DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases PDF

DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi 1. Temperature in Kelvins K = temperature in celcius + 273 2. Volume 1 cm^3 = 1 mL = 1 cc 3. Pressure...

DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi 1. Temperature in Kelvins K = temperature in celcius + 273 2. Volume 1 cm^3 = 1 mL = 1 cc 3. Pressure P = force/area 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg 4. Ideal Gas assumptions 1. the volume or size of each in- dividual gas molecule is insignif- icant -most accurate at low pressures 2. molecules' collisions with each other are perfectly elastic. No in- termolecular forces -most accurate at high tempera- tures and low IM forces 3. the average kinetic energy of a gas depends only on the sys- tem's temperature 5. Boyle's Law volume (V) is inversely propor- tional to pressure (P) -as volume decreases, pressure increases 6. Charles' Law volume (V) is directly proportion- al to temperature (T) -as temperature increases, mol- ecule activity increases = in- creases volume 7. Avogadro's Law volume (V) is directly proportion- al to the number of gas mole- cules (n) -as moles of gas (n) increases, volume increases 8. Combined Gas Law (P1V1/n1T1) = (P2V2/n2T2) 9. Ideal Gas Law (asks for pressure) 1 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi PV = nRT 1. R= 0.0821 L*atm/mol*K 2. 1 mol of gas = 22.4 L at STP 3. Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) = 1 atm (760 torr) and 273K 10. Density D = mass/volume 11. Density of a Gas D = (P x molar mass)/(R x T) P= pressure R= 0.0821 T= temperature 12. Dalton's law of Partial Pressures total Pressure= P(a) + P(b) + P(c)... P(a)= mole fraction x total pres- sure 13. Graham's Law of Effusion gasses with lower molecular weights escape (effuse) more quickly while gases with higher molecular weights effuse more slowly 14. Kinetic energy KE = (1/2 mass) x (velocity)^2 15. genome all DNA in a cell 16. chromosomes separate DNA molecules that make up the entire genome 17. homologous chromosome pairs two different versions of the same chromosome number. one from mother and one from father 18. sister chromatids identical, attached copies of a single chromosome, forming dyads 2 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi 19. dyads replicated chromosomes con- taining two sister chromatids that look like an "X" 20. centromeres regions of DNA that connect sis- ter chromatids in a dyad 21. kinetochores proteins on the sides of cen- tromeres that help microtubules pull sister chromatids apart dur- ing cell division 22. karyokinesis division of the nucleus 23. cytokinesis physical separation of the cyto- plasm and cell membrane into 2 daughter cells 24. parent cell one parents cell produces 2 daughter cells after division 25. ploidy describes the number of chromo- some sets found in the body -humans are diploid because they contain two sets of chro- mosomes (46 chromosomes, 23 pairs) one from each parents -the also have haploid cells (ga- metes) that only contain one chromosome set (23 chromo- somes) 26. autosomes 22 pairs in the human body and are nonsex chromosomes 27. gametes haploid cells -sperm and egg 28. gametocyte 3 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi eukaryotic germ cells that can di- vide by meiosis to produce ga- metes 29. somatic cells body cells excluding the ga- metes -diploid in humans 30. The Cell Cycle: Go Sam Go Make Cake is divided into interphase (G1, G0, S, and G2) and the M phase -90% of the cell cycle happens during interphase -M phase is where karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur 31. Cell Cycle: Gap phase 1 (G1) cells grows in preparation for cell division -checks for favorable conditions -if favorable: the cell will enter S phase -if unfavorable: the cell will enter G0 phase 32. G0 phase UNFAVORABLE conditions: -cells still carry out their functions but halt in the cell cycle -cells that don't divide are stuck here 33. Cell Cycle: Synthesis phase (S) cell replicates its genome here and moves to G2 phase when completed -centrosome duplicates 34. Cell Cycle: Gap phase 2 (G2) cell continues to grow and pre- pare for cell division by checking DNA for any errors after replica- tion -checks for mitosis promoting factor (MPF), which needs to be 4 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi in adequate amounts for cell cy- cle continuation -organelles are replicated here 35. Microtubule Organizing Centers are present in eukaryotic cells (MTOCs) and organize microtubule exten- sion, which are made of the pro- tein tubule -they are responsible for form- ing the spindle apparatus, which guides chromosomes during karyokinesis 36. centrosomes are organelles located near the nucleus in animal cells, and con- tain a pair of centrioles -they act as microtubule organiz- ing centers (MTOCs) 37. Microtubules in the spindle apparatus: extend from centrosomes and at- Kinetochore microtubules tach to kinetochores on chromo- somes 38. Microtubules in the spindle apparatus: extend from centrosomes to cell Astral microtubules membrane to orient the spindle apparatus 39. Microtubules in the spindle apparatus: extend from the two centro- Polar microtubules somes are connect with each other -pushes centrosomes to oppo- site ends of the cell 40. centrioles are hallow cylinders made of nine triplets of microtubules (9x3 array) -found in centrosomes and are oriented at 90 degree angles to one-another -attached to each other by inter- 5 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi connecting fibers -they replicate during the S phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell after division has 1 centrosome 41. pericentriolar material surrounds the centrioles and is responsible for microtubules nu- cleation -anchoring tubulin to start micro- tubule extension 42. microtubules in cilia and flagella (9+2 ar- have 9 doublets of microtubules ray) with 2 singles in the center -produces by a basal body, which is initially formed by the mother centriole attaching itself to the cell membrane 43. Cell Cycle: M phase stage in the cell cycle where karyokinesis and cytokinesis oc- curs 1. Mitosis: -a type of karyokinesis (nuclear division) that involves a diploid parent cell dividing into 2 diploid daughter cells 44. Phase 1 of Mitosis: Prophase chromatin condenses into chro- mosomes (X-shaped dyads) -the nucleolus and nuclear enve- lope disappear -spindle apparatus forms 45. Phase 2 of Mitosis: Metaphase the spindle apparatus guides the chromosome to the metaphase plate, located in the middle of the cell, in single file 46. Phase 3 of Mitosis: Anaphase 6 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi kinetochore microtubules short- en to pull sister chromatids apart -now the sister chromatids are considered separate chromo- somes -chromosome number doubles 47. Phase 4 of Mitosis: Telophase chromosomes have segregated and nuclear membranes reform -nucleoli reappear and chromo- somes decondense into chro- matin 48. cytokinesis in animal cells begins in late anaphase with the formation of a cleavage furrow -the cleavage furrow is a contrac- tile ring of actin microfilaments and myosin motors that pinches the cell into 2 49. cytokinesis in plant cells begins in telophase with the for- mation of a cell plate -the cell plate is created by vesi- cles from the Golgi apparatus and ends up producing the mid- dle lamella (cements plant cells together) 50. Cell Division: Functional limitations 1. Surface to Volume ratio (S/V): -cell division occurs when vol- ume is too large because cells rely on the surface area of their cell membrane for transport of material -decrease in S/V leads to divi- sion 2. Genome to Volume ratio (G/V): -cell division occurs when vol- ume is too large for cells to sup- 7 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi port with its limited genome -decrease in G/V leads to divi- sion 51. Cells Specific Regulations: Cell specific 1. G1 restriction point: checkpoints -checks for favorable conditions to grow, enters G0 phase if unfa- vorable 2. End of G2: -checks accuracy of DNA repli- cation and MPF levels 3. M checkpoint: -during metaphase, checks for chromosomal attachment to spindle fibers 52. Cells Specific Regulations: Cyclin-de- phosphorylate certain sub- pendent kinases (CDKs) strates to signal cell cycle pro- gression -kinases add phosphate groups to other molecules -activated by cyclin, a protein that cycles through stages of synthesis and degradation 53. Cells Specific Regulations: Growth fac- bind to receptors in the plasma tors membrane to signal for cell divi- sion 54. Cells Specific Regulations: Density de- halting cell division when density pendent inhibition of cells is high 55. Cells Specific Regulations: Anchorage dividing only when attached to dependence an external surface 56. mitosis is used to increase the number of cells in an organism 57. binary fission is used by archaea, bacteria, and certain organelles to reproduce 8 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi -during BF, organisms will repli- cate their genome while cell divi- sion is happening (no S phase for DNA replication) and no spindle apparatus 58. meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells from 1 diploid parent cell -it does this by repeating the steps of karyokinesis twice 1. Meiosis I: -homologous chromosomes separate 2. Meiosis II: -sister chromatids separate 59. meiosis I: reductional division produces 2 haploid daughter cells through separation of ho- mologous chromosomes 60. Phase 1 of Meiosis I: Prophase 1 chromatin condenses into chro- mosomes (X-shapes dyads) -nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear -homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs 61. Prophase 1: Synapsis the pairing up of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads (aka bivalents) 62. Prophase 1: Synaptonemal Complex protein structure that forms between homologous chromo- somes during synapsis 63. Prophase 1: Tetrads "bivalents" pair of 2 homologous chromo- somes each with two sister chro- matids 64. Prophase 1: Chiasmata 9 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi where chromatids physically crossover during synapsis, caus- ing genetic recombination 65. Prophase 1: Genetic Recombination exchange of DNA between chro- mosomes to produce genetically diverse offspring 66. Phase 2 of Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1 tetrads randomly line up double file on metaphase plate -contributes to genetic diversity 67. Phase 3 of Meiosis I: Anaphase 1 kinetochore microtubules short- en to separate homologous chro- mosomes from each other -will not begin unless at least 1 chiasmata has formed within each tetrad 68. Phase 4 of Meiosis I: Telophase and Cy- after tetrads have been pulled tokinesis 1 to opposite poles, nuclear mem- branes reform -nucleoli reappear and chromo- somes decondense into chro- matin -cleavage furrow formed in ani- mal cells and cell plate formed in plant cells 69. Meiosis II sister chromatids are separated and 2 haploid cells divide into 4 haploid daughter cells 70. Phase 1 of Meiosis II: Prophase 2 chromatin condenses into chro- mosomes (X-shaped dyads) -nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear -spindle apparatus forms -NO crossing over 10 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi 71. Phase 2 of Meiosis II: Metaphase 2 chromosomes line up single file at the metaphase plate just like in mitosis 72. Phase 3 of Meiosis II: Anaphase 2 kinetochore microtubules short- en to pull sister chromatids apart -sister chromatids become sepa- rate chromosomes and chromo- some number doubles 73. Phase 4 of Meiosis II: Telophase and Cy- nuclear membranes reform, nu- tokinesis 2 cleoli reappear, and chromo- somes decondense into chro- matin -4 haploid daughter cells are pro- duces in total 74. Each centrosome contains two: a. centrioles a. centrioles b. centromeres c. kinetochores d. sister chromatids e. myosin filaments 75. How does cytokinesis differ between e. plant cells are cemented to- plant and animal cells? gether by a middle lamella; ani- a. plant cells separate via actin and mal cells wholly separate myosin; animal cells separate without actin involvement b. plant cells lack microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs); animal cells possess them c. plant cells separate by forming a cleav- age furrow; animal cells create a cell plate d. plant cells utilize centrosomes for sep- aration; animal cells do not have centro- somes e. plant cells are cemented together by a 11 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi middle lamella; animal cells wholly sep- arate 76. At which of the following stages of cell d. anaphase of mitosis division do sister chromatids separate? a. metaphase of mitosis b. metaphase I of meiosis c. metaphase II of meiosis d. anaphase of mitosis e. anaphase I of meiosis 77. All of the following are ways that mitosis a. mitosis produces genetic vari- and meiosis are different EXCEPT one. ation, whereas meiosis does not Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. mitosis produces genetic variation, whereas meiosis does not b. mitosis produces two cells, whereas meiosis produces four cells c. mitosis makes diploid cells, while meiosis makes haploid cells d. mitosis occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis occurs in gametocytes e. anaphase occurs just once during mi- tosis, but twice during meiosis 78. Where will a cell spend most of its time b. interphase within the cell cycle? a. telophase b. interphase c. meiosis I + II d. prophase e. cytokinesis 79. interphase In between each mitosis cycle is an interphase stage. This is where the cell prepares for cell division, and this "in-between" or "preparation" stage is where the cell spends 90 % of its time 12 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi 80. At what point of the cell cycle does DNA c. S phase replication occur? a. cytokinesis b. G1 phase c. S phase d. mitosis e. G2 phase 81. In a somatic cell, what amount of DNA c. both will be diploid, contain- will there be at the end of interphase ing the same number of chromo- versus the end of cytokinesis? somes a. at the end of cytokinesis there will be twice as many chromosomes b. at the end of interphase there will be twice as many chromosomes c. both will be diploid, containing the same number of chromosomes d. the cell will be haploid after cytokine- sis and diploid after interphase e. the cell will be diploid after cytokinesis and haploid after interphase 82. Which of the following is a functional lim- e. a very large cell volume itation that will encourage cell division? a. a very large genome/volume ratio b. cell entry into the G0 phase c. density dependent inhibition d. a very large surface area/volume ratio e. a very large cell volume 83. Which of the following is a process that b. cell division is inhibited if there is used in the regulation of the cell cycle? is a high cell density in the sur- a. the accuracy of DNA replication is as- roundings sessed at the end of the S phase -density dependent inhibition b. cell division is inhibited if there is a high cell density in the surroundings c. mitosis stops during prophase if spin- dle fibers have not attached to chromo- somes 13 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi d. cells that are ready for division will progress from G1 to G0 of the cell cycle e. cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) hy- drolyze proteins to control cell division 84. Genetic variation of gametes is in- d. prophase I of meiosis creased during which of the following -during synapsis, homologous stages of cell division? chromosomes cross over and a. anaphase II of meiosis genetic variation occurs b. metaphase of mitosis c. prophase of mitosis d. prophase I of meiosis e. prophase II of meiosis 85. Prophase -the nucleus disassembles -the nucleolus disappears -chromatin condenses into chro- mosomes -the nuclear envelope breaks down 86. Metaphase the chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell 87. Anaphase II the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart at the centromere -as the microtubules shorten, the separated chromatids, now considered individual chromo- somes, will be pulled to opposite poles 88. Mitotic Metaphase the individual chromosomes are lined up single-file at the center of the cell 89. Metaphase II of Meiosis the individual chromosomes are lined up single-file at the center of the cell 14 / 15  DAT: Ch. 5- Cell Division/ Gases Study online at https://quizlet.com/_65cpbi -the total chromosome count has been reduced from 2n to n 90. Mitotic Anaphase chromosomes separate into their individual sister chromatids, and the total chromosome count will double 91. Anaphase I of Meiosis the homologous pairs of chromo- somes separate into individual chromosomes -this reduces the total chromo- some count from 2n to n, but both sister chromatids of each chro- mosome are still present 15 / 15