Philippine Revolution KKK 1896-1897 PDF

# Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK - a revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines through force of arms. - Main objective was separation of the Philippines from Spain and, at the same time, the development of the Filipinos...

# Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK - a revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines through force of arms. - Main objective was separation of the Philippines from Spain and, at the same time, the development of the Filipinos as citizens of their own nation once independence was achieved. - The latter was done through the written works by Bonifacio and fellow Katipunero, Emilio Jacinto, who wrote a number of poems and essays for the society members. ## The recruitment process of the Katipunan - followed the Masonic initiation rites while its structure was said to be based on Rial's aborted reformist organization, the La Liga Filipina. - The new members of the society were indoctrinated with the Katipunan rules and its teachings that emphasized the value of the love of one's country and fellow Filipinos. ## Emilio Jacinto - born on December 15, 1875 in the district of Trozo in Tondo, Manila. - joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age of 18 and took the symbolic name Pingkian. - wrote the Kartilya as well as the oath of the Katipuneros. - also edited the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan, and was the author of several literary writings using the pen-name Dimas Ilaw. - served the Katipunan in different capacities such as secretary, fiscal, editor, and later was appointed General by Bonifacio in 1897. - After the death of Bonifacio in Cavite in 1897, Jacinto continued the fight against the Spaniards even after the truce following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. ## Kartilya - The best known of all Katipunan texts. - The only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant. - Was printed as a small pamphlet that was distributed to the members of the Katipunan. - Term was derived from the Spanish cartilla which was the primer used for grade schools during the Spanish period. - This document served as the primary lessons for the members of the Katipunan. - Presents not only the teachings for the neophyte Katipunero but also the guiding principles of the society. - Expected from the members even after the attainment of freedom from the colonizers. - Importance today is predicated on the teachings that embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for independence. ## Speech of the President Corazon C. Aquino Before the Joint Session of the United States Congress: September 18, 1986 - The gradual downfall of the dictatorial regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos began with the assassination of his political rival, former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., on August 21, 1983 moments after the latter returned from exile in the United States. ## The Murder of Ninoy Aquino - Set in motion a series of events that destabilized the Marcos administration. - The Philippine economy began to falter amidst accusations of corruption by Marcos and his cronies. - Rumors continued to circulate that Marcos was sick - Following opinions by the U.S. government that he was losing the mandate of the Filipino people, Marcos announced on American and local television that he would hold a snap presidential election. - The opposition wanted to field their own candidates against Marcos but soon realized that they would not stand a chance against the dictator if they would not unite and choose a common candidate. - It was decided that Ninoy's widow, Corazon Aquino, would run as president with opposition leader, Salvador Laurel, as her running mate. ## The snap elections proved to be a farce. There was rampant cheating and violence that resulted in numerous casualties. - The Marcos' allies at the Batasang Pambansa declared him the winner of the election. - In protest, Aquino would form a nationwide boycott of products of businesses that supported Marcos. - Other anti-Marcos groups vowed to continue the protests. ## February 22 - Marcos' defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces of the Philippines Vice-Chief of Staff, Gen. Fidel Ramos announced their defection from the Marcos government. - Led to what is now known in our history as the four-day People Power Revolution where civilians faced tanks and soldiers to protect the soldiers and officers who defied the Marcos regime. - Marcos eventually was flown to Hawaii where he lived in exile and Aquino was sworn into office as President of the Philippines. ## People Power Revolution - Caught the imagination of the world. ## President Aquino - Began to lead a country that had been badly damaged economically by the Marcos regime. ## September 1986 - She went on a state visit to the United States where she spoke before the U.S. Congress to ask for financial aid to the Philippines and conferred with then President Ronald Reagan. - Also met with American businessmen to convince them to invest in the Philippines. - The nine-day visit was deemed a success by Filipino and American newsmen. ## Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino - Lived the life of a politician's wife, remaining in the background and raising their family of five children while her husband's career as a prominent opposition politician grew during the Marcos administration. - Stood by her husband when he was arrested and imprisoned for eight years (1972-1980) by President Marcos after marital law was declared in 1972. - Released to get medical treatment, Cory accompanied Ninoy to the United States where he lived in exile for three years. - Was thrust into the limelight when Ninoy was assassinated upon his return to the Philippines in 1983. - Became part of the growing opposition to the Marcos dictatorship which culminated in her presidential candidacy for a united opposition in the snap elections of 1986. - Challenged the results of the election by calling for a boycott of all industries of Marcos cronies. ## The four-day People Power Revolution in February 1986 ended the Marcos dictatorship and propelled Cory as the first Filipino woman president. ## The Cory administration became known for its restoration of Philippine democracy. - New constitution was written and a Congress was soon elected. - Aquino administration failed to enforce social and economic reform. - Problems of peace and order especially with the communist insurgency continued and it was not long before the government was also dealing with rightist elements in the military that led to several attempted coups. - Was succeeded to the presidency by her former Armed Forces Chief of Staff and Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos in 1992. ## The Speech - The invitation to speak before the joint session of the U.S. Congress was extended to President Aquino seven months after she assumed office. - Task of writing the speech was given to Cory's Executive Secretary Teodoro "Teddy Boy" Locsin, Jr. who, in an interview years later, admitted that he was unable to finish it in time for the occasion. - It was Cory who finished the draft and it was this speech that she delivered before the U.S. Congress. - Ran for half an hour and was interrupted by several applauses and ended with a standing ovation by both the senators and congressmen. ## Though this would be one of many speeches that Cory Aquino would deliver as President of the Philippines, it was this speech that gave credence to the People Power Revolution not only to the Americans but to the world--that change was possible through peaceful means. - When she finished her speech, Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole said to Mrs. Aquino, "Cory, you hit a home run." - Aquino smiled back and said, "I hope the bases were loaded." - Five hours later, the House of Representatives voted, 203 to 197, in favor of $200 million as emergency aid for the Philippines. ## First Cry of the Revolution - The Philippine Revolution of 1896 began with what later became known as the "First Cry" or the initial move of the Filipinos to begin the revolution for independence. - Did by tearing up their cedulas and proclaiming the start of the fight for independence. ## The event happened after the Katipunan was exposed on August 19, 1896 and the Spaniards began to crack down on suspected rebels. - The Katipunan Supremo Andres proceed to a designated meeting place outside the city to decide on their next move. ## The original plan was to start the revolution at the end of August but following the arrests of the Katipuneros. - Bonifacio found it wise to begin the revolution that day and attack Manila at the end of the month. In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in Balintawak where beginning in 1908, it was believed that the first cry occurred there on August 26. - The date and place of the event were later contradicted by different Katipunan personalities who claimed that they were there at the time. ## In 1963, the National Historical Commission (today's National Historical Commission of the Philippines [NHCP]) decided that, following extensive research of primary sources, the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 happened on August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin, now part of Project 8 in Quezon City. - The controversy, however, persists, with historians and other personalities (especially the descendants of the Katipunero witnesses) claiming that the official date and place are wrong. ## Dr. Pio Valenzuela's Account - The official date and place of the First Cry were largely based on the account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela, an official of the Katipunan and a friend of Andres Bonifacio, who was present during the event.. - His account was published as Memoirs of the K.K.K. and the Philippine Revolution (Manila, n.d.). ## The Account - The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak, the first five arriving there on August 19, and I, on August 20, 1896. - The first place where some 500 members of the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896 was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. - Aside from the persons mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. - Views were only exchanged and no resolution was debated or adopted. - It was at Pugad Lawin, in the house, store-house and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met and carried out considerable debate and discussion on August 23, 1896. - The discussion was whether or not the revolution against the Spanish government should be started on August 29, 1896. - Only one man protested and fought against a war and that was Teodoro Plata. - Besides the persons named above, among those present at this meeting were Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco, Tomas Remigio, Sinforoso San Pedro, and others. - After the tumultuous meeting many of those present tore their cedula certificates and shouted: - "Long live the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!" ## Santiago Alvarez's Account - In 1927, a pre-World War I Tagalog weekly magazine named Sampaguita began publishing the Katipunan memoirs of Gen. Santiago Virata Alvarez, (nom-de-guerre: Kidlat ng Apoy) one of the leaders of the Cavite revolution. - The series appeared in 36 parts and it told the story of the Philippine Revolution starting in March 1896 until late 1897 interspersed with personal accounts and stories of events during the revolution taken from Alvarez' notes. - The series was later published as a book, titled The Katipunan and the Revolution.