Tourism Transportation PDF

CHAPTER 1 COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Transportation has become a very significant element in the development of the tourism industry. Transportation systems consist of the following Transportation...

CHAPTER 1 COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Transportation has become a very significant element in the development of the tourism industry. Transportation systems consist of the following Transportation Surface. Surface transportations include -pertains to the activity of transferring goods or land and water transport. people from one point to another destination. -It clearly explains that it does not exclusively Land transport grew rapidly with an increase in deliver goods but also people, which reveals the rental cars and motorcoaches, as well as the connection between transportation and tourism ownership of automobiles. This type of transport - played a significant role in the travel and tourism provides easy access to the visitor attractions. industry as one of the major operating sectors. Water transport's smooth sailing lies in the wind, Different modes of transportation used in the but with the advent of steam power, it made water industry transport far better. Land Transportation Air. has tremendously contributed to the Water Transportation growth of domestic and international Air Transportation tourism because it decreases the travel time of the tourists. Importance of Transportation in Tourism ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Transportation is an integral component of the According to Sharpley (2006), these elements tourism industry that carries tourists to their desired contribute to the system of these different modes of tourism destination. Badan and Bhatt (2007) transport. identified reasons transportation is vital in the tourism and travel industry: The Way It can be classified as open like air and sea travel, Tourism Implies Movement it is free and does not have any cost According to Dileep (2019), "the way" can be artificial or natural Tourism is defined by World Tourism Organization media. Roads and railways are examples of (UNWTO) as "activities of person traveling to and artificial media, while airways and sea routes are staying in places outside their usual environment natural media. for not more than one thertecutive year for leisure, The Vehicles business, and other purposes." They serve as media or units that carry people to their destination. They can be an aircraft, trains, Transportation services such as air and rail ships, or motor coaches. This element is also tickets, car rental, motor coaches, and Jerry called the "carrying unit," which is the most services are among the principal products of the essential element of the transport system (Dileep, travel Industry. 2019). Transport is a Product of the Travel Terminal industry It is a built structure that provides passengers with The Quality of Transport is important in smooth transfers from and to major modes of Travel and Business transportation such as airlines, buses, and ferries. According to Rodrigue and Slack (n.d), a terminal Transportation service quality is a significant may also be considered a point of interchange factor in the tourist experience. Poor transport within that same mode of transport. service quality can negatively affect the vacation According to Badan and Bhatt (2007), the terminal experience of the tourists, while high transport performs two functions: service quality could lead to a satisfactory tourist experience. 1. Facilitate transfer or interchange between modes 2. Consolidate traffic Control and Communication Systems These systems are ways to ensure the safety of 1. General Passenger Transport the passengers by monitoring the take-off and This type of transport is mainly for the general landing of the aircraft. traveler and not just specifically designed to meet Through control systems, arrival and departure or the needs of the tourists. even delays can be monitored. 2. Dedicated Tourist Transport This type of transport is frequently included in tour Management and Staff packages. Commonly used are coaches that are With these various modes of transportation, it is chartered for a particular purpose. noticeable that a number of staff are required for 3. Experiential Tourist Transport effective management. This transport service creates an extraordinary tourist experience. For instance, riding a kalesa in CHAPTER 2 Intramuros of Vigan can contribute to an ideal intramuros Tour or Vigan Tour. Transportation does not simply move products; it 4. Luxury Tourist Transport also carries individuals and conveys them to their Designed to offer high-quality service and a preferred destination. This movement of people, comfortable travel experience. Tourists who often otherwise known as passenger transportation take this type of transport are more likely those (Bardi et al., 2006), regardless of the mode of who seek comfort while traveling. transportation, whether by air, land, or water, is a 5. Recreational Transport vital life force of the tourism industry (Cook et al., This transport service is generally used for tourism, 2010). such as hop-on and hop-off buses, safari vehicles, and ban. This type of transport attracts tourists who Transportation, as a primary tourist service, is are seeking a non-traditional and fun transport likewise one of the most utilized services in the experience. travel and tourism industry. According to Dileep 6. Multipurpose Tourist Transport (2019), the several factors that set tourist This type of tourist transport includes motorhomes, transport apart from other passenger transport KV trailers, campervans, and "rotels" Rotels or sectors are the following: rolling hotels, are in vogue right now. Seasonality Factors Influencing Tourism Transport Price Elasticity Selection Highly Capital-Intensive 1. Distance- This is one of the major Categories of Tourism Transport considerations in choosing the best available mode of transport. The location of According to Rodrigue (n.d.), tourism transport the destination influences the tourist choice in can be categorized into: selecting a transport service. 2. Schedule- This refers to the transport departure Independent means of travel refers to tourists and arrival time at the destination. who Individually book their trips usually by land 3. Frequency-Tourists often look for transportation transport through private car rentals. It also counts with higher frequency because this gives them the bookings made by an individual on any of the mass convenience of not waiting too long for the next transportation such as rail ferries, cruises, and available departure. scheduled flights. Mass travel is an organized group tour, this 4. Availability-Tourist transport availability particular category uses chartered coaches and provides travelers an opportunity to choose. The flights for a specific purpose. more tourist transport available in accessing the destination, the Types of Tourism Transport better, it will give tourists a chance to choose which best to utilize according to their needs. Transportation as a vital tourism service plays a 5. Speed-With a tourist's limited vacation time, primary role in realizing tourists or travelers need to speed becomes one of the most essential reach their preferred destination. considerations in choosing transportation 6. Safety and Security- A safer and more secure SEVERAL TYPES OF TOURIST TRANSPORT mode of transport is often the priority for tourists in visiting their desired destination and traveling as activities that involve flying for business, within the destination remuneration, or hire. 7. Convenience-A hassle-free vacation is the most sought-after experience for urist. Transport Military Aviation services offering convenience to passengers are Military aviation involves using military aircraft and frequently selected Ungur other flying machines. It is usually done for national 8. Experience-Tourists are oftentimes enticed to security, warfare, logistics deployment to military choose tourist transport personnel, and other military purposes. It may services that create an exceptional travel include carrying civilian passengers who need to opportunity. be evacuated or repatriated. 9. Route-This is another factor that influences tourists' decisions in selecting the best transport to History of Aviation use. Often, the tourist choices are flights and their layover. Aviation history can be divided into two categories. One is lighter-than-air development aircraft, and Other considerations in selecting tourism another is heavier-than-air development aircraft. transport. There are several significant events that helped shape the aviation world as it is today through 1. Cost-The fare or cost of transport services these two categories. generally affects the decision of the tourist in choosing which service to avail of. First successful hot air balloon was created by the 2. Status and Prestige Transport services are French brothers, Joseph Michel and sometimes influential in deciding which service to Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier. The flight in choose from. This is due to the increased status November 1783 took to the air science teacher and prestige given to the passenger availing of the Jean-Francois Pilâtre de Rozier and the Marquis service. d'Arlandes, Francois Laurent (The Montgolfier Brothers' Balloon, n.d.). CHAPTER 3 AIR TRANSPORTATION Philippine airspace, the first flight was on a hot air AIR TRANSPORTATION balloon flown by Portuguese acrobat C. F. Marquez who performed during a carnival Air transport is a late bloomer, as it was only in the exhibition in Manila on April 4, 1909. early 1900s that the Wright brothers made the first successful flight in the history of the airplane as we Hot air balloons are used for countryside know it today. sightseeing tours in places like Cappadocia, Turkey and Serengeti, Tanzania. Aviation Airship is a rigid cigar shaped aircraft with The word aviation is a general term that originated propellers. In the article of Freudenrich (n.d.), from the French word "a meaning bird (Aviation, Henri Giffard built the first successful airship in n.d.). The researched meaning of aviation is a 1852. The more popular airship, the Zeppelin, was noun that means the design, development, designed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in production, operation, and use of aircraft, 1900. It had a rigid metal framework and used especially heavier than an aircraft. hydrogen gas. General Aviation Henri Giffard built the first successful airship in The International Civil Aviation Organization (2009) 1852. defines general aviation as "all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and The Zeppelins were used for both military and non-scheduled air transport operations for commercial purposes. The most famous among remuneration or hire." the Zeppelins was the Hindenburg, which carried passengers across the North Atlantic (The Editors Commercial Aviation of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019). Though commercial aviation is part of general aviation, commercial aviation can be differentiated Wilbur and Orville Wright, better known as the history as the first cross-country flight in the Wright brothers. Philippines. Though Leonard Da Vinci is well known for his artistic paintings such as the Mona Lisa and the Gagaban - The first Filipino passenger was, an Last Supper, his other works have influenced Igorot chieftain flown over Luneta Park (now Rizal aviation development. As a young boy, he was Park) by Lee Hammond on February 12, 1912. fascinated with flight and studied how birds fly (Williams, 2014). He sketched flying machines Cora Wong - a nurse from the Chinese General such as the ornithopters. Hospital, won a popularity contest whose prize was to fly with Tom Gunn on April 11, 1914. George Cayley- was able to fly his glider across a small valley, thus earning the privilege of being the It was late 1919 when the first airline was first successful airman. established in the Philippines. Major Joseph E. H. Stevenot and Alfred J. Croft incorporated Otto Lilienthal- studied the ideas of Sir Cayley of Philippine Airways Service, Inc. how birds fly as well. He built several gliders and flew almost 2,000 controlled flights with fixed- wing Philippine Airways Service, Inc. (PASI) crafts. November 1919 Major Joseph E. H. Stevenot Alfred J. Croft John Stringfellow- is another personality in aviation development. He was annEnglishman Philippine Air Service (PAS) known in the lace industry. Together with William July 1920 Henson, they designed the Aerial Steam Carriage The Philippine government in 1842 (Gray 2003). Philippine Airways, Inc. (PAI) Samuel Langley - designed and created pilotless November 1927 heavier-than-air crafts in aviation developments S.F. Aubrey, W. Briggman, Rafael Alunan, from the New World. A.B. Cresap, Crisanto Delos Reyes, Florentino Cairuz, and Alfred Croft Van Vleck - (2013) researched that the jet age - Was not able to operate; Later renamed as started with Pan Am flight 111. Philippine Airlines HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION Aviation Corporation of the Philippines (ACP) The Philippines is known for shipbuilding. The May 25, 1929 Department of Trade and Industry (2017) Fulgencio Borromeo, Clyde A. DeWitt, reported that Philippine-based shipbuilders have Juan M. Elizalde, Ramon Fernandez, exported ships since 1994. Carlos Fernandez, and Leopoldo Kalaw Rodrigue et al. (2013) wrote that the reason Aviation came to the Philippines as early as 1911, transportation exists is to remove the distance just eight years after the successful flight in created by space. Kittyhawk. And commercial aviation followed when the first mail service was delivered by Tom Gunn in Categories of Aircraft 1914. But aviation has gone a long way now. Aircraft or air transport vehicles can be Philippine Firsts categorized according to their size and how maneuverable they are. Based on the CFR-14 The following firsts were written in the book titled categorization, the 10 categories of aircraft are 100 years of Philippine Aviation (1909-2009): A acrobatic, commuter, experimental, light sport, focus on Airline Management by Dr. Avelino limited, normal, primary, restricted, transport, and Zapanta, a former president and chief operating utility. officer of Philippine Airlines (Zapanta, 2005). On February 27, 1911, James "Bud" C. Mars flew his red devil biplane 10 miles out of Manila. Different aircraft categories Though it seems a simple feat, it was recorded in 1. Acrobatic Airplanes. These are airplanes not From the commercial and passenger point-of-view, restricted by flight maneuvers, They have a airplanes are also differentiated by their types. maximum of passenger seats and do not weigh Archer and Syratt (2003) shared that the more than 12,500 pounds or approximately 5,700 publication Airline Guide has five types. Here is the kilograms. list including the code used in the airline industry: 2. Commuter Airplanes - Airplanes of this jet (1), propjet (T), propeller (P), helicopter (H), category are limited to have 19 or fewer and amphibian/seaplane (A). passengers and weigh no more than 19,000 pounds or 8,618 kilograms. They are multi-engine TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF A NETWORK and propeller-driven. MODEL 3. Experimental Airplanes - These aircraft may A point-to-point network is when an airline not have been fully proven in flight, hence the operates simple routes. Airlines focus on operating name experimental. They may be amateur-built or flights between the origin city to the destination. kit-built aircraft. They are sometimes unmanned or used for light sport. Hub and spoke. The bicycle wheel is an example of a spoke where the center of the wheel is the 4. Light Sport Aircraft - LSA is how some know hub. this airplane category. It is given a special airworthiness certificate for operations. Regulatory Bodies 5. Limited Airplanes Airplanes categorized as Global Industry Associations and limited are either modified or converted military Organizations aircraft, which is currently being used for civilian - serve as the intermediaries and purposes. These airplanes are usually military coordinators among the members airlines surplus planes. and countries (Zapanta, 2009). 6. Normal Aircraft - Airplanes categorized as International Air Transport Association normal airplanes have the same size as acrobatic planes, that is having a maximum weight of 12,500 - IATA is a very important organization in air pounds and nine or fewer passenger seats. transportation as well as in the tourism industry. IATA is a group organized by 57 7. Primary Airplanes - Airplanes in this category International airlines in 1945, and by 2020, are given special airworthiness certificates. They it has 290 member airlines, 480 strategic have to be built in compliance with the production partners, and 100,000 accredited travel certificate. and cargo agencies. 8. Restricted Airplanes- Restricted aircraft are International Civil Aviation Organization is a used for agriculture and other services such as United Nations specialized agency, established by surveying, weather control, and forest services UN member states in 1944 (About ICAO, n.d.). In 2020, there are 193 member states (or countries) 9. Transport Airplanes-Transport airplanes are that include the Philippines. It was created to yet another category of airplanes. These aircraft administer and govern the Convention on weigh more than 12,500 pounds and have more International Civil Aviation, also known as the than 10 passenger seats. Chicago Convention. 10. Utility Airplanes - The last in the aircraft The 2020 objectives indicated include the category list are the utility airplanes. These planes following: can also be used for aerobatics. These aircraft have a maximum of nine passengers plus pilot Safety seats. Air navigation capacity and efficiency Security and facilitation Economic development of air transport Environmental protection Types of Aircraft Global warming is mostly caused by air pollution Flag carriers - traditionally are government-owned and carbon dioxide emission. (Causes of Global airlines. Warming, 2018). Percival E. Fansler - he established the first Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) airline in 1914. His company was the St The Civil Aeronautics Board or CAB is a Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line. Philippine government agency with a mandate to ensure the economic well-being of air TRENDS PRIOR TO COVID19 transportation in the country (Civil Aeronautics 1. Travel Preference Board, n.d.). 2. Buying behavior 3. Use of Technology Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines 4. Personalization CAAP is another Philippine government agency for transportation. CAAP is tasked to secure the Trends in Air-Travel Post-Covid19 technical and operational aspects of the airline 1. Health Safety industry. 2. Digitalization 3. Travel Behavior Airlines - are the main movers in the aviation 4. Space Tourism - new niche tourism trend industry. that gives the traveler the experience of - company or an organization that provides being an astronaut. air transportation Airport is defined as a location or a place where Types of Air Carriers or Airlines passengers and cargo/freight gather for controlled 1. Domestic - operates within the country and scheduled dispersal. 2. Regional - operate within a geographical region. PARTS OF AIRPORT 3. International - are different from regional 1. Runway - strip of a heavily paved area airlines in the distance they travel. where airplanes use for take-off and Typically, travel to destinations with more landing. than 7 hours of flying time. - basic component of any airport. 2. Taxiway - It is what connects the runways Classification of Commercial Airlines to the other airport components such as 1. Legacy or heritage or full-service airlines the passenger terminal, apron, or parking 2. Low-cost airlines 3. Apron - the area when airplanes park in 3. Air taxi front of the terminal. 4. Boutique airlines - where airplanes can load and unload passengers and cargo. Legacy or Heritage or Full-Service Airlines - 4. Hangars - are connected to taxiways for often used for airlines that started the commercial easy access for airplanes. airline industries. 5. Control tower - is where air traffic -airlines with international scheduled service. -more controllers monitor and control the landing traditional or old-school strategies. and take-off of aircraft within its zone. 6. Parking - is important for airports. This is Low-cost airlines- are more often known as the area where airport personnel leave low-cost carriers (LCCs). Some call them budget their cars while they do their day's work airlines. 7. Terminal building - is the first point of contact in the destination. Boutique airlines - are not low-cost carriers but are often mistaken as such. Most boutique carriers Departure area/level - is where passengers' travel use small airplanes, giving the impression of being documents are processed. low-cost. Arrival area/level - is where passengers claim Point-to-point carriers - are airlines that only their checked-in baggage and go through Customs service passengers from the origin city to the if needed. registered destination  Non-aeronautical revenue- is charged for Passenger Activity in the Airport activities and services outside aeronautical activities. At the Departure Level or Area - the check-in area where passengers Parking- in the Philippines can be a big business. present themselves and their proof of reservations Pre-departure area - is the area allocated for passengers to wait for the boarding of their flight. Airport Activities for Airport Personnel Ground staff or Ground Personnel- working on the landside operations. At Check-in Around the Terminal At the departure gate Upon Arrival Parking the Aircraft Maintenance Checks Cargo Loading/Unloading Aircraft marshals - guide the airplane to park in the proper position. Aircraft mechanics or engineers - ensure an airplane is airworthy and is fit to fly. Cargo - refers to both the passenger checked-in baggage and other freight. Cargo loading - is complicated. Weight and balance must be considered for the safety of the aircraft and passengers. Revenues for Airport 1. Aeronautical Revenues 2. Landing Fees 3. Fuel fees 4. Land lease and terminal rent 5. Non-aeronautical revenue 6. Parking 7. Retail concessions 8. Services Aeronautical revenues - are those fees and charges paid by airlines in connection with the operation of flights. Landing fees- are the most common fees airports collect from airlines. Land lease and terminal rent- can be classified as either aeronautical or non- aeronautical fees.