EL Sukh Santosh Based on a survey of more than 600 students at IITKGP by Maja PT R R Behera, Chandan and P Patnaik, 2018. N  Types of: Self vs other driven Short vs long term Physical vs mental Pleasure vs. meaning Peak vs. non-peak EL Within vs outside PT N  Terms for Happiness in Ancient Indian Texts EL PT N Copyright 2019@ Priyadarshi Patnaik & Rashmi Ranjan Behera: Unpublished paper on Defining Happiness – Not the be reproduced or used without permission of team  1. Pursuit of a sense of equilibrium 2. Less emphasis of peak experience 3. Focus on long term happiness EL 4. Absence of the element of luck in the context of happiness PT 5. A holistic approach to mind and body N Behera, R. R, C Maity & P Patnaik. ‘Linguistic and Cultural Exploration of Indian Concept of Happiness.’ Handbook of Happiness. Ed. S. Chetri et al. (Springer, under publication) World view – how you define happiness  Insights Long – short Intensity – less or more Origin – body – body / body – mind / mind – mind EL Sum of + and –  Sum total of moments Hierarchy PT Kinds  Relation to life and death  Desire Features N  Cognitive vs. emotive Duration Intensity  Standard definitions Sum total  Cultural definitions– variations Hierarchy  Western vs Indic differences Types of Location Definitions across the world Most universal concepts are not universal Perhaps the quest is universal, hence we call them universal concepts EL God, meaning of life, happiness, beauty… They are created through culture, experience, coloured lenses that PT we wear… N So let us have a look: Source: Google images  EL PT Oishi, Shigehiro, Jesse Graham, Selin Kesebir, and Iolanda Costa Galinha. 2012. Concepts of Happiness Across Time and Cultures. Personality and Social N Psychology Bulletin, 39(5): 559–577. N PT EL In certain countries: enjoyment of desirable goods, entertainment and pleasure in life; in For some, the agent of happiness other words, physical satisfaction or the hedonistic approach is outside, and it is not dominates. Happiness is also believed to be a function of fortune or determined by our efforts at good luck. happiness only, but more by The external, the material, the experiential and the short term play a external factors. dominant role here. For others, happiness is more about EL getting opportunities in life, successful In certain other countries it is associated and flourishing. with spirituality. For such countries, PT happiness is bliss in the protection of Almighty and about a contented life. Restraint, contentedness, and a certain N element of collectivism dominate here. Environment, habitat, it is about achieving a state of culture, attitude to equilibrium, and the pursuit is long term. life, history and memory Copyright 2019@ Priyadarshi Patnaik & Rashmi Ranjan Behera: Accepted for Publication in … Formal definitions a state of well-being and contentment a pleasurable or satisfying experience obsolete : good fortune EL Syn: PT beatitude, blessedness, bliss, blissfulness, felicity, gladness, joy, warm fuzzies N Meriam-Webster Dictionary Definitions "what I experience here and now“ Daniel Khaneman “overall appreciation of one's life as-a-whole” Ruut Venhooven EL “the experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that one's life is good, meaningful, and PT worthwhile” Sonja Lyubomirsky N Key dimensions: Summing up Affective (emotional) Cognitive (mental) EL Positive Contentment (low intensity) PT Joy (intense) Long or short in duration N Related concepts: Life satisfaction Subjective wellbeing Eudemonia Flourishing Wellbeing  How is happiness defined What are its key features The cultural and linguistic perspective Other related concepts EL PT N  Behera, R. R, C Maity & P Patnaik. ‘Linguistic and Cultural Exploration of Indian Concept of Happiness.’ Handbook of Happiness. Ed. S. Chetri et al. (Springer, under publication) Hiriyana, Mysore. Indian Conception of Values. Mysore: Kavyalaya Publishers, 1975. Oishi, Shigehiro, Jesse Graham, Selin Kesebir, and Iolanda Costa Galinha. 2012. Concepts of Happiness Across Time and Cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(5): 559–577. EL Wierzbicka, Anna. 2004. 'Happiness' in Cross-Linguistic & Cross-Cultural Perspective.’ Daedalus, 133 (2): 34-43. Williams, Monier. M. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and PT Philologically Arranged with special reference to Cognate Indo- European Languages. London: Oxford University Press, 1899. N N PT EL  EL Prof. Priyadarshi Patnaik PT Department of Humanities and Social Sciences & N Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 03 –Happiness & Wellbeing: Do Cultures and Environments Call the Shorts!  Key concepts revisited Culture, language and happiness EL Environment and happiness Summing up PT N  Culture Language EL Environment PT N  Recap Long – short EL Intensity – less or more Origin – body – body / body – mind / mind PT – mind ►Sum total of moments Sum of + and – Features ►Relation to life and death Duration N Hierarchy ►Desire Kinds Intensity ►Cognitive vs. emotive Sum total ►Standard defs Hierarchy ►Cultural defs – variations Types of Location ►Western vs indic A relevant question? Is there anything common among various approaches to happiness in different languages, culture and religions? EL PT N The word and the world All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. (Dharmapada, Max Muller Translation) EL Language represents the world PT Since all languages are not the same … Eskimo example of snow N Happiness, as defined, must have cultural differences What are they? What do they tell us about happiness? Tim Limas  EL PT N fundamental dimension of well-being, which is primarily—if not exclusively—experienced through feelings, influenced by relationships, and cultivated through personal development. Lomas, Tim  EL PT N Another approach to understanding happiness: Driven by feelings To build relationships In order to evolve and develop N PT EL Nature as environment Sarpa satra: Parikshit – Janmajay Takshaka – Astika EL Khandava destruction PT Meditative practices N Mendicants in the forest Forest exile Mahabharata and Ramayana  EL PT N Arun Kolatkar. Sarpa Satra  What is environment Spatial environment EL Temporal environment Components of environment PT Are you happy? – different environments N Environment vs context Case studies and key findings Why is nature so closely linked to happiness and wellbeing? Environmental change matters EL to us PT N World happiness report 2020 Biophillia: Evolutionary perspective Stress reduction, positive emotions, cognitive restoration and self regulation EL Indirect effect – exercise and interaction Free of environmental stressors – pollutants PT N Sanatoriums – Meghe Dhaka Tara Patients (Ulrich 1984) Saki’s tale Global findings across countries EL PT N World happiness report 2020 Mapppiness study: Hedonic happiness Outdoor – green and blue spaces Natural habitat EL Balanced over extreme places Unbroken sunshine PT Coasts, mountains, canals, tree covers – scenic N Also aesthetics of built environment  EL PT N World happiness report 2020 Genes vs environment Genes and environment play important roles for happiness and wellbeing EL Not all aspects of health related to wellbeing PT N Urban environment Green zones (joyful) Business services (joyful) EL Community layout (satisfied) Aesthetics (satisfied) PT Transport services (satisfied, joyful) N Social service (satisfied, joyful) Personality, environment and happiness EL PT N Marital status Education Income Gender – through social support (males don’t live longer) Extraversion – mediated by social support  Culture defines happiness Environment also influences happiness However, through culture and environment each one has her choice EL Next: Happiness – philosophical perspectives & cause and effects PT N  Chen, C & H Zhang. Do you live happily? Exploring the Impact of Physical Environment on Residents’ Sense of Happiness. Conf. Ser.: Earth Eiviron. Sci. 2018. Helliwell, John et al. World Happiness Report. 2020. Kolatkar, Arun. Collected Poems in English. Bloodaxe Books, 2010 Lomas, Tim. Translating Happiness. The MIT Press, 2018. EL Lu, Luo et al. Personal and environmental correlates of happiness. Personality and Individual Difference. Sept. 1997. Roysamb, E et al. Happiness and health: environmental and genetic PT contributions to the relationship between subjective well-being, perceived health, and somatic illness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Dec. 2003. N N PT EL  EL Prof. Priyadarshi Patnaik PT Department of Humanities and Social Sciences & N Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 04 – ‘Doing Happiness’ – Philosophical and existential questions, and responses  Recap Thinking life and happiness EL Practicing and happiness General insights PT N  Philosophy Spirituality EL Existence Happiness PT N Doing happiness Nachiketa Arjuna EL Zarathustra Thoreau PT Gandhi N Recap: elements of happiness…culturally Feelings Relationships Developments Positive feelings Love Character Ambivalent feelings Pro-sociality Spirituality EL Bliss contentment, Transcendent, Skill, virtue, euphoria, cosiness / nonpersonal, romantic, understanding, self- sensitivity, anticipation, caring / determination / PT longing, pathos Interaction, community, The sacred, socializing, morals transcendence, contemplation N sunyata eros philia vipasana agapa Wabi-sabi moksa nirvana  Panchamoahkosa Hierarchy of needs EL PT N https://i1.wp.com/www.theayurveda.org/wp- https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.dc1ca4a86f00527b4c365be91623e0d6?rik=JN69Vv content/uploads/2016/09/Panchakosha.jpg?fit=800%2C582&ssl=1 XgnDccZw&riu=http%3a%2f%2fsites.psu.edu%2frclerin%2fwp- content%2fuploads%2fsites%2f17217%2f2015%2f04%2fmaslow.jpg&ehk=gHwft OqyQTM57Ely1feldyDpy7GYW8UQZGs8Q1LOU1g%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0 Philosophical perspectives: Thinking happiness Lao zi & Daoism: Take a walk in a park. Watch a sunset. Inhale fresh air. Read some haiku. Be one with nature Harmony with nature. Wu wei. Non-interference, non-action, following the EL natural course of the universe. Surrender to the eternal forces of nature. ‘A good traveller has no fixed plans, and is not intent on arriving.” Simplicity, empathy. Aristotle: Search for factors that to ‘good life’ – eudemonia PT Siddhartha and Buddhism: Middle path, detachment, indifference to pleasure and pain. N Life is full of suffering. Desire is the cause of suffering. Cessation of desire, end of suffering. Suffering can end through the 8-fold paths. Nirvana, Sunyata.  Hildergard of Bingen: Music and good life. Enthusiasm. Doing that which makes on ecstatic. Flow? Albert Camus: Existentialism: No God. No ideals. Nothing permanent. Hope is a life. No heaven, dao or moksha. Death is oblivion. EL But a good life is possible. Admit death, accept life with the absurd. Living life in its fullness! Charvaka? PT Alain de Botton & EI: Do we give ourselves too much importance? Do we have too many expectations? Are N we, thus unhappy? Unhappiness at work, in relationships. Ordinary lives, with emotional intelligence. Know your needs. Communicate with empathy. Different religions and happiness Islamic definition: From Islamic perspective, the happiness is not merely a temporary state of joy and delight; rather it's is a lifelong process aiming primarily at bringing eternal happiness, peace of mind, tranquility of heart, contentment in this world and everlasting bliss in the Hereafter EL Christian definition: Happiness which Christ promises exceeds the PT limits of our imagination. It is incon ceivable and incomprehensible to those living on earth.... It is the most supreme happiness, absolutely perfect and complete which no one has ever known. N A Christian has to achieve in his life something more than the worldly aims. Hindu definition: Ānanda (Sanskrit: आनन्द) literally means bliss or happiness. In the Hindu Vedas, Upanishads and Bhagavad gita, ānanda signifies eternal bliss which accompanies the ending of the rebirth cycle. Different religions and happiness Buddhist definition: According to Buddhist thinking, happiness and sorrow are our own responsibility – and completely within our control.... "If we train our mind properly, happiness will be the result." Jaina definition: Souls’ ignorance of knowing self as a Body is the cause of all unhappiness. Knowing the self as a Soul different from the body is the beginning of the EL journey of eternal happiness. Soul attracts Karmas by attachment or hatred towards others, things or situations, and can get liberated from Karmas by two means: 1) Knowing the self as a Soul (first and necessary condition) 2) The desire-less PT equanimity in all the situations. Daoist definition: The Daoist philosopher Zhuangzi proposes N that happiness is nothing but wuwei (no contrived action) that is, using one's natural abilities and intuition to flow with one's environment. Judaist definition: There is no happiness in the world of material things; there is only happiness in spiritual concerns. The one who enjoys a rich spiritual life is happy. There is no other kind of happiness in existence.  Lokayata/Charvaka: The good is strictly associated with pleasure. One’s ethical obligation is towards maximizing one’s pleasure. Scientific orientation. Scientific materialism. Hedonism: Babylonia: Gilgamish: Fill your belly. Day and night make merry. Let days be full of joy. Dance and make music day and night.... These things alone are the concern of men. Greek: EL Democritus, Cyrene. Epicure/ Epicuranism: the highest pleasure (tranquility and freedom from fear) was obtained by knowledge, friendship and PT living a virtuous and temperate life. Utilitarianism: Bentham/Mill: the consequences of any action N are the only standard of right and wrong – maximization of happiness and wellbeing for all individuals. “Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose EL one’s own way.” PT ― Viktor E. Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning N Summary: schema (isms and orientations) Search Meaning Permanence / impermanence EL Transcendence / here and now PT Stability / solution / resolution A life that is meaningful and ‘happy’ (in spite of all its N challenges)  Quest for meaning is universal Often the search involves search for immortality EL Across traditions and time – this involves searching for oneself – ‘doing happiness’ PT Similar patterns exist – finally it is about taking a stand in life and this defines who you N are…  References and links to images and sources are given in the relevant slides. EL PT N N PT EL  EL Prof. Priyadarshi Patnaik PT Department of Humanities and Social Sciences & N Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 05 – Happiness Antecedents and Implications  Happiness vs. Wellbeing Why are we unhappy and how do we know it? EL Why are we happy? What happens when we are happy? PT N  Cause EL Happiness Implications PT Wellbeing N  Happiness / Wellbeing ▪ Happiness is a state of well-being and ▪ Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable, contentment healthy, or happy. ▪ Happiness is that feeling that comes over ▪ Well-being definition is - the state of being you when you know life is good and you happy, healthy, or prosperous. EL can't help but smile. ▪ In simple terms, well-being can be described as ▪ Happiness, bliss, contentment, felicity judging life positively and feeling good. PT imply an active or passive state of pleasure or pleasurable satisfaction. ▪ Well-being is the experience of health, ▪ Happiness, as we described above, is a happiness, and prosperity. N state characterized by feelings of ▪ refers to what is contentment and satisfaction with one's life or current situation. intrinsically valuable relative to someone. Happiness / Wellbeing Hedonic ▪ Eudemonic Emotion driven ▪ Reason driven State of mind ▪ State of mind / evaluation EL ▪ Objective Subjective ▪ Formal PT Informal ▪ Meaning Pleasure ▪ Mental, physical and N Mostly mental material Irrational ▪ Rational (sic) May be non-evaluative ▪ Evaluative  Why this struggle with happiness: why unhappy? Our survival emotions are ‘unhappy’ EL We’re all born with a genetically- determined PT “set point” for happiness N Happiness is a life-long trait. “Hedonic adaptation”: We adapt to all things positive / also negative. FROM: (1) Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. (2) Lyubomirsky, S. (2011). Hedonic adaptation to positive and negative experiences. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 200-224). New York: Oxford University Press. Yet: the silver lining Despite the finding that our happiness is partially genetically influenced and despite the finding that our life situations have a surprisingly small impact on how happy we are, still a very large EL portion of happiness – up to 40% – is in our power to change. PT We search for happiness / the ultimate WANT or DESIRE N We TRY to CHANGE FROM: (1) Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. (2) Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. New York: Penguin Press. Increase Happiness: Strategies that have worked Expressing gratitude and appreciation Committing to significant life goals EL Practicing acts of kindness Practicing your religion Coping well with adversity Meditating regularly PT Nurturing optimistic thinking And engaging in physical Learning to forgive activity or exercise N Savoring the moment Investing in relationships FROM: Lyubomirsky (2001); Diener et al. (1999); Myers (2000), Diener & Lucas (1999), Argyle (1999) Happiness interventions that work! Over the course of 1-3 months, volunteers are asked to do the following on a regular basis: EL Commit acts of kindness Affirm their most important values Count their blessings Savor and replay happy days PT Live their life like it’s their “last month” Make someone else happier N Write gratitude letters Visualize their best possible future FOR RECENT REVIEWS, SEE: (1) Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). How do positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 57-62. (2) Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (in press). The how, why, what, when, and who of happiness. In J. Gruber & J. Moscowitz (Eds.), Positive emotion: Integrating the light and dark sides. New York: Oxford University Press. An Exercise: Three Good Things / Blessings Buddhist tradition Redirecting attention towards positive thoughts and away EL from negative thoughts Transforming instinctive and survival orientation PT N Think of a good thing Write it down Reflect on why it happened Identifying unhappiness: Key points Smiles (Indirect) Socialization (Indirect) Crying (Indirect) EL Sleep (Indirect) People avoiding socialization (Indirect) PT Behaviour / body language (Indirect) Isolation, frustration, lack of eye contact, avoidance, lack of self confidence Addiction N Negative emotions, lack of self care, food, etc. Lack of energy and motivation (indirect) Formal surveys, counselling cells, mechanisms (direct) Mess record, class attendance, etc (context specific, Indirect) Solutions Interaction with loved ones Distraction from problem Inclusion Confidence building/boosting Listening Self care / self love EL Temporary materialistic distraction Formal happiness courses Case history (formal) Family level interaction (recommend) PT Counselling/talking Focus on the other than on the self (formal/informal) Problem solving Emotional support Support group (formal) N Insights If we care for the other, we can always find out by direct or indirect means, if the person is happy or unhappy EL If we care enough, we can make a change Network theories suggest emotions are contagious (chilli experiment) PT If we formalize, if we do things collectively, we can make a difference Do we wish to do so? N Why? Does it make us feel happy? Meaningful? Both? Studies on the benefits of happiness Happy people… Work: Are more productive at work and more creative Earning: Make more money and have superior jobs Leadership: Are better leaders and negotiators EL Relationship: Are more likely to marry and to have fulfilling marriages, and less likely to divorce PT Networking: Have more friends and social support Health: Have stronger immune systems, are physically healthier, and even live N longer Pro-sociality: Are more helpful and philanthropic Resilience: Show more resilience to stress and trauma FROM: Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.  Physical health Findings related to disease, accident, old age, all show that happier people, other things remaining the same, live longer. EL Happier people are more resistant to cold Handwritten autobiographies from180 catholic nuns, composed when PT they were 22 years, scored for emotional content and related to survival during ages 75-95. Inverse association between positive emotional N content in these writings and the risk of mortality in late life. Positive emotional content was associated with longevity 6 decades later (Danner et al, 2001, JPSP, 804-813) FROM: Deeg & van Zonneveld, 1989; Kubzansky & Thurston, 2007; Davidson et al., 2010; Hamilton, 1996; Kirkcaldy & Furnham, 2008; Ostir et al., 2001; Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2004; Krause et al., 1997; Xu & Roberts, 2010; Lacruz et al., 2011  Work performance STEP 1: Measure how happy employees are (mostly male, avg 45 years, on job 17 years) Those in happy mood are more creative than those in neutral mood. STEP 2: 3.5 years later, their department managers rate them on overall work EL performance and on these dimensions: But too happy and excited is detrimental to ▪ Offers useful ideas focus and good work. PT ▪ Has high goals for performance ▪ Pays attention to my instructions & feedback N ▪ Works well with others RESULTS: Happier employees are rated by FROM: Estrada, C., Isen, A. supervisors as superior on all dimensions. M., & Young, M. J. (1994). Positive affect improves creative problem solving FROM: Wright, T. A., & Staw, B. M. (1999). Affect and and reported source of favorable work outcomes: Two longitudinal tests of the practice satisfaction in happy-productive worker thesis. Journal of Organizational physicians. Motivation and Behavior, 20, 1-23. Emotion, 18, 285-299. Happy people… Are physically healthier - Accomplish more EL Offer creative ideas - creativity PT Help their colleagues - relationship Garner social support - networking N  Happiness & wellbeing Unhappiness and its implications Antecedents and consequences of happiness EL PT N  Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J. (1994). Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and emotion, 18(4), 285-299. Lyubomirsky, S. (2011). Hedonic adaptation to positive and negative experiences. Oxford University Press. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?. Psychological bulletin, 131(6), 803. Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of EL sustainable change. Review of general psychology, 9(2), 111-131. Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being?. Current directions in psychological science, 22(1), 57-62. Wright, T. A., & Staw, B. M. (1999). Affect and favorable work outcomes: Two longitudinal tests of the PT happy–productive worker thesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 20(1), 1-23. N Special Thanks to Prof. Damodar Suar, former Head and Professor, Department of HSS and Rekhi Centre for some of his ideas and slide points. N PT EL