Concepts of Radiology Science PDF

CONCEPTS OF RADIOLOGY SCIENCE MIDTERMS LEC5 MATTER RADIATION - An energy that is emitted or transmitted by waves through space or a - Anything...

CONCEPTS OF RADIOLOGY SCIENCE MIDTERMS LEC5 MATTER RADIATION - An energy that is emitted or transmitted by waves through space or a - Anything that occupies space and has medium. mass or weight. - Made up of the smallest particle known as Atom NON-IONIZING Matter can exist in three different states: Visible Light - Solid – has definite shape and form Infrared - Liquid – follow the shape of its Microwave container - Gas IONIZING Electromagnetic Particulate ELEMENT PARTICULATE - Is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its Alpha atomic number. Beta - Today, 112 elements have been identified; 92 are naturally occurring and 20 have been artificially produced by particle accelerators. Man made COMPOUND - Composed of two or more - Other 1% elements. - Consumer products 3% - Nuclear medicine 4% ATOM - Smallest unit of matter. Or building - Medical x-rays 11% block of matter Natural resources ENERGY - The ability to do work. Cannot be created nor destroyed. - Cosmic rays from space 8% - Rocks and soil 8% POTENTIAL ENERGY - The ability to do work by - Inside human body 11% virtue of position. INTERNAL KINETIC ENERGY - The energy of motion. Potassium 40 Carbon 14 CHEMICAL ENERGY - Is the energy released by Strontium 90 way of chemical reaction. - Radon 55% (biggest natural source of ELECTRICAL ENERGY radiation) THERMAL ENERGY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CONCEPTS OF RADIOLOGY SCIENCE MIDTERMS LEC5  Gustav Bucky – Stationary and Moving Grids. 1913  Not developed or invented. It was  H. Potter – Moving Grid. 1915 discovered.  Potter-Bucky Grid – 1921  Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen  Diagnostic ultrasound and Gamma camera – 1960s  November 8, 1895  PET and CT scan – 1970s  Crookes tube ( cathode ray tube)–  MRI – 1980s William Crookes  ‘X’- Unknown  Anna Bertha Ludwig – first radiograph  SKIN BURNS  1901 – first Nobel Prize in Physics  HAIR LOSS  ANEMIA AND LEUKEMIA  TO BOTH PT AND DOCTOR 2 TYPES OF X-RAY EXAMINATIONS: - RADIOGRAPHY – FIXED IMAGES - FLUOROSCOPY – REAL TIME IMAGING  Always practice ALARA  To provide an x-ray beam that is  Primary radiation protection devices: satisfactory for imaging, you must supply the x-ray tube with a high o Filtration voltage and a sufficient electric o Collimation current. o Intensifying Screen  X-ray Voltages are measured in o Protective Apparels kilovolt peak (kVp) and X-ray o Gonadal Shield Currents in milliampere (mA). o Protective Barriers  Michael Pupin – Radiographic Intensifying screen. 1896  Charles L. Leonard - Double emulsion Radiography.  THOMAS EDISON – o TIME Fluoroscope.1898 o DISTANCE  CLARENCE DALLY - 1st American o SHIELDING radiation induced fatality.1904  William Rollins - 1st application of collimation and filtration.  H.C. SNOOKS – Electrical supply.1907  WILLIAM COOLIDGE – Hot Cathode ray tube. 1913 CONCEPTS OF RADIOLOGY SCIENCE MIDTERMS LEC5 1. Understand and apply the cardinal principles of radiation control; time, distance, and shielding. 2. Do not allow familiarity to result in false security. 3. Never stand in the primary beam. 4. Always wear a protective apparel when not behind a protective barrier. 5. Always wear an occupational radiation monitor and position it outside the protective apron at the collar. 6. Never hold a patient during radiographic examination. Use mechanical restraining devices when possible. Otherwise have parents or friends hold the patient. 7. The person who is holding the patient must always wear a protective apron and if possible protective gloves. 8. Use gonadal shields on all people of childbearing age when such use will not interfere with the examination. 9. Examination of the pelvis and lower abdomen of a pregnant patient should be avoided whenever possible, especially during the first trimester. 10. Always collimate to the smallest field size appropriate for the examination.